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Article: Type of hormonal treatment administered to induce vitellogenesis in European eel influences biochemical composition of eggs and yolk-sac larvae

Benini, E. / Politis, S.N. / Nielsen, A. / Sørensen, S. R. / Tomkiewicz, J. / Engrola, S.

Fish physiology and biochemistry. 2022 Feb., v. 48, no. 1

2022

Abstract: Egg biochemical composition is among the main factors affecting offspring quality and survival during the yolk-sac stage, when larvae depend exclusively on yolk nutrients. These nutrients are primarily embedded in the developing oocytes during ... ...

Abstract	Egg biochemical composition is among the main factors affecting offspring quality and survival during the yolk-sac stage, when larvae depend exclusively on yolk nutrients. These nutrients are primarily embedded in the developing oocytes during vitellogenesis. In aquaculture, assisted reproduction procedures may be applied enabling gamete production. For the European eel (Anguilla anguilla), reproductive treatment involves administration of pituitary extracts from carp (CPE) or salmon (SPE) to induce and sustain vitellogenesis. In the present study, we compared the influence of CPE and SPE treatments on offspring quality and composition as well as nutrient utilization during the yolk-sac stage. Thus, dry weight, proximal composition (total lipid, total protein), free amino acids, and fatty acids were assessed in eggs and larvae throughout the yolk-sac stage, where body and oil-droplet area were measured to estimate growth rate, oil-droplet utilization, and oil-droplet utilization efficiency. The results showed that CPE females spawned eggs with higher lipid and free amino acid contents. However, SPE females produced more buoyant eggs with higher fertilization rate as well as larger larvae with more energy reserves (estimated as oil-droplet area). Overall, general patterns of nutrient utilization were detected, such as the amount of total lipid and monounsaturated fatty acids decreasing from the egg stage and throughout the yolk-sac larval stage. On the contrary, essential fatty acids and free amino acids were retained. Notably, towards the end of the yolk-sac stage, the proximal composition and biometry of surviving larvae, from both treatments, were similar.
Keywords	Anguilla anguilla ; aquaculture ; biometry ; carp ; eggs ; energy ; free amino acids ; larvae ; nutrient utilization ; oocytes ; progeny ; protein content ; salmon ; vitellogenesis ; yolk sac
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-02
Size	p. 185-200.
Publishing place	Springer Netherlands
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	292907-7
ISSN	1573-5168 ; 0920-1742
ISSN (online)	1573-5168
ISSN	0920-1742
DOI	10.1007/s10695-021-01042-4
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Early and abrupt salinity reduction impacts European eel larval culture.

Syropoulou, E / Benini, E / Sørensen, S R / Butts, I A E / Tomkiewicz, J / Politis, S N

Fish physiology and biochemistry

2022 Volume 48, Issue 2, Page(s) 355–366

Abstract: Reducing water salinity towards iso-osmotic conditions is a common practice applied in euryhaline fish farming to limit osmoregulation costs and enhance growth. In this respect, the present study investigated the timing of salinity reduction in an abrupt ...

Abstract	Reducing water salinity towards iso-osmotic conditions is a common practice applied in euryhaline fish farming to limit osmoregulation costs and enhance growth. In this respect, the present study investigated the timing of salinity reduction in an abrupt manner during European eel (Anguilla anguilla) larval culture by examining associated impacts on morphological and molecular levels. Larvae from 3 different parental combinations (families) were reared at constant 36 psu for 6 days (control) or subjected to a direct reduction to 18 psu on 1, 2, or 3 days post-hatch. Overall, salinity reduction enhanced growth and survival, resulting from more efficient energy resource utilization. In the control group, expression of growth-related igf2 remained constant, demonstrating a steady growth progression, while igf1 expression increased over time only for the salinity reduced treatments, potentially qualifying as a useful biomarker for growth performance. Even though each parental combination seems to have a different capacity to cope with salinity alterations, as observed by family-driven water-transport-related aquaporin (aqp1, aqp3) gene expression, it could be inferred that the abrupt salinity change is generally not stressful, based on non-upregulated heat shock proteins (hsp70, hsp90). However, the applied salinity reduction (irrespective of timing) induced the development of pericardial edema. As such, we conclude that despite the positive effect of salinity reduction on early growth and survival, the long-term benefit for eel larval culture lies in establishing a protocol for salinity reduction, at a precise developmental time point, without causing pericardial malformations.
MeSH term(s)	Anguilla/genetics ; Animals ; Humans ; Larva ; Osmoregulation ; Salinity ; Water/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Water (059QF0KO0R)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-02-14
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	292907-7
ISSN	1573-5168 ; 0920-1742
ISSN (online)	1573-5168
ISSN	0920-1742
DOI	10.1007/s10695-022-01056-6
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Article ; Online: Type of hormonal treatment administered to induce vitellogenesis in European eel influences biochemical composition of eggs and yolk-sac larvae.

