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  1. Article ; Online: Heart inflammation and piscine orthoreovirus genotype-1 in Pacific Canada Atlantic salmon net-pen farms: 2016-2019.

    Polinski, Mark P / Gross, Lynden A / Marty, Gary D / Garver, Kyle A

    BMC veterinary research

    2022  Volume 18, Issue 1, Page(s) 306

    Abstract: Piscine orthoreovirus genotype-1 (PRV-1) is a virus commonly associated with Atlantic salmon aquaculture with global variability in prevalence and association with disease. From August 2016 to November 2019, 2,070 fish sampled at 64 Atlantic salmon net- ... ...

    Abstract Piscine orthoreovirus genotype-1 (PRV-1) is a virus commonly associated with Atlantic salmon aquaculture with global variability in prevalence and association with disease. From August 2016 to November 2019, 2,070 fish sampled at 64 Atlantic salmon net-pen farm sites during 302 sampling events from British Columbia, Canada, were screened for PRV-1 using real-time qPCR. Nearly all populations became PRV-1 positive within one year of seawater entry irrespective of location, time of stocking, or producer. Cohorts became infected between 100-300 days at sea in > 90% of repeatedly sampled sites and remained infected until harvest (typically 500-700 days at sea). Heart inflammation, which is sometimes attributed to PRV-1, was also assessed in 779 production mortalities from 47 cohorts with known PRV status. Mild heart inflammation was common in mortalities from both PRV + and PRV- populations (67% and 68% prevalence, respectively). Moderate and severe lymphoplasmacytic heart inflammation was rare (11% and 3% prevalence, respectively); however, mainly arose (66 of 77 occurrences) in populations with PRV-1. Detection of PRV-1 RNA was also accomplished in water and sediment for which methods are described. These data cumulatively identify that PRV-1 ubiquitously infects farmed Atlantic salmon in British Columbia during seawater production but only in rare instances correlates with heart inflammation.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Arrhythmias, Cardiac/veterinary ; Canada ; Fish Diseases/epidemiology ; Genotype ; Inflammation/veterinary ; Orthoreovirus ; Reoviridae Infections/epidemiology ; Reoviridae Infections/veterinary ; Salmo salar
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-08-10
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2191675-5
    ISSN 1746-6148 ; 1746-6148
    ISSN (online) 1746-6148
    ISSN 1746-6148
    DOI 10.1186/s12917-022-03409-y
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Author Correction: Innate antiviral defense demonstrates high energetic efficiency in a bony fish.

    Polinski, Mark P / Zhang, Yangfan / Morrison, Phillip R / Marty, Gary D / Brauner, Colin J / Farrell, Anthony P / Garver, Kyle A

    BMC biology

    2023  Volume 21, Issue 1, Page(s) 112

    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-05-19
    Publishing country England
    Document type Published Erratum
    ZDB-ID 2133020-7
    ISSN 1741-7007 ; 1741-7007
    ISSN (online) 1741-7007
    ISSN 1741-7007
    DOI 10.1186/s12915-023-01594-2
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Response to "Assessing the role of Piscine orthoreovirus in disease and the associated risk for wild Pacific salmon".

    Polinski, Mark P / Zhang, Yangfan / Morrison, Phillip R / Marty, Gary D / Brauner, Colin J / Farrell, Anthony P / Garver, Kyle A

    BMC biology

    2023  Volume 21, Issue 1, Page(s) 115

    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Orthoreovirus/physiology ; Fishes ; Salmon
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-05-19
    Publishing country England
    Document type Letter ; Comment
    ZDB-ID 2133020-7
    ISSN 1741-7007 ; 1741-7007
    ISSN (online) 1741-7007
    ISSN 1741-7007
    DOI 10.1186/s12915-023-01600-7
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Rapid differentiation of infectious salmon anemia virus avirulent (HPR0) from virulent (HPRΔ) variants using multiplex RT-qPCR.

    Rounsville, Thomas F / Polinski, Mark P / Marini, Alyssa G / Turner, Sarah M / Vendramin, Niccolò / Cuenca, Argelia / Pietrak, Michael R / Peterson, Brian C / Bouchard, Deborah A

    Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation : official publication of the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, Inc

    2024  , Page(s) 10406387231223290

    Abstract: Infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV; ...

