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Article ; Online: Congenital Colour Vision Deficiency among Patients Attending Outpatient Department of Ophthalmology in a Tertiary Care Centre: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study.

Shrestha, Priyanka / Pradhan, Pranil Man Singh

JNMA; journal of the Nepal Medical Association

2022 Volume 60, Issue 247, Page(s) 278–281

Abstract: Introduction: Congenital colour vision deficiency may affect a person's day-to-day activity and may also affect the choice of occupation a person chooses. This study aims to find the prevalence of congenital colour vision defects in patients presenting ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: Congenital colour vision deficiency may affect a person's day-to-day activity and may also affect the choice of occupation a person chooses. This study aims to find the prevalence of congenital colour vision defects in patients presenting in outpatient department of Ophthalmology in a tertiary care centre. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care centre after receiving ethical clearance from the Institutional Review Board of Kathmandu Medical College and Teaching Hospital (Reference number: 1006202102). The study was conducted for a 3 months period from 2021 July to 2021 September. Research participants were selected by the convenience sampling technique. A detailed ophthalmological examination was performed and colour vision was tested using Ishihara pseudoisochromatic colour vision chart. Only congenital colour vision defects were included in the study. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 20.0 was used for data analysis. Point estimate at 95% confidence interval was calculated along with frequency and proportion for binary data. Results: The overall prevalence of congenital colour vision deficiency was 14 (5.24%) (2.54-7.86 at 95% Confidence Interval). The prevalence of congenital colour vision defects in females was 1 (0.74%) and in males was 13 (9.77%). The mean age of the participants with congenital colour vision deficits was 27.42±7.90 years. Conclusions: The prevalence of congenital colour vision deficiency was similar to the prevalence in other studies done in a similar setting. Awareness should be raised about this condition and people need to be screened at an early age to prevent disappointments in career choices later in life. Keywords: colour vision defect; Nepal; prevalence.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Color Vision Defects/epidemiology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Outpatients ; Prevalence ; Tertiary Care Centers ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-11
Publishing country	Nepal
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2209910-4
ISSN	1815-672X ; 0028-2715
ISSN (online)	1815-672X
ISSN	0028-2715
DOI	10.31729/jnma.7319
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Factors associated with adolescent pregnancy among Chepang women and their health-seeking behavior in Ichchhakamana rural municipality of Chitwan district.

Pant, Smriti / Koirala, Saugat / Acharya, Anand Prasad / Pradhan, Pranil Man Singh

PloS one

2024 Volume 19, Issue 3, Page(s) e0301261

Abstract: Adolescent pregnancy is a critical public health issue, particularly in developing regions like Nepal, where it poses significant risks to maternal and child health and perpetuates the cycle of poverty. This study focused on the marginalized Chepang ... ...

Abstract	Adolescent pregnancy is a critical public health issue, particularly in developing regions like Nepal, where it poses significant risks to maternal and child health and perpetuates the cycle of poverty. This study focused on the marginalized Chepang community, which is endangered and faces unique challenges. The study aimed to explore the factors associated with adolescent pregnancy among Chepang women in Ichchhakamana Rural Municipality, Chitwan, Nepal, and also assessed their reproductive health-seeking behavior. A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted with 217 Chepang women aged 15-20 years, and data was collected through face-to-face interviews using a semi-structured questionnaire. The collected data was entered and analyzed using IBM SPSS version 20. Descriptive statistical tools like frequency, and percentage were used to express the results. Pearson chi-square test, Fisher exact test were used for bivariate analysis to determine the presence of association between the dependent and independent variables. Binary logistic regression was used for further analysis. The prevalence of current adolescent pregnancy was 8.3%(18), while one-fourth had experienced prior pregnancies during their adolescence. Factors significantly associated with adolescent pregnancy included lack of education among the women and their mothers, as well as living in joint families. Additionally, number of antenatal visits and consumption of iron tablets seemed to be lower among Chepang women in comparison to the national data. Chepang women had high adolescent pregnancy rates, with low education level and joint family structure being important risk factors for it. They also had inadequate reproductive health seeking behavior. Addressing these problems requires strategies that prioritize education and raise awareness about reproductive health.
MeSH term(s)	Child ; Adolescent ; Humans ; Pregnancy ; Female ; Pregnancy in Adolescence ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Mothers ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Patient Acceptance of Health Care
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-28
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0301261
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Article ; Online: Prevalence of anemia and its associated factors among adolescent girls on Weekly Iron Folic Acid supplementation (WIFAS) implemented and non-implemented schools at Tokha municipality, Kathmandu.

