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  1. Article ; Online: Spread of local anesthetic injected in the paravertebral space, intertransverse processes space, and erector spinae plane: a cadaveric model.

    Varela, Victor / Ruíz, Carlos / Montecinos, Sara / Prats-Galino, Alberto / Sala-Blanch, Xavier

    Regional anesthesia and pain medicine

    2024  Volume 49, Issue 3, Page(s) 228–232

    Abstract: Introduction: Paraspinal fascial plane blocks have become popular and include the erector spinae plane (ESP) and intertransverse process (ITP) blocks. Controversy exists regarding the exact mechanism(s) of these blocks. We aimed to evaluate the spread ... ...

    Abstract Introduction: Paraspinal fascial plane blocks have become popular and include the erector spinae plane (ESP) and intertransverse process (ITP) blocks. Controversy exists regarding the exact mechanism(s) of these blocks. We aimed to evaluate the spread of local anesthetic (LA) following ESP and ITP blocks as compared with paravertebral (PV) blocks in a cadaveric model.
    Method: Single-injection ultrasound guided ESP (n=5), ITP (n=5), and PV (n=5) blocks were performed in 15 fresh cadaver hemithoraces. The extent of LA spread within the erector spinae fascial plane, involvement of the dorsal ramus, and distribution within the PV space, were qualitatively described.
    Results: The spread of LA following ESP block extended eight vertebral levels in a cranio-caudal direction, involving the dorsal ramus at each level, but without LA spread into the PV space nor to the ventral rami. LA spread following ITP block extended 1-2 vertebral levels within the PV space and 7 vertebral levels within the erector spinae fascial plane. The spread of LA following PV blocks extended 2-4 vertebral levels, involving the ventral and dorsal ramus at each level, but without LA spread into the ESP.
    Conclusion: Based on the results of this cadaveric experimental model of paraspinal fascial plane blocks, LA spread following ITP blocks extends into both the PV space and the erector spine fascial plane, and thus may offer a more favorable analgesic profile than ESP blocks.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Anesthetics, Local ; Spine ; Nerve Block/adverse effects ; Nerve Block/methods ; Ultrasonography ; Cadaver ; Pain, Postoperative
    Chemical Substances Anesthetics, Local
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-03-04
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1425299-5
    ISSN 1532-8651 ; 1098-7339 ; 0146-521X
    ISSN (online) 1532-8651
    ISSN 1098-7339 ; 0146-521X
    DOI 10.1136/rapm-2023-104342
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  2. Article ; Online: Clavipectoral fascia plane block in midshaft clavicle fractures: A cadaveric study.

    Labandeyra, Hipólito / Heredia, Cristina / Váldes-Vilches, Luis Fernando / Prats-Galino, Alberto / Sala-Blanch, Xavier

    Journal of clinical anesthesia

    2024  Volume 96, Page(s) 111469

    Abstract: Study objective: The objective of this anatomical study was to investigate the distribution of a solution administered using the Clavipectoral Fascia Plane Block (CPB) technique in a series of cadaveric models with midshaft clavicular fractures. The ... ...

    Abstract Study objective: The objective of this anatomical study was to investigate the distribution of a solution administered using the Clavipectoral Fascia Plane Block (CPB) technique in a series of cadaveric models with midshaft clavicular fractures. The study aimed to address the knowledge gap regarding the impact of clavicular fractures on the distribution pattern of the CPB-administered solution.
    Design: Observational cadaveric study.
    Setting: The research was conducted in the laboratory setting of the University of Barcelona, adhering to the institution's ethical guidelines and standards.
    Patients: Five unembalmed human cadavers were used, generating ten clavicle samples.
    Interventions: A postmortem fracture was induced in the middle third of the clavicle using a blunt-edged hammer, simulating a midshaft clavicular fracture.
    Measurements: Anatomical dissection was performed in three layers: the superficial muscle plane, deep muscle plane, and clavicular periosteum plane. Dye staining with methylene blue was utilized to assess the distribution pattern.
    Main results: In the superficial muscular plane, methylene blue was observed in the deltoid (100%), pectoralis major (100%), sternocleidomastoid (SCM) (70%), and trapezius muscles (100%). Conversely, the deep muscular plane, including the subclavius muscle, pectoralis minor, and Clavipectoral Fascia (CPF), exhibited no staining. At the clavicular periosteum plane, methylene blue distributed predominantly to the antero-superior region (57.3%), with a minimal impact on the postero-inferior area (6.5%).
    Conclusions: The study reveals that the presence of a midshaft clavicular fracture does not significantly alter the diffusion pattern of the CPB-administered solution, maintaining a consistent distribution in both intact and fractured clavicle models.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-04-27
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1011618-7
    ISSN 1873-4529 ; 0952-8180
    ISSN (online) 1873-4529
    ISSN 0952-8180
    DOI 10.1016/j.jclinane.2024.111469
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  3. Article ; Online: Clavipectoral fascia plane block spread: an anatomical study.