    Abstract Infectious salmon anemia virus (ISAV;
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-01-11
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 287603-6
    ISSN 1943-4936 ; 1040-6387
    ISSN (online) 1943-4936
    ISSN 1040-6387
    DOI 10.1177/10406387231223290
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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    In stock of ZB MED Cologne/Königswinter

    Zs.A 3645: Show issues Location:
    Je nach Verfügbarkeit (siehe Angabe bei Bestand)
    bis Jg. 1994: Bestellungen von Artikeln über das Online-Bestellformular
    Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (2.OG)
    ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)

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  5. Article ; Online: Author Correction: Piscine orthoreovirus demonstrates high infectivity but low virulence in Atlantic salmon of Pacific Canada.

    Polinski, Mark P / Marty, Gary D / Snyman, Heindrich N / Garver, Kyle A

    Scientific reports

    2020  Volume 10, Issue 1, Page(s) 4731

    Abstract: An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper. ...

    Abstract An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-03-10
    Publishing country England
    Document type Published Erratum
    ZDB-ID 2615211-3
    ISSN 2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
    ISSN (online) 2045-2322
    ISSN 2045-2322
    DOI 10.1038/s41598-020-61781-x
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: Piscine orthoreovirus: Biology and distribution in farmed and wild fish.

    Polinski, Mark P / Vendramin, Niccoló / Cuenca, Argelia / Garver, Kyle A

    Journal of fish diseases

    2020  Volume 43, Issue 11, Page(s) 1331–1352

    Abstract: Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) is a common and widely distributed virus of salmonids. Since its discovery in 2010, the virus has been detected in wild and farmed stocks from North America, South America, Europe and East Asia in both fresh and salt water ... ...

    Abstract Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) is a common and widely distributed virus of salmonids. Since its discovery in 2010, the virus has been detected in wild and farmed stocks from North America, South America, Europe and East Asia in both fresh and salt water environments. Phylogenetic analysis suggests three distinct genogroups of PRV with generally discrete host tropisms and/or regional patterns. PRV-1 is found mainly in Atlantic (Salmo salar), Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and Coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) Salmon of Europe and the Americas; PRV-2 has only been detected in Coho Salmon of Japan; and PRV-3 has been reported primarily in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Europe. All three genotypes can establish high-load systemic infections by targeting red blood cells for principal replication. Each genotype has also demonstrated potential to cause circulatory disease. At the same time, high-load PRV infections occur in non-diseased salmon and trout, indicating a complexity for defining PRV's role in disease aetiology. Here, we summarize the current body of knowledge regarding PRV following 10 years of study.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Aquaculture ; Fish Diseases/pathology ; Fish Diseases/virology ; Genotype ; Orthoreovirus/classification ; Orthoreovirus/genetics ; Orthoreovirus/pathogenicity ; Phylogeny ; Reoviridae Infections/veterinary ; Reoviridae Infections/virology ; Salmon ; Trout
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-09-15
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 432109-1
    ISSN 1365-2761 ; 0140-7775
    ISSN (online) 1365-2761
    ISSN 0140-7775
    DOI 10.1111/jfd.13228
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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    In stock of ZB MED Bonn / Germany

    Z 4276: Show issues

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  7. Article: Piscine orthoreovirus: Biology and distribution in farmed and wild fish

    Polinski, Mark P / Vendramin, Niccoló / Cuenca, Argelia / Garver, Kyle A

    Journal of fish diseases. 2020 Nov., v. 43, no. 11

    2020  

    Abstract: Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) is a common and widely distributed virus of salmonids. Since its discovery in 2010, the virus has been detected in wild and farmed stocks from North America, South America, Europe and East Asia in both fresh and salt water ... ...