Khanal, Anita / Paudel, Rajan / Wagle, Chetan Nidhi / Subedee, Shantos / Pradhan, Pranil Man Singh

PLOS global public health

2024 Volume 4, Issue 1, Page(s) e0002515

Abstract: Anemia, the prevailing nutritional disorder worldwide, exerts its greatest impact on individuals in developing nations, exhibiting a heightened prevalence among adolescents. There is a window of opportunity for children to improve their nutritional ... ...

Abstract	Anemia, the prevailing nutritional disorder worldwide, exerts its greatest impact on individuals in developing nations, exhibiting a heightened prevalence among adolescents. There is a window of opportunity for children to improve their nutritional status during their adolescence period. Weekly iron-folic acid supplementation is the preventive measure to break the intergenerational cycle of anemia. The correlation between the consumption of iron folic acid supplements and the prevention of anemia has been firmly established by numerous studies, revealing a statistically significant association. Therefore, this study was undertaken with the aim to assess the difference in the prevalence of anemia and its associated factors among adolescent girls in Weekly Iron Folic Acid Supplementation (WIFAS) implemented and non-implemented schools at Tokha Municipality, Kathmandu. A cross-sectional study was carried out among 602 adolescent girls from grade six to ten equally divided into WIFAS implemented and WIFAS non-implemented schools. Hemoglobin estimation was done using the HemoCue Hb 301 method. The descriptive, univariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis was done using SPSS version 25 to identify a significant association between anemia and its associated variables at p-value<0.05. The overall prevalence of anemia among adolescent girls was found to be 17.4% out of which, 14% and 20.9% from WIFAS-implemented and non-implemented schools respectively. The factors like type of school, fathers' education and dietary diversity were found to be statistically significant with anemia during multivariable logistic regression analysis. Given the findings of this research, proper counseling and promotion of utilization of WIFAS in order to decrease the prevalence of anemia among adolescent girls are recommended.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-26
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2767-3375
ISSN (online)	2767-3375
DOI	10.1371/journal.pgph.0002515
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Article ; Online: Extent of illicit cigarette sales in Nepal: findings from a retail survey.

Shakya, Sangita / Lamichhane, Anjana / Karki, Pranav / Gurung, Jaya Kumar / Pradhan, Pranil Man Singh

Tobacco control

2023

Abstract: Introduction: Increasing the tax on cigarettes is widely considered the most effective method to reduce its consumption. However, Nepal has a low cigarette tax as policymakers in Nepal are concerned about illicit trade of cigarettes if taxes are ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: Increasing the tax on cigarettes is widely considered the most effective method to reduce its consumption. However, Nepal has a low cigarette tax as policymakers in Nepal are concerned about illicit trade of cigarettes if taxes are increased. Methods: The study employed a retail survey approach used in India suitable for countries with prevalent loose cigarette sales, with improved methodology. In 2021, empty cigarette packs generated in a day's loose cigarette sales were collected directly from cigarette retailers from 23 primary sampling units covering rural/urban, geographic divisions, border/non-border to India and tobacco factory locations. The central points of each primary sampling unit were identified, and retailers were selected for the survey. A cigarette pack was classified as illicit if it had at least one of the following attributes: (a) no authentic excise duty sticker, (b) no graphic health warning, (c) no mention of 'maximum retail price/MRP' and (d) no production date, name, address and trademark. Findings: We collected 4307 empty cigarette packs from 1204 retailers and 0.33% of them were classified as illicit. The estimates varied across location with the highest prevalence of illicit packs in Kathmandu (1.25%). All the illicit cigarettes were imported and were high-priced brands (>90%), mostly found in urban areas and not bordering India. Conclusion: Our estimate of the illicit cigarette market share of 0.33% suggests that the industry's statement of 25% is grossly overstated.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-06
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1146554-2
ISSN	1468-3318 ; 0964-4563
ISSN (online)	1468-3318
ISSN	0964-4563
DOI	10.1136/tc-2022-057619
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Article ; Online: Prevalence and factors associated with symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress among traffic police officers in Kathmandu, Nepal: a cross-sectional survey.

Yadav, Binita / Kc, Anil / Bhusal, Sandesh / Pradhan, Pranil Man Singh

BMJ open

2022 Volume 12, Issue 6, Page(s) e061534

Abstract: Objective: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress, associated factors and stress-coping strategies among traffic police officers in Kathmandu, Nepal.: Design: Cross-sectional survey.: Setting: Kathmandu Valley, ...

