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Book ; Online: Impacts of marine organic emissions on low level stratiform clouds – a large eddy simulator study

Prank, Marje / Tonttila, Juha / Ahola, Jaakko / Kokkola, Harri / Kühn, Thomas / Romakkaniemi, Sami / Raatikainen, Tomi

eISSN: 1680-7324

2022

Abstract: The goal of this study is to investigate the role of organic aerosols emitted with sea spray or formed from marine gas phase emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in influencing the stability of stratiform marine clouds. We aim at pointing out ... ...

Abstract	The goal of this study is to investigate the role of organic aerosols emitted with sea spray or formed from marine gas phase emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in influencing the stability of stratiform marine clouds. We aim at pointing out the processes and drivers that could be relevant in larger scale and should thus be considered in global climate models. We employ large eddy simulator that includes a detailed description of aerosols, cloud droplets and rain drops together with different model parameterizations for emission of sea salt, primary organic aerosol and VOCs from sea surface, and oxidation of the emitted VOCs and partitioning of the resulting semi-volatile organic species between vapor and aerosol phases. As a case study, we apply the model to simulate the conditions of the DYCOMS-II observational campaign characterized by low level stratocumulus clouds transitioning from closed cells to drizzling open cell structure. We find that the inclusion of online sea spray emissions can both extend and shorten the lifetime of the cloud layer based on the parameterization employed. Fine sea spray provides extra cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and delays the onset of drizzle as the collision-coalescence process is slowed down due to smaller cloud droplet mean size. From the same emissions, the coarse mode has an opposite effect due to giant CCN (GCCN) speeding up the drizzle formation through the enhanced collision-coalescence processes. The balance between two process depends on the model parameterization employed. Compared to differences between different sea spray parameterizations, the sensitivity of the clouds to the variations in organic fraction of sea spray and hygroscopicity of the emitted fine aerosols is relatively limited. However, our results show that it is important to account for the size dependence of the sea spray organic fraction as attributing organic emissions to coarse mode noticeably reduces the GCCN effect. In addition, including the secondary aerosol formation from VOCs can potentially have a noticeable impact, but only when emitting the highest observed fluxes of monoterpenes. This impact is also highly sensitive on the size distribution of the background aerosol population. SOA production from isoprene is visible only if aqueous phase SOA production pathways are included in the model, and even then, the effect is lower than from monoterpenes.
Subject code	551
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-26
Publishing country	de
Document type	Book ; Online
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Book ; Online: Impacts of marine organic emissions on low-level stratiform clouds – a large eddy simulator study

Prank, Marje / Tonttila, Juha / Ahola, Jaakko / Kokkola, Harri / Kühn, Thomas / Romakkaniemi, Sami / Raatikainen, Tomi

eISSN: 1680-7324

2022

Abstract	The goal of this study is to investigate the role of organic aerosols emitted with sea spray or formed from marine gas phase emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in influencing the stability of stratiform marine clouds. We aim to point out the processes and drivers that could be relevant for global climate and should thus be considered in large-scale models. We employ a large eddy simulator coupled with an aerosol–cloud microphysical model together with different parameterizations for emission of sea salt, primary organic aerosol, and VOCs from sea surface and formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA), to simulate the conditions of the second Dynamics and Chemistry of Marine Stratocumulus observational campaign characterized by low-level stratocumulus clouds transitioning from closed cells to drizzling open cell structure. We find that the inclusion of sea spray emissions can both extend and shorten the transitioning timescale between closed and open cells based on the parameterization employed. Fine sea spray provides extra cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and delays the onset of drizzle as the collision–coalescence process is slowed down due to smaller cloud droplet mean size. The coarse mode has an opposite effect due to giant CCN (GCCN) speeding up the drizzle formation through the enhanced collision–coalescence processes. The balance between two processes depends on the model parameterization employed. Compared to differences between different sea spray parameterizations, the sensitivity of the clouds to the variations in organic fraction of sea spray and hygroscopicity of the emitted particles is relatively limited. However, our results show that it is important to account for the size dependence of the sea spray organic fraction as attributing organic emissions to coarse mode noticeably reduces the GCCN effect. In addition, including the secondary organic aerosol formation from VOCs can potentially have a noticeable impact, but only when emitting the highest observed fluxes of monoterpenes. ...
Subject code	551
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-30
Publishing country	de
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Constraining the atmospheric limb of the plastic cycle.