Benini, E / Politis, S N / Nielsen, A / Sørensen, S R / Tomkiewicz, J / Engrola, S

Fish physiology and biochemistry

2022 Volume 48, Issue 1, Page(s) 185–200

Abstract	Egg biochemical composition is among the main factors affecting offspring quality and survival during the yolk-sac stage, when larvae depend exclusively on yolk nutrients. These nutrients are primarily embedded in the developing oocytes during vitellogenesis. In aquaculture, assisted reproduction procedures may be applied enabling gamete production. For the European eel (Anguilla anguilla), reproductive treatment involves administration of pituitary extracts from carp (CPE) or salmon (SPE) to induce and sustain vitellogenesis. In the present study, we compared the influence of CPE and SPE treatments on offspring quality and composition as well as nutrient utilization during the yolk-sac stage. Thus, dry weight, proximal composition (total lipid, total protein), free amino acids, and fatty acids were assessed in eggs and larvae throughout the yolk-sac stage, where body and oil-droplet area were measured to estimate growth rate, oil-droplet utilization, and oil-droplet utilization efficiency. The results showed that CPE females spawned eggs with higher lipid and free amino acid contents. However, SPE females produced more buoyant eggs with higher fertilization rate as well as larger larvae with more energy reserves (estimated as oil-droplet area). Overall, general patterns of nutrient utilization were detected, such as the amount of total lipid and monounsaturated fatty acids decreasing from the egg stage and throughout the yolk-sac larval stage. On the contrary, essential fatty acids and free amino acids were retained. Notably, towards the end of the yolk-sac stage, the proximal composition and biometry of surviving larvae, from both treatments, were similar.
MeSH term(s)	Amino Acids/chemistry ; Anguilla ; Animals ; Cell Extracts ; Fatty Acids/chemistry ; Female ; Hormones/pharmacology ; Larva ; Ovum/chemistry ; Pituitary Gland ; Vitellogenesis/drug effects ; Yolk Sac/chemistry
Chemical Substances	Amino Acids ; Cell Extracts ; Fatty Acids ; Hormones
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-19
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	292907-7
ISSN	1573-5168 ; 0920-1742
ISSN (online)	1573-5168
ISSN	0920-1742
DOI	10.1007/s10695-021-01042-4
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Early and abrupt salinity reduction impacts European eel larval culture

Syropoulou, E. / Benini, E. / Sørensen, S. R. / Butts, I. A. E. / Tomkiewicz, J. / Politis, S. N.

Fish physiology and biochemistry. 2022 Apr., v. 48, no. 2

2022

Abstract	Reducing water salinity towards iso-osmotic conditions is a common practice applied in euryhaline fish farming to limit osmoregulation costs and enhance growth. In this respect, the present study investigated the timing of salinity reduction in an abrupt manner during European eel (Anguilla anguilla) larval culture by examining associated impacts on morphological and molecular levels. Larvae from 3 different parental combinations (families) were reared at constant 36 psu for 6 days (control) or subjected to a direct reduction to 18 psu on 1, 2, or 3 days post-hatch. Overall, salinity reduction enhanced growth and survival, resulting from more efficient energy resource utilization. In the control group, expression of growth-related igf2 remained constant, demonstrating a steady growth progression, while igf1 expression increased over time only for the salinity reduced treatments, potentially qualifying as a useful biomarker for growth performance. Even though each parental combination seems to have a different capacity to cope with salinity alterations, as observed by family-driven water-transport-related aquaporin (aqp1, aqp3) gene expression, it could be inferred that the abrupt salinity change is generally not stressful, based on non-upregulated heat shock proteins (hsp70, hsp90). However, the applied salinity reduction (irrespective of timing) induced the development of pericardial edema. As such, we conclude that despite the positive effect of salinity reduction on early growth and survival, the long-term benefit for eel larval culture lies in establishing a protocol for salinity reduction, at a precise developmental time point, without causing pericardial malformations.
Keywords	Anguilla anguilla ; aquaporins ; biomarkers ; edema ; eel ; energy ; euryhaline species ; gene expression ; growth performance ; heat stress ; osmoregulation ; pericardium ; water salinity
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-04
Size	p. 355-366.
Publishing place	Springer Netherlands
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	292907-7
ISSN	1573-5168 ; 0920-1742
ISSN (online)	1573-5168
ISSN	0920-1742
DOI	10.1007/s10695-022-01056-6
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Early and abrupt salinity reduction impacts European eel larval culture

Syropoulou, E. / Benini, E. / Sørensen, S.R. / Butts, I.A.E. / Tomkiewicz, J. / Politis, S.N.