Abstract	Objective: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress, associated factors and stress-coping strategies among traffic police officers in Kathmandu, Nepal. Design: Cross-sectional survey. Setting: Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Participants: A total of 300 traffic police officers working under the different traffic units of Kathmandu Valley for at least 6 months were recruited via a simple random sampling procedure. Primary outcome measures: State of depression, anxiety and stress among traffic police officers based on the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale. Secondary outcome measures: Coping strategies under stressful conditions based on the Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced Inventory (Brief-COPE) tool. Results: Altogether 124 (41.3%) traffic police officers had symptoms of depression, 141 (47%) had anxiety symptoms and 132 (44%) had symptoms of stress. Smoking was significantly associated with an increased likelihood of experiencing symptoms of depression (adjusted OR (AOR): 10.7, 95% CI: 4.8 to 23.6), anxiety (AOR: 7.1, 95% CI: 3.4 to 14.9) and stress (AOR: 6.8, 95% CI: 3.3 to 14.1). Similarly, longer working hours was significantly associated with higher odds of experiencing symptoms of depression (AOR: 3.4, 95% CI: 1.8 to 6.4), anxiety (AOR: 2.3, 95% CI: 1.3 to 3.9) and stress (AOR: 1.9, 95% CI: 1.1 to 3.4), and lack of physical exercise was associated with an increased likelihood of exhibiting depressive symptoms (AOR: 2.3, 95% CI: 1.1 to 4.7). Participants in this study used positive coping strategies more than negative coping strategies. Conclusion: Our study found a high prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress symptoms among traffic police officers in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Smoking and longer working hours were associated with an increased likelihood of experiencing symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress, and lack of physical exercise was associated with an increased likelihood of depressive symptoms.
MeSH term(s)	Anxiety/epidemiology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Depression/epidemiology ; Humans ; Nepal/epidemiology ; Police ; Prevalence
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-07
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2599832-8
ISSN	2044-6055 ; 2044-6055
ISSN (online)	2044-6055
ISSN	2044-6055
DOI	10.1136/bmjopen-2022-061534
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Article ; Online: Understanding the Situation and Effectiveness of Adolescent Focused Tobacco Control Policies in Nepal : A Qualitative Study.

Shakya, Sangita / Shrestha, Inisa / Pradhan, Pranil Man Singh

Journal of Nepal Health Research Council

2021 Volume 19, Issue 3, Page(s) 563–567

Abstract: Background: Tobacco use is a major risk factor for non-communicable disease that contributes two third of deaths in Nepal. Tobacco related premature deaths are estimated to rise every year if effective interventions are not implemented. In Nepal ... ...

Abstract	Background: Tobacco use is a major risk factor for non-communicable disease that contributes two third of deaths in Nepal. Tobacco related premature deaths are estimated to rise every year if effective interventions are not implemented. In Nepal majority of smokers start using tobacco in their adolescence. Despite the enforcement of tobacco control law in 2011, the use among adolescents remains high. Hence, this study was carried out to understand the situation and effectiveness of adolescent focused tobacco control policies. Methods: Data were collected by focus group discussions in seven provinces of Nepal. Total 28 focus group discussions were carried out with four in each province incorporating both genders. Adolescents between age of 13 and 18 years attending both public and private schools were selected. Data were analyzed manually using a thematic analysis method in MS Excel and Word. Results: Tobacco control law on prohibition of sale and distribution of tobacco products to minors and prohibition of sale within 100-meter radius of educational institutions were not implemented properly. Adolescents' students were not stopped and inquired about their age and could easily access tobacco at shops nearby school area. Shopkeepers were not hesitant to sell tobacco to adolescents in school uniform, if they are purchasing for their parents or family members. Conclusions: The adolescent focused tobacco control laws have not been implemented effectively. The current provisions of tobacco control law needs stronger adherence and strict enforcement in order to protect the adolescents from the burgeoning epidemic of tobacco use.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adolescent Behavior ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Nepal ; Policy ; Smoking/epidemiology ; Nicotiana ; Tobacco Products
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-12-14
Publishing country	Nepal
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2551251-1
ISSN	1999-6217 ; 1999-6217
ISSN (online)	1999-6217
ISSN	1999-6217
DOI	10.33314/jnhrc.v19i3.3643
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Article ; Online: Co-occurrence of non-communicable disease risk factors and its determinants among school-going adolescents of Kathmandu Metropolitan City.

Tandon, Kalpana / Adhikari, Nabin / Adhikari, Bikram / Pradhan, Pranil Man Singh

PloS one

2022 Volume 17, Issue 8, Page(s) e0272266

Abstract: Background: Adolescence is a critical transition in human growth and adolescents tend to engage in various risky behaviors which are likely to continue into adulthood. Co-occurrence of non-communicable disease risk factors has the potential to increase ... ...