Brahney, Janice / Mahowald, Natalie / Prank, Marje / Cornwell, Gavin / Klimont, Zbigniew / Matsui, Hitoshi / Prather, Kimberly Ann

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

2021 Volume 118, Issue 16

Abstract: Plastic pollution is one of the most pressing environmental and social issues of the 21st century. Recent work has highlighted the atmosphere's role in transporting microplastics to remote locations [S. Allen et al., ...

Abstract	Plastic pollution is one of the most pressing environmental and social issues of the 21st century. Recent work has highlighted the atmosphere's role in transporting microplastics to remote locations [S. Allen et al.,
MeSH term(s)	Atmosphere/analysis ; Atmosphere/chemistry ; Dust ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; Environmental Pollution/analysis ; Microplastics/adverse effects ; Microplastics/chemistry ; Particulate Matter/analysis ; Plastics/analysis ; Plastics/chemistry ; Polymers ; Soil
Chemical Substances	Dust ; Microplastics ; Particulate Matter ; Plastics ; Polymers ; Soil
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-26
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	209104-5
ISSN	1091-6490 ; 0027-8424
ISSN (online)	1091-6490
ISSN	0027-8424
DOI	10.1073/pnas.2020719118
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Book ; Online: The effect of marine ice nucleating particles on mixed-phase clouds

Raatikainen, Tomi / Prank, Marje / Ahola, Jaakko / Kokkola, Harri / Tonttila, Juha / Romakkaniemi, Sami

eISSN: 1680-7324

2021

Abstract: Shallow marine mixed-phase clouds are important for the radiative balance, but modelling their formation and dynamics is challenging. These clouds depend on boundary layer turbulence and cloud top radiative cooling, which is related to the cloud phase. ... ...

Abstract	Shallow marine mixed-phase clouds are important for the radiative balance, but modelling their formation and dynamics is challenging. These clouds depend on boundary layer turbulence and cloud top radiative cooling, which is related to the cloud phase. The fraction of frozen droplets depends on the availability of suitable ice nucleating particles (INPs), which initiate droplet freezing. While desert dust is the dominating INP type in most regions, remote boundary layer clouds are dependent on local marine INP emissions, which are often related to biogenic sources including phytoplankton. Here we use high resolution large eddy simulations to examine the potential effects of marine emissions on boundary layer INP concentrations and their effects on clouds. Surface emissions have a direct effect on INP concentration in a typical well-mixed boundary layer whereas a steep inversion can block the import of background INPs from the free troposphere. The importance of the marine source depends on the background INP concentration, so that marine emissions become dominant with low background concentrations. For the INP budget it is also important to account for INP recycling. Finally, with the high-resolution model we show how ice nucleation hotspots and high INPs concentrations are focused on updraught regions. Our results show that marine INP emissions contribute directly to the boundary layer INP budget and therefore have an influence on mixed-phase clouds.
Subject code	551
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-07-12
Publishing country	de
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Book ; Online: A bottom-up emission estimate for the 2022 Nord-Stream gas leak

Kouznetsov, Rostislav / Hänninen, Risto / Uppstu, Andreas / Kadantsev, Evgeny / Fatahi, Yalda / Prank, Marje / Kouznetsov, Dmitrii / Noe, Steffen Manfred / Junninen, Heikki / Sofiev, Mikhail

eISSN:

derivation, simulations and evaluation

2023

Abstract: A major release of methane from the Nord Stream pipelines occurred in the Baltic sea on 26 September 2022. Elevated levels of methane were recorded at many observational sites in northern Europe. While it is relatively straightforward to estimate the ... ...