    Abstract Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) is a common and widely distributed virus of salmonids. Since its discovery in 2010, the virus has been detected in wild and farmed stocks from North America, South America, Europe and East Asia in both fresh and salt water environments. Phylogenetic analysis suggests three distinct genogroups of PRV with generally discrete host tropisms and/or regional patterns. PRV‐1 is found mainly in Atlantic (Salmo salar), Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and Coho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) Salmon of Europe and the Americas; PRV‐2 has only been detected in Coho Salmon of Japan; and PRV‐3 has been reported primarily in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in Europe. All three genotypes can establish high‐load systemic infections by targeting red blood cells for principal replication. Each genotype has also demonstrated potential to cause circulatory disease. At the same time, high‐load PRV infections occur in non‐diseased salmon and trout, indicating a complexity for defining PRV's role in disease aetiology. Here, we summarize the current body of knowledge regarding PRV following 10 years of study.
    Keywords Oncorhynchus kisutch ; Oncorhynchus mykiss ; Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ; Orthoreovirus ; Salmo salar ; erythrocytes ; etiology ; genotype ; phylogeny ; saline water ; salmon ; tropisms ; trout ; viruses ; wild fish ; Europe ; Japan ; North America ; South America
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2020-11
    Size p. 1331-1352.
    Publishing place John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
    Document type Article
    Note REVIEW
    ZDB-ID 432109-1
    ISSN 1365-2761 ; 0140-7775
    ISSN (online) 1365-2761
    ISSN 0140-7775
    DOI 10.1111/jfd.13228
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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    In stock of ZB MED Bonn / Germany

    Z 4276: Show issues

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  8. Article ; Online: Piscine orthoreovirus demonstrates high infectivity but low virulence in Atlantic salmon of Pacific Canada.

    Polinski, Mark P / Marty, Gary D / Snyman, Heindrich N / Garver, Kyle A

    Scientific reports

    2019  Volume 9, Issue 1, Page(s) 3297

    Abstract: Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) is ubiquitous in farmed Atlantic salmon and sometimes associated with disease - most notably, Heart and Skeletal Muscle Inflammation (HSMI). However, PRV is also widespread in non-diseased fish, particularly in Pacific Canada, ...

    Abstract Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) is ubiquitous in farmed Atlantic salmon and sometimes associated with disease - most notably, Heart and Skeletal Muscle Inflammation (HSMI). However, PRV is also widespread in non-diseased fish, particularly in Pacific Canada, where few cases of severe heart inflammation have been documented. To better understand the mechanisms behind PRV-associated disease, this study investigated the infection dynamics of PRV from Pacific Canada and the potential for experimental passage of putatively associated heart inflammation in Pacific-adapted Mowi-McConnell Atlantic salmon. Regardless of the PRV source (fish with or without HSMI-like heart inflammation), infections led to high-load viremia that induced only minor focal heart inflammation without significant transcriptional induction of inflammatory cytokines. Repeated screening of PRV dsRNA/ssRNA along with histopathology and gene expression analysis of host blood and heart tissues identified three distinct phases of infection: (1) early systemic dissemination and replication without host recognition; (2) peak replication, erythrocyte inclusion body formation and load-dependent host recognition; (3) long-term, high-load viral persistence with limited replication or host recognition sometimes accompanied by minor heart inflammation. These findings contrast previous challenge trials with PRV from Norway that induced severe heart inflammation and indicate that strain and/or host specific factors are necessary to initiate PRV-associated disease.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Aquaculture ; Canada ; Erythrocytes/virology ; Fish Diseases/virology ; Heart/virology ; Inflammation/virology ; Muscle, Skeletal/virology ; Norway ; Orthoreovirus/pathogenicity ; Reoviridae Infections/virology ; Salmo salar/virology ; Viral Load/methods ; Virulence/physiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-03-13
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2615211-3
    ISSN 2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
    ISSN (online) 2045-2322
    ISSN 2045-2322
    DOI 10.1038/s41598-019-40025-7
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article: Evaluation of histopathology, PCR, and qPCR to detect Mikrocytos mackini in oysters Crassostrea gigas using Bayesian latent class analysis.

    Polinski, Mark P / Laurin, Emilie / Delphino, Marina K V C / Lowe, Geoff J / Meyer, Gary R / Abbott, Cathryn L

    Diseases of aquatic organisms

    2021  Volume 144, Page(s) 21–31

    Abstract: Latent class analysis (LCA) is a common method to evaluate the diagnostic sensitivity (DSe) and specificity (DSp) for pathogen detection assays in the absence of a perfect reference standard. Here we used LCA to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of 3 ... ...