Abstract	Background: Adolescence is a critical transition in human growth and adolescents tend to engage in various risky behaviors which are likely to continue into adulthood. Co-occurrence of non-communicable disease risk factors has the potential to increase risks of chronic disease comorbidity and increased mortality in later life. Behavioral risk factors are adopted due to changes in lifestyle and adolescents are more prone to acquire them. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated factors of co-occurrence of non-communicable disease risk factors among school-going adolescents of Kathmandu Metropolitan City. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study among school-going adolescents of Kathmandu Metropolitan City in January/February 2020. We used stratified random sampling to select 1108 adolescents studying in 9, 10, 11, and 12 grades. We used Global Schools Health Survey tools to collect data. We entered data in EpiData 3.1 and exported it into Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 20 for statistical analysis. We estimated prevalence of NCDs risk factors and co-occurrence of risk factors. We applied multivariate multinomial logistic regression analysis adjusting for age, gender, ethnicity, religion, education, type of school, and parental education to determine factors associated with co-occurrence of NCDs risk factors. Results: The prevalence of physical inactivity, unhealthy diet, harmful use of alcohol and tobacco among school-going adolescents were 72.3% (95%CI: 69.6-74.9), 41.1% (95%CI: 38.2-44.0), 14.8% (95%CI: 12.8-17.0) and 7.8% (95%CI:6.3-9.5) respectively. The adolescent with co-occurrence of two or more risk factors was 40.7% (95%CI: 37.8-43.7). The school-going adolescents who were in higher age group (AOR = 1.72, 95% CI- 1.06, 2.77), Hindus (AOR = 1.78, 95% CI-1.09, 2.89), other than Brahmin/Chhetri by ethnicity (AOR = 2.11, 95% CI-1.39, 2.22) and with lower education level of mothers (AOR = 2.40, 95% CI- 1.46,3.98) were more likely to have co-occurrence of NCDs risk factors after adjusting for all socio-demographic variables. Conclusion: The co-occurrence of non-communicable disease risk factors was high among school going adolescents and was associated with age, religion, ethnicity and mother's education. Integrated and comprehensive interventional programs should be developed by concerned authorities.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Cities/epidemiology ; Comorbidity ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Humans ; Nepal/epidemiology ; Noncommunicable Diseases/epidemiology ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Schools ; Students/statistics & numerical data
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-10
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0272266
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Article ; Online: Effect of nutrition education intervention on nutrition knowledge, attitude, and diet quality among school-going adolescents: a quasi-experimental study.

Raut, Sagar / Kc, Dirghayu / Singh, Devendra Raj / Dhungana, Raja Ram / Pradhan, Pranil Man Singh / Sunuwar, Dev Ram

BMC nutrition

2024 Volume 10, Issue 1, Page(s) 35

Abstract: Background: Nutrition education is being used to encourage school adolescents to adopt healthy eating habits. To the best of our knowledge, very little study has been undertaken in Nepal to examine the effectiveness of nutrition education programs. This ...

Abstract	Background: Nutrition education is being used to encourage school adolescents to adopt healthy eating habits. To the best of our knowledge, very little study has been undertaken in Nepal to examine the effectiveness of nutrition education programs. This study aimed to assess the effect of nutrition education on nutritional knowledge, attitude, and diet quality among school-going adolescents in selected private schools in Nepal. Methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted among 226 students aged 12 - 19 years of two selected private schools in Banepa municipality of Nepal. Students (n = 113) from the first school were assigned to intervention and the same number of students from the second school were enrolled in the study as the control. Over 12 weeks, students in the intervention group received one hour of nutrition education in the form of mini-lectures and interactive discussions, whilst students in the control group received no education. The student's two-sample t-test was used to compare two groups and to assess the effectiveness of the nutrition education program. Results: Between the intervention and control group, the magnitude of difference in knowledge score was 1.80 (95% CI: 1.11 - 2.49), emotional eating was 0.98 (95% CI: 0.42 - 1.54), uncontrolled eating was 3.60 (95% CI: 2.10 - 5.09), and cognitive restraint of eating was 2.26 (95% CI: 1.51 - 3.01). Conclusions: A tailored health education intervention was found to be effective in increase nutritional knowledge and attitude among school-going adolescents. Adopting nutrition education interventions as part of public health school intervention builds positive knowledge, attitudes, and healthy eating habits in school-going adolescents.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-27
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2809847-X
ISSN	2055-0928 ; 2055-0928
ISSN (online)	2055-0928
ISSN	2055-0928
DOI	10.1186/s40795-024-00850-0
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Article ; Online: A randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of different methods on pain management during orthodontic debonding.