Abstract	A major release of methane from the Nord Stream pipelines occurred in the Baltic sea on 26 September 2022. Elevated levels of methane were recorded at many observational sites in northern Europe. While it is relatively straightforward to estimate the total emitted amount from the incidents (around 330 kt of methane), the detailed vertical and temporal distributions of the releases are needed for numerical simulations of the incident. Based on information from public media and basic physical concepts, we reconstructed vertical profiles and temporal evolution of the methane releases from the broken pipes, and simulated subsequent transport of the released methane in the atmosphere. Since we used pure-methane assumption, the inventory total amounts to 290 kt of methane. The emission rates were calculated with a numerical solution of a problem of a gas leak from a half-opened pressurized pipe. Initial vertical distribution of the released gas was derived from a parametrization for an injection height of buoyant plumes, and validated with a set of large-eddy simulations by means of UCLALES model. The estimated emission source was used to simulate the dispersion of the gas plume with the SILAM chemistry transport model. The simulated fields of the excess methane led to noticeable increase of concentrations at several carbon-monitoring stations in the Baltic Sea region. Comparison of the simulated and observed time series indicated an agreement within a couple of hours between timing of the plume arrival/departure at the stations with observed methane peaks. Comparison of absolute levels was quite uncertain. At most of the stations the magnitude of the observed and modelled peaks was comparable with natural variability of methane concentrations. The magnitude of peaks at a few stations close to the release was well above natural variability, however the magnitude of the peaks was very sensitive to minor uncertainties in the emission vertical profile and in the meteorology used to drive SILAM. The obtained emission ...
Subject code	551
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-09-15
Publishing country	de
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Mortality due to Vegetation Fire-Originated PM2.5 Exposure in Europe-Assessment for the Years 2005 and 2008.

Kollanus, Virpi / Prank, Marje / Gens, Alexandra / Soares, Joana / Vira, Julius / Kukkonen, Jaakko / Sofiev, Mikhail / Salonen, Raimo O / Lanki, Timo

Environmental health perspectives

2017 Volume 125, Issue 1, Page(s) 30–37

Abstract: Background: Vegetation fires can release substantial quantities of fine particles (PM2.5), which are harmful to health. The fire smoke may be transported over long distances and can cause adverse health effects over wide areas.: Objective: We aimed ... ...

Abstract	Background: Vegetation fires can release substantial quantities of fine particles (PM2.5), which are harmful to health. The fire smoke may be transported over long distances and can cause adverse health effects over wide areas. Objective: We aimed to assess annual mortality attributable to short-term exposures to vegetation fire-originated PM2.5 in different regions of Europe. Methods: PM2.5 emissions from vegetation fires in Europe in 2005 and 2008 were evaluated based on Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite data on fire radiative power. Atmospheric transport of the emissions was modeled using the System for Integrated modeLling of Atmospheric coMposition (SILAM) chemical transport model. Mortality impacts were estimated for 27 European countries based on a) modeled daily PM2.5 concentrations and b) population data, both presented in a 50 × 50 km2 spatial grid; c) an exposure-response function for short-term PM2.5 exposure and daily nonaccidental mortality; and d) country-level data for background mortality risk. Results: In the 27 countries overall, an estimated 1,483 and 1,080 premature deaths were attributable to the vegetation fire-originated PM2.5 in 2005 and 2008, respectively. Estimated impacts were highest in southern and eastern Europe. However, all countries were affected by fire-originated PM2.5, and even the lower concentrations in western and northern Europe contributed substantially (~ 30%) to the overall estimate of attributable mortality. Conclusions: Our assessment suggests that air pollution caused by PM2.5 released from vegetation fires is a notable risk factor for public health in Europe. Moreover, the risk can be expected to increase in the future as climate change proceeds. This factor should be taken into consideration when evaluating the overall health and socioeconomic impacts of these fires. Citation: Kollanus V, Prank M, Gens A, Soares J, Vira J, Kukkonen J, Sofiev M, Salonen RO, Lanki T. 2017. Mortality due to vegetation fire-originated PM2.5 exposure in Europe-assessment for the years 2005 and 2008. Environ Health Perspect 125:30-37; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP194.
MeSH term(s)	Air Pollutants/analysis ; Air Pollution/statistics & numerical data ; Climate Change ; Environmental Exposure/statistics & numerical data ; Fires/statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Models, Theoretical ; Mortality/trends ; Particulate Matter/analysis
Chemical Substances	Air Pollutants ; Particulate Matter
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	195189-0
ISSN	1552-9924 ; 0091-6765 ; 1078-0475
ISSN (online)	1552-9924
ISSN	0091-6765 ; 1078-0475
DOI	10.1289/EHP194
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Article ; Online: Costs and benefits of low-sulphur fuel standard for Baltic Sea shipping.