Fish Physiology and Biochemistry

2022 Volume 48, Issue 2

Abstract	Reducing water salinity towards iso-osmotic conditions is a common practice applied in euryhaline fish farming to limit osmoregulation costs and enhance growth. In this respect, the present study investigated the timing of salinity reduction in an abrupt manner during European eel (Anguilla anguilla) larval culture by examining associated impacts on morphological and molecular levels. Larvae from 3 different parental combinations (families) were reared at constant 36 psu for 6 days (control) or subjected to a direct reduction to 18 psu on 1, 2, or 3 days post-hatch. Overall, salinity reduction enhanced growth and survival, resulting from more efficient energy resource utilization. In the control group, expression of growth-related igf2 remained constant, demonstrating a steady growth progression, while igf1 expression increased over time only for the salinity reduced treatments, potentially qualifying as a useful biomarker for growth performance. Even though each parental combination seems to have a different capacity to cope with salinity alterations, as observed by family-driven water-transport-related aquaporin (aqp1, aqp3) gene expression, it could be inferred that the abrupt salinity change is generally not stressful, based on non-upregulated heat shock proteins (hsp70, hsp90). However, the applied salinity reduction (irrespective of timing) induced the development of pericardial edema. As such, we conclude that despite the positive effect of salinity reduction on early growth and survival, the long-term benefit for eel larval culture lies in establishing a protocol for salinity reduction, at a precise developmental time point, without causing pericardial malformations.
Keywords	Anguilla anguilla ; Early life history ; Osmoregulation ; Pericardial edema ; Physiology
Subject code	710
Language	English
Publishing country	nl
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	292907-7
ISSN	1573-5168 ; 0920-1742
ISSN (online)	1573-5168
ISSN	0920-1742
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Development of rapidly dissolving pellets within the Quality by Design approach.

Karatzas, A A / Politis, S N / Rekkas, D M

Drug development and industrial pharmacy

2017 Volume 43, Issue 5, Page(s) 770–779

Abstract: The purpose of this study was the development of novel, fast disintegrating, effervescent pellets by employing the direct pelletization technique as a single step process. In line with the Quality by Design (QbD) regulatory framework, statistical ... ...

Abstract	The purpose of this study was the development of novel, fast disintegrating, effervescent pellets by employing the direct pelletization technique as a single step process. In line with the Quality by Design (QbD) regulatory framework, statistical experimental design was extensively applied to correlate significant formulation and process variables with the critical quality attributes of the product. Pellets were studied with regards to sphericity, size and size distribution. In contrast to the existing multiparticulate platforms, this development integrated only water-soluble excipients to facilitate the multifunctional use of the final dosage form. The application of a screening fractional factorial design augmented to a full factorial design set the roadmap for the rational selection of the composition and process parameters, revealing in parallel the positive contribution of the powder feeder on the CQAs, when the critical process and formulation factors were properly adjusted. The response surface methodology was exploited for the final process optimization phase, which allowed the construction of appropriate mathematical models connecting the input variables and the CQAs under study. The implementation of the desirability function, lead to the optimum formulation and process settings for the production of pellets with narrow size distribution and geometric mean diameter of approximately 800 μm. In conclusion, using a lean approach supported by design of experiments (DoE) techniques within the QbD framework, a novel multifunctional formulation platform has been developed.
MeSH term(s)	Chemistry, Pharmaceutical/methods ; Drug Implants/chemistry ; Excipients/chemistry ; Models, Theoretical ; Particle Size ; Powders/chemistry ; Solubility ; Technology, Pharmaceutical/methods ; Water/chemistry
Chemical Substances	Drug Implants ; Excipients ; Powders ; Water (059QF0KO0R)
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-05
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	751874-2
ISSN	1520-5762 ; 0363-9045
ISSN (online)	1520-5762
ISSN	0363-9045
DOI	10.1080/03639045.2016.1220576
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Article: Performance thresholds of hatchery produced European eel larvae reared at different salinity regimes

Politis, S.N / Syropoulou, E / Benini, E / Bertolini, F / Sørensen, S.R / Miest, J.J / Butts, I.A.E / Tomkiewicz, J

Aquaculture. 2021 June 30, v. 539

2021

Abstract: The future of European eel aquaculture depends on closing the life cycle in captivity. Present focus is on developing suitable larval rearing technology. This study explored new salinity reduction applications to elucidate performance thresholds of ... ...