    Labandeyra, Hipolito / Heredia-Carques, Cristina / Campoy, José Cros / Váldes-Vilches, Luis Fernando / Prats-Galino, Alberto / Sala-Blanch, Xavier

    Regional anesthesia and pain medicine

    2024  Volume 49, Issue 5, Page(s) 368–372

    Abstract: Background: The clavipectoral fascia plane block (CPB) is a novel anesthetic management strategy proposed by Valdes-Vilches for clavicle fractures. This study aimed to investigate the distribution of the injected solution around the clavicle and the ... ...

    Abstract Background: The clavipectoral fascia plane block (CPB) is a novel anesthetic management strategy proposed by Valdes-Vilches for clavicle fractures. This study aimed to investigate the distribution of the injected solution around the clavicle and the surrounding tissues.
    Methods: Twelve clavicle samples were acquired from six cadavers. CPB was conducted using a 20 mL solution comprising methylene blue and iodinated contrast agent to improve visibility of the injected substance's dispersion. Methylene blue spread was assessed through anatomical dissection across distinct planes (subcutaneous, superficial muscular, deep muscular, and periosteal layers of the clavicle) in five cadavers. For the purpose of comparing methylene blue distribution, CT scans were performed on three cadavers.
    Results: Methylene blue was detected in the medial, intermediate, and lateral supraclavicular nerves, as well as superficial muscles including the deltoid, trapezius, sternocleidomastoid, and pectoralis major. However, no staining was observed in the deep muscle plane, including the subclavius, pectoralis minor, and clavipectoral fascia (CPF). Anterosuperior periosteum exhibited staining in 54% of surface, while only 4% of the posteroinferior surface. CT images displayed contrast staining in anterosuperior periclavicular region, consistent with observations from sagittal sections and anatomical dissections.
    Conclusion: The CPB effectively distributes the administered solution in the anterosuperior region of the clavicular periosteum, superficial muscular plane, and supraclavicular nerves. However, it does not affect the posteroinferior region of the clavicular periosteum or the deep muscular plane, including the CPF.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Cadaver ; Nerve Block/methods ; Fascia/diagnostic imaging ; Fascia/anatomy & histology ; Clavicle/diagnostic imaging ; Clavicle/anatomy & histology ; Male ; Female ; Methylene Blue/administration & dosage ; Aged ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Contrast Media/administration & dosage ; Aged, 80 and over
    Chemical Substances Methylene Blue (T42P99266K) ; Contrast Media
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-05-07
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1425299-5
    ISSN 1532-8651 ; 1098-7339 ; 0146-521X
    ISSN (online) 1532-8651
    ISSN 1098-7339 ; 0146-521X
    DOI 10.1136/rapm-2023-104785
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  4. Article: Transorbital approach to the cavernous sinus: an anatomical study of the related cranial nerves.

    Mosteiro, Alejandra / Codes, Marta / Tafuto, Roberto / Manfrellotti, Roberto / Torales, Jorge / Enseñat, Joaquim / Di Somma, Alberto / Prats-Galino, Alberto

    Frontiers in neuroanatomy

    2024  Volume 18, Page(s) 1367533

    Abstract: Background: The cavernous sinus (CS) is a demanding surgical territory, given its deep location and the involvement of multiple neurovascular structures. Subjected to recurrent discussion on the optimal surgical access, the endoscopic transorbital ... ...