Antturi, Jim / Hänninen, Otto / Jalkanen, Jukka-Pekka / Johansson, Lasse / Prank, Marje / Sofiev, Mikhail / Ollikainen, Markku

Journal of environmental management

2016 Volume 184, Issue Pt 2, Page(s) 431–440

Abstract: The maximum allowable fuel sulphur content for shipping in the Baltic Sea dropped from 1%S to 0.1%S in 1 January 2015. We provide a cost-benefit analysis of the sulphur reduction policy in the Baltic Sea Sulphur Emission Control Area (SECA). We ... ...

Abstract	The maximum allowable fuel sulphur content for shipping in the Baltic Sea dropped from 1%S to 0.1%S in 1 January 2015. We provide a cost-benefit analysis of the sulphur reduction policy in the Baltic Sea Sulphur Emission Control Area (SECA). We calculated the abatement costs based on shipowners' optimal decision-making in choosing between low-sulphur fuel and a sulphur scrubber, and the benefits were modelled through a high-resolution impact pathway analysis, which took into account the formation and dispersion of the emissions, and considered the positive health impacts resulting from lowered ambient PM
MeSH term(s)	Air Pollution/prevention & control ; Baltic States ; Cost-Benefit Analysis ; Environment ; Humans ; Models, Theoretical ; Natural Gas ; Petroleum/standards ; Public Health ; Ships/economics ; Ships/standards ; Sulfur
Chemical Substances	Natural Gas ; Petroleum ; Sulfur (70FD1KFU70)
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-12-15
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	184882-3
ISSN	1095-8630 ; 0301-4797
ISSN (online)	1095-8630
ISSN	0301-4797
DOI	10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.09.064
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Article ; Online: Cleaner fuels for ships provide public health benefits with climate tradeoffs.

Sofiev, Mikhail / Winebrake, James J / Johansson, Lasse / Carr, Edward W / Prank, Marje / Soares, Joana / Vira, Julius / Kouznetsov, Rostislav / Jalkanen, Jukka-Pekka / Corbett, James J

Nature communications

2018 Volume 9, Issue 1, Page(s) 406

Abstract: We evaluate public health and climate impacts of low-sulphur fuels in global shipping. Using high-resolution emissions inventories, integrated atmospheric models, and health risk functions, we assess ship-related ... ...

Abstract	We evaluate public health and climate impacts of low-sulphur fuels in global shipping. Using high-resolution emissions inventories, integrated atmospheric models, and health risk functions, we assess ship-related PM
MeSH term(s)	Aerosols/analysis ; Air Pollutants/analysis ; Asthma/diagnosis ; Asthma/economics ; Asthma/etiology ; Asthma/prevention & control ; Cardiovascular Diseases/diagnosis ; Cardiovascular Diseases/economics ; Cardiovascular Diseases/etiology ; Cardiovascular Diseases/prevention & control ; Climate ; Forecasting ; Fossil Fuels/adverse effects ; Fossil Fuels/analysis ; Fossil Fuels/supply & distribution ; Humans ; Lung Neoplasms/diagnosis ; Lung Neoplasms/economics ; Lung Neoplasms/etiology ; Lung Neoplasms/prevention & control ; Models, Statistical ; Particulate Matter/analysis ; Public Health/trends ; Ships/ethics
Chemical Substances	Aerosols ; Air Pollutants ; Fossil Fuels ; Particulate Matter
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-02-06
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2553671-0
ISSN	2041-1723 ; 2041-1723
ISSN (online)	2041-1723
ISSN	2041-1723
DOI	10.1038/s41467-017-02774-9
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Article ; Online: Building an automatic pollen monitoring network (ePIN): Selection of optimal sites by clustering pollen stations.

Oteros, Jose / Sofiev, Mikhail / Smith, Matt / Clot, Bernard / Damialis, Athanasios / Prank, Marje / Werchan, Matthias / Wachter, Reinhard / Weber, Alisa / Kutzora, Susanne / Heinze, Stefanie / Herr, Caroline E W / Menzel, Annette / Bergmann, Karl-Christian / Traidl-Hoffmann, Claudia / Schmidt-Weber, Carsten B / Buters, Jeroen T M

The Science of the total environment

2019 Volume 688, Page(s) 1263–1274

Abstract: Airborne pollen is a recognized biological indicator and its monitoring has multiple uses such as providing a tool for allergy diagnosis and prevention. There is a knowledge gap related to the distribution of pollen traps needed to achieve representative ...