    Abstract Latent class analysis (LCA) is a common method to evaluate the diagnostic sensitivity (DSe) and specificity (DSp) for pathogen detection assays in the absence of a perfect reference standard. Here we used LCA to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of 3 tests for the detection of Mikrocytos mackini in Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas: conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR), real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR), and histopathology. A total of 802 Pacific oysters collected over 12 sampling events from 9 locations were assessed. Preliminary investigations indicated that standard LCA assumptions of test independence and constant detection accuracy across locations were likely unrealistic. This was mitigated by restructuring the LCA in a Bayesian framework to include test-derived knowledge about pathogen prevalence and load for categorizing populations into 2 classes of infection severity (low or high) and assessing separate DSe and DSp estimates for each class. Median DSp estimates were high (>96%) for all 3 tests in both population classes. DSe estimates varied between tests and population classes but were consistently highest for qPCR (87-99%) and lowest for histopathology (21-51%). Acknowledging that detection of M. mackini may be fitted to multiple diagnostic and management purposes, qPCR had the highest DSe while maintaining similar DSp to both conventional PCR and histopathology and thus is generally well-suited to most applications.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Crassostrea ; Latent Class Analysis ; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary ; Sensitivity and Specificity
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-03-11
    Publishing country Germany
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 0177-5103
    ISSN 0177-5103
    DOI 10.3354/dao03566
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: Innate antiviral defense demonstrates high energetic efficiency in a bony fish.

    Polinski, Mark P / Zhang, Yangfan / Morrison, Phillip R / Marty, Gary D / Brauner, Colin J / Farrell, Anthony P / Garver, Kyle A

    BMC biology

    2021  Volume 19, Issue 1, Page(s) 138

    Abstract: Background: Viruses can impose energetic demands on organisms they infect, in part by hosts mounting resistance. Recognizing that oxygen uptake reliably indicates steady-state energy consumption in all vertebrates, we comprehensively evaluated oxygen ... ...

    Abstract Background: Viruses can impose energetic demands on organisms they infect, in part by hosts mounting resistance. Recognizing that oxygen uptake reliably indicates steady-state energy consumption in all vertebrates, we comprehensively evaluated oxygen uptake and select transcriptomic messaging in sockeye salmon challenged with either a virulent rhabdovirus (IHNV) or a low-virulent reovirus (PRV). We tested three hypotheses relating to the energetic costs of viral resistance and tolerance in this vertebrate system: (1) mounting resistance incurs a metabolic cost or limitation, (2) induction of the innate antiviral interferon system compromises homeostasis, and (3) antiviral defenses are weakened by acute stress.
    Results: IHNV infections either produced mortality within 1-4 weeks or the survivors cleared infections within 1-9 weeks. Transcription of three interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) was strongly correlated with IHNV load but not respiratory performance. Instead, early IHNV resistance was associated with a mean 19% (95% CI = 7-31%; p = 0.003) reduction in standard metabolic rate. The stress of exhaustive exercise did not increase IHNV transcript loads, but elevated host inflammatory transcriptional signaling up to sevenfold. For PRV, sockeye tolerated high-load systemic PRV blood infections. ISG transcription was transiently induced at peak PRV loads without associated morbidity, microscopic lesions, or major changes in aerobic or anaerobic respiratory performance, but some individuals with high-load blood infections experienced a transient, minor reduction in hemoglobin concentration and increased duration of excess post-exercise oxygen consumption.
    Conclusions: Contrary to our first hypothesis, effective resistance against life-threatening rhabdovirus infections or tolerance to high-load reovirus infections incurred minimal metabolic costs to salmon. Even robust systemic activation of the interferon system did not levy an allostatic load sufficient to compromise host homeostasis or respiratory performance, rejecting our second hypothesis that this ancient innate vertebrate antiviral defense is itself energetically expensive. Lastly, an acute stress experienced during testing did not weaken host antiviral defenses sufficiently to promote viral replication; however, a possibility for disease intensification contingent upon underlying inflammation was indicated. These data cumulatively demonstrate that fundamental innate vertebrate defense strategies against potentially life-threatening viral exposure impose limited putative costs on concurrent aerobic or energetic demands of the organism.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Antiviral Agents ; Fish Diseases ; Humans ; Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus ; Interferons ; Oxygen ; Salmon
    Chemical Substances Antiviral Agents ; Interferons (9008-11-1) ; Oxygen (S88TT14065)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-07-13
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2133020-7
    ISSN 1741-7007 ; 1741-7007
    ISSN (online) 1741-7007
    ISSN 1741-7007
    DOI 10.1186/s12915-021-01069-2
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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