Gupta, Sanjay Prasad / Rauniyar, Shristi / Prasad, Pravin / Pradhan, Pranil Man Singh

Progress in orthodontics

2022 Volume 23, Issue 1, Page(s) 7

Abstract: Background: Orthodontic treatment procedures like separator placement, archwire placement, orthodontic force application, miniscrew placement and debonding procedure usually involve pain and discomfort. Pain perception and methods to reduce pain during ... ...

Abstract	Background: Orthodontic treatment procedures like separator placement, archwire placement, orthodontic force application, miniscrew placement and debonding procedure usually involve pain and discomfort. Pain perception and methods to reduce pain during debonding in regard to gender and different locations of oral cavity is still a poorly documented issue in orthodontics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of different methods on pain management during debonding and its association with gender and location. Materials and methods: One hundred and forty orthodontic patients in the stage of debonding were randomly assigned into four groups according to different methods used during debonding; Group A: Medication group (Paracetamol given 1 h before debonding), Group B: Finger pressure group, Group C: Stress relief group and Group D: Control group. A visual analog scale (VAS) was used to assess the pain intensity just after debonding for each sextant. Results: Among 140 participants, 61 (43.57%) were males and 79 (56.43%) were females. Differences in VAS score in different areas of oral cavity among all groups were found to be significant (p < 0.05). Total VAS score was greater in control group (16.67) followed by stress relief group (13.33) and finger pressure group (10) and least in medication group (8.33). The VAS score was higher in the upper front and lower front sextants in all the groups. Females reported higher VAS score and in upper front sextant, it showed significant difference (p = 0.018). On comparison, total VAS scores were statistically significant difference in medication-stress relief arm pair (p = 0.009), medication-control arm pair (p < 0.001) and finger pressure-control arm pair (0.002). The total VAS score comparison between medication-finger pressure arm was not significant (p = 0.172). Conclusions: Pain perceived during debonding varies in different areas of oral cavity among all the groups. Anterior area of oral cavity and female seems to be more sensitive to pain. Use of finger pressure can be used effectively for pain management during debonding.
MeSH term(s)	Female ; Humans ; Male ; Orthodontics ; Pain ; Pain Management ; Pain Measurement/methods ; Visual Analog Scale
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-01
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article ; Randomized Controlled Trial
ZDB-ID	2040711-7
ISSN	2196-1042 ; 1600-9975 ; 1723-7785 ; 1399-7513
ISSN (online)	2196-1042 ; 1600-9975
ISSN	1723-7785 ; 1399-7513
DOI	10.1186/s40510-022-00401-y
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Article ; Online: Depression, anxiety and stress among high school students: A cross-sectional study in an urban municipality of Kathmandu, Nepal.

Karki, Anita / Thapa, Bipin / Pradhan, Pranil Man Singh / Basel, Prem

PLOS global public health

2022 Volume 2, Issue 5, Page(s) e0000516

Abstract: Depression and anxiety are the most widely recognized mental issues affecting youths. It is extremely important to investigate the burden and associated risk factors of these common mental disorders to combat them. Therefore, this study was undertaken ... ...

Abstract	Depression and anxiety are the most widely recognized mental issues affecting youths. It is extremely important to investigate the burden and associated risk factors of these common mental disorders to combat them. Therefore, this study was undertaken with the aim to estimate the prevalence and identify factors associated with depression, anxiety, and stress among high school students in an urban municipality of Kathmandu, Nepal. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 453 students of five randomly selected high schools in Tokha Municipality of Kathmandu. Previously validated Nepali version of depression, anxiety, and stress scale (DASS-21) was used to assess the level of symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress (DAS). Multivariable logistic regression was carried out to decide statistically significant variables of symptoms of DAS at p-value<0.05. The overall prevalence of DAS was found to be 56.5% (95% CI: 51.8%, 61.1%), 55.6% (95%CI: 50.9%, 60.2%) and 32.9% (95%CI: 28.6%, 37.4%) respectively. In the multivariable model, nuclear family type, students from science or humanities faculty, presence of perceived academic stress, and being electronically bullied were found to be significantly associated with depression. Female sex, having mother with no formal education, students from science or humanities faculty and presence of perceived academic stress were significantly associated with anxiety. Likewise, female sex, currently living without parents, and presence of perceived academic stress were significantly associated with stress. Prevention and control activities such as school-based counseling services focusing to reduce and manage academic stress and electronic bullying are recommended in considering the findings of this research.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-31
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2767-3375
ISSN (online)	2767-3375
DOI	10.1371/journal.pgph.0000516
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