Abstract	The future of European eel aquaculture depends on closing the life cycle in captivity. Present focus is on developing suitable larval rearing technology. This study explored new salinity reduction applications to elucidate performance thresholds of European eel larvae produced under realistic hatchery conditions, using Kreisel tanks and recirculating aquaculture systems for larval culture. The study links eel larval survival and biometrics to expression of genes related to underlying molecular mechanisms by taking parental effects into account. Larvae from different families were reared either at constant salinity of 36 psu (Control) or subjected to salinity reduction (36 to 18 psu) initiated 3 days post hatch (dph) and at a rate of 4 psu/day, occurring either within 1 h (Fast) or 24 h (Slow). An extreme scenario, reducing salinity directly from 36 to 18 psu within 1 h on 6 dph (Drastic) was also tested. Early and gradual salinity reduction (Slow or Fast) led to increased growth rate and larger larvae, while influencing the expression of dio3 (deiodination mechanism and thyroid endocrine system). Expression of atp6 and cox1 (energy metabolism) was constant, indicating that energy metabolism was stable and independent of salinity, while expression of nkcc1a (ion regulation) was upregulated in the Control, suggesting an upregulation of active Na⁺, K⁺, and Cl⁻ transport and thus increased cellular energy consumption. This explained that eel larvae experiencing an early and progressive salinity reduction, used their energy reserves more efficiently, leading to improved growth and survival. However, salinity reduction caused heart edema. Expression patterns of 12 genes [stress/repair (hsp90), immune response (mhc2), neurogenesis (neurod4), deiodination (dio2), thyroid metabolism (thαa, thαb, thβb), energy metabolism (atp6), skeletogenesis (bmp2b, bmp5), growth (igf2b), ion regulation (nkcc2b)] on 6 dph and 5 genes [water transport (aqp3), immune response (il1β), thyroid metabolism (thβb), skeletogenesis (bmp5), heart development (nppb)] on 12 dph were driven by genotype (family) × environment (salinity) interactions, revealing batch specific phenotypic plasticity and describing a genetic programming of molecular mechanisms and intrinsic sensitivity to environmental drivers that need to be considered in future eel aquaculture. In conclusion, early and progressive salinity reduction (Fast or Slow) benefits larval eel growth and survival, but emerging implications regarding heart edema need to be addressed in future studies. On the other hand, we show that biotechnical difficulties for introducing salinity reductions, can be circumvented by directly moving larvae from seawater to isoosmotic conditions, but suited application timing needs to be explored.
Keywords	Anguilla anguilla ; captive animals ; edema ; eel ; eel culture ; endocrine system ; energy ; energy metabolism ; genotype ; hatcheries ; heart ; immune response ; neurogenesis ; phenotypic plasticity ; salinity ; seawater
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-0630
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	185380-6
ISSN	0044-8486 ; 0044-8516
ISSN	0044-8486 ; 0044-8516
DOI	10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.736651
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Performance thresholds of hatchery produced European eel larvae reared at different salinity regimes

Politis, S.N. / Syropoulou, E. / Benini, E. / Bertolini, F. / Sørensen, S.R. / Miest, J.J. / Butts, I.A.E. / Tomkiewicz, J.