    Abstract Background: The cavernous sinus (CS) is a demanding surgical territory, given its deep location and the involvement of multiple neurovascular structures. Subjected to recurrent discussion on the optimal surgical access, the endoscopic transorbital approach has been recently proposed as a feasible route for selected lesions in the lateral CS. Still, for this technique to safely evolve and consolidate, a comprehensive anatomical description of involved cranial nerves, dural ligaments, and arterial relations is needed.
    Objective: Detailed anatomical description of the CS, the course of III, IV, VI, and V cranial nerves, and C3-C7 segments of the carotid artery, all described from the ventrolateral endoscopic transorbital perspective.
    Methods: Five embalmed human cadaveric heads (10 sides) were dissected. An endoscopic transorbital approach with lateral orbital rim removal, anterior clinoidectomy, and petrosectomy was performed. The course of the upper cranial nerves was followed from their apparent origin in the brainstem, through the middle fossa or cavernous sinus, and up to their entrance to the orbit. Neuronavigation was used to follow the course of the nerves and to measure their length of surgical exposure.
    Results: The transorbital approach allowed us to visualize the lateral wall of the CS, with cranial nerves III, IV, V1-3, and VI. Anterior clinoidectomy and opening of the frontal dura and the oculomotor triangle revealed the complete course of the III nerve, an average of 37 (±2) mm in length. Opening the trigeminal pore and cutting the tentorium permitted to follow the IV nerve from its course around the cerebral peduncle up to the orbit, an average of 54 (±4) mm. Opening the infratrochlear triangle revealed the VI nerve intracavernously and under Gruber's ligament, and the extended petrosectomy allowed us to see its cisternal portion (27 ± 6 mm). The trigeminal root was completely visible and so were its three branches (46 ± 2, 34 ± 3, and 31 ± 1 mm, respectively).
    Conclusion: Comprehensive anatomic knowledge and extensive surgical expertise are required when addressing the CS. The transorbital corridor exposes most of the cisternal and the complete cavernous course of involved cranial nerves. This anatomical article helps understanding relations of neural, vascular, and dural structures involved in the CS approach, essential to culminating the learning process of transorbital surgery.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-04-17
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2452969-2
    ISSN 1662-5129
    ISSN 1662-5129
    DOI 10.3389/fnana.2024.1367533
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  5. Article ; Online: Optimizing the Endoscopic Transorbital Approach: MacCarty Keyhole for Enhanced Surgical Exposure in the Opticocarotid Region.

    Plata-Bello, Julio / Mosteiro-Cadaval, Alejandra / Torné, Ramón / Di Somma, Alberto / Enseñat, Joaquim / Prats-Galino, Alberto

    World neurosurgery

    2024  Volume 185, Page(s) 290–296

    Abstract: Background: In recent years, the endoscopic transorbital (TO) approach has gained increasing interest for the treatment of middle cranial fossa lesions. We propose a technical refinement to the conventional superior eyelid TO approach, which improves ... ...

    Abstract Background: In recent years, the endoscopic transorbital (TO) approach has gained increasing interest for the treatment of middle cranial fossa lesions. We propose a technical refinement to the conventional superior eyelid TO approach, which improves the surgical exposure and augments the working angles when targeting the opticocarotid region.
    Methods: Four embalmed adult cadaveric specimens (8 sides) were dissected at the Laboratory of Surgical Neuroanatomy of our institution. A TO approach was performed, with removal of the anterior clinoid process and the lateral orbital rim. Subsequently, the MacCarty keyhole was drilled in the superolateral orbital wall. Given that the lesser sphenoid wing was already drilled in the conventional TO craniectomy, the opening of the keyhole was essentially a lateral extension of the craniectomy.
    Results: The procedure was successfully conducted in all 4 orbits. Clinoidectomy was performed either before or after extending the craniectomy to the MacCarty point. Extending the craniectomy made anterior clinoidectomy easier, by increasing the surgical exposure, and allowing a more lateral entrance for the endoscope. The extension also facilitated frontal lobe retraction, and it facilitated the optic nerve and carotid artery manipulation. Postoperative computed tomography scans showed a minimal 10-mm craniectomy extension, which remained covered by the temporal muscle after reconstruction.
    Conclusions: The modified endoscopic TO approach with the extension of the craniectomy to MacCarty point improves surgical access and visualization of the opticocarotid region. This facilitates anterior clinoidectomy and optic nerve decompression. Although it implies judicious instrument manipulation and a larger incision size, further studies can define its potential benefits.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Orbit/surgery ; Orbit/anatomy & histology ; Orbit/diagnostic imaging ; Neuroendoscopy/methods ; Cadaver ; Craniotomy/methods ; Cranial Fossa, Middle/surgery ; Cranial Fossa, Middle/anatomy & histology ; Optic Nerve/surgery ; Optic Nerve/anatomy & histology ; Optic Nerve/diagnostic imaging ; Neurosurgical Procedures/methods ; Sphenoid Bone/surgery
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-03-06
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2534351-8
    ISSN 1878-8769 ; 1878-8750
    ISSN (online) 1878-