Abstract	Airborne pollen is a recognized biological indicator and its monitoring has multiple uses such as providing a tool for allergy diagnosis and prevention. There is a knowledge gap related to the distribution of pollen traps needed to achieve representative biomonitoring in a region. The aim of this manuscript is to suggest a method for setting up a pollen network (monitoring method, monitoring conditions, number and location of samplers etc.). As a case study, we describe the distribution of pollen across Bavaria and the design of the Bavarian pollen monitoring network (ePIN), the first operational automatic pollen network worldwide. We established and ran a dense pollen monitoring network of 27 manual Hirst-type pollen traps across Bavaria, Germany, during 2015. Hierarchical cluster analysis of the data was then performed to select the locations for the sites of the final pollen monitoring network. According to our method, Bavaria can be clustered into three large pollen regions with eight zones. Within each zone, pollen diversity and distribution among different locations does not vary significantly. Based on the pollen zones, we opted to place one automatic monitoring station per zone resulting in the ePIN network, serving 13 million inhabitants. The described method defines stations representative for a homogeneous aeropalynologically region, which reduces redundancy within the network and subsequent costs (in the study case from 27 to 8 locations). Following this method, resources in pollen monitoring networks can be optimized and allergic citizens can then be informed in a timely and effective way, even in larger geographical areas.
MeSH term(s)	Air Pollutants/analysis ; Air Pollution ; Allergens/analysis ; Environmental Monitoring ; Germany ; Pollen
Chemical Substances	Air Pollutants ; Allergens
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-06-11
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	121506-1
ISSN	1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
ISSN (online)	1879-1026
ISSN	0048-9697
DOI	10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.131
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Article: Building an automatic pollen monitoring network (ePIN): Selection of optimal sites by clustering pollen stations

Oteros, Jose / Bergmann, Karl-Christian / Buters, Jeroen T.M / Clot, Bernard / Damialis, Athanasios / Heinze, Stefanie / Herr, Caroline E.W / Kutzora, Susanne / Menzel, Annette / Prank, Marje / Schmidt-Weber, Carsten B / Smith, Matt / Sofiev, Mikhail / Traidl-Hoffmann, Claudia / Wachter, Reinhard / Weber, Alisa / Werchan, Matthias

Science of the total environment. 2019 Oct. 20, v. 688

2019

Abstract	Airborne pollen is a recognized biological indicator and its monitoring has multiple uses such as providing a tool for allergy diagnosis and prevention. There is a knowledge gap related to the distribution of pollen traps needed to achieve representative biomonitoring in a region. The aim of this manuscript is to suggest a method for setting up a pollen network (monitoring method, monitoring conditions, number and location of samplers etc.). As a case study, we describe the distribution of pollen across Bavaria and the design of the Bavarian pollen monitoring network (ePIN), the first operational automatic pollen network worldwide.We established and ran a dense pollen monitoring network of 27 manual Hirst-type pollen traps across Bavaria, Germany, during 2015. Hierarchical cluster analysis of the data was then performed to select the locations for the sites of the final pollen monitoring network. According to our method, Bavaria can be clustered into three large pollen regions with eight zones. Within each zone, pollen diversity and distribution among different locations does not vary significantly. Based on the pollen zones, we opted to place one automatic monitoring station per zone resulting in the ePIN network, serving 13 million inhabitants. The described method defines stations representative for a homogeneous aeropalynologically region, which reduces redundancy within the network and subsequent costs (in the study case from 27 to 8 locations). Following this method, resources in pollen monitoring networks can be optimized and allergic citizens can then be informed in a timely and effective way, even in larger geographical areas.
Keywords	case studies ; cluster analysis ; environmental monitoring ; hypersensitivity ; indicator species ; pollen ; samplers ; spore traps ; Germany
Language	English
Dates of publication	2019-1020
Size	p. 1263-1274.
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	121506-1
ISSN	1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
ISSN (online)	1879-1026
ISSN	0048-9697
DOI	10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.131
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