Aquaculture

2021 Volume 539

Abstract	The future of European eel aquaculture depends on closing the life cycle in captivity. Present focus is on developing suitable larval rearing technology. This study explored new salinity reduction applications to elucidate performance thresholds of European eel larvae produced under realistic hatchery conditions, using Kreisel tanks and recirculating aquaculture systems for larval culture. The study links eel larval survival and biometrics to expression of genes related to underlying molecular mechanisms by taking parental effects into account. Larvae from different families were reared either at constant salinity of 36 psu (Control) or subjected to salinity reduction (36 to 18 psu) initiated 3 days post hatch (dph) and at a rate of 4 psu/day, occurring either within 1 h (Fast) or 24 h (Slow). An extreme scenario, reducing salinity directly from 36 to 18 psu within 1 h on 6 dph (Drastic) was also tested. Early and gradual salinity reduction (Slow or Fast) led to increased growth rate and larger larvae, while influencing the expression of dio3 (deiodination mechanism and thyroid endocrine system). Expression of atp6 and cox1 (energy metabolism) was constant, indicating that energy metabolism was stable and independent of salinity, while expression of nkcc1a (ion regulation) was upregulated in the Control, suggesting an upregulation of active Na+, K+, and Cl− transport and thus increased cellular energy consumption. This explained that eel larvae experiencing an early and progressive salinity reduction, used their energy reserves more efficiently, leading to improved growth and survival. However, salinity reduction caused heart edema. Expression patterns of 12 genes [stress/repair (hsp90), immune response (mhc2), neurogenesis (neurod4), deiodination (dio2), thyroid metabolism (thαa, thαb, thβb), energy metabolism (atp6), skeletogenesis (bmp2b, bmp5), growth (igf2b), ion regulation (nkcc2b)] on 6 dph and 5 genes [water transport (aqp3), immune response (il1β), thyroid metabolism (thβb), skeletogenesis (bmp5), heart ...
Keywords	Anguilla anguilla ; Aquaculture ; Environmental biology ; Fish ; Gene expression ; Molecular ontogeny
Subject code	580
Language	English
Publishing country	nl
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	185380-6
ISSN	0044-8486 ; 0044-8516
ISSN	0044-8486 ; 0044-8516
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Temperature induced variation in gene expression of thyroid hormone receptors and deiodinases of European eel (Anguilla anguilla) larvae.

Politis, S N / Servili, A / Mazurais, D / Zambonino-Infante, J-L / Miest, J J / Tomkiewicz, J / Butts, I A E

General and comparative endocrinology

2018 Volume 259, Page(s) 54–65

Abstract: Thyroid hormones (THs) are key regulators of growth, development, and metabolism in vertebrates and influence early life development of fish. TH is produced in the thyroid gland (or thyroid follicles) mainly as T4 (thyroxine), which is metabolized to T3 ( ...

Abstract	Thyroid hormones (THs) are key regulators of growth, development, and metabolism in vertebrates and influence early life development of fish. TH is produced in the thyroid gland (or thyroid follicles) mainly as T4 (thyroxine), which is metabolized to T3 (3,5,3'-triiodothyronine) and T2 (3,5-diiodothyronine) by deiodinase (DIO) enzymes in peripheral tissues. The action of these hormones is mostly exerted by binding to a specific nuclear thyroid hormone receptor (THR). In this study, we i) cloned and characterized thr sequences, ii) investigated the expression pattern of the different subtypes of thrs and dios, and iii) studied how temperature affects the expression of those genes in artificially produced early life history stages of European eel (Anguilla anguilla), reared in different thermal regimes (16, 18, 20 and 22 °C) from hatch until first-feeding. We identified 2 subtypes of thr (thrα and thrβ) with 2 isoforms each (thrαA, thrαB, thrβA, thrβB) and 3 subtypes of deiodinases (dio1, dio2, dio3). All thr genes identified showed high similarity to the closely related Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica). We found that all genes investigated in this study were affected by larval age (in real time or at specific developmental stages), temperature, and/or their interaction. More specifically, the warmer the temperature the earlier the expression response of a specific target gene. In real time, the expression profiles appeared very similar and only shifted with temperature. In developmental time, gene expression of all genes differed across selected developmental stages, such as at hatch, during teeth formation or at first-feeding. Thus, we demonstrate that thrs and dios show sensitivity to temperature and are involved in and during early life development of European eel.
MeSH term(s)	Anguilla/genetics ; Animals ; Cloning, Molecular ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects ; Iodide Peroxidase/genetics ; Larva/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/genetics ; Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/metabolism ; Temperature
Chemical Substances	Receptors, Thyroid Hormone ; Iodide Peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.8)
Language	English
Publishing date	2018--01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1851-x
ISSN	1095-6840 ; 0016-6480
ISSN (online)	1095-6840
ISSN	0016-6480
DOI	10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.11.003
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Article: Development of techniques and technology for embryonic and larval rearing of the European eel.

Butts, I A E / Sørensen, S R / Politis, S N / Lauesen, P / Tomkiewicz, J

Communications in agricultural and applied biological sciences

2013 Volume 78, Issue 4, Page(s) 54–57

MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Eels/growth & development ; Eels/physiology ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/physiology ; Embryonic Development ; Endangered Species ; Fisheries/methods ; Larva/growth & development ; Larva/physiology ; Motor Activity ; Oxygen/metabolism ; Photic Stimulation ; Seawater/chemistry
Chemical Substances	Oxygen (S88TT14065)
Language	English
Publishing date	2013
Publishing country	Belgium
Document type	Evaluation Studies ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2124146-6
ISSN	1379-1176
ISSN	1379-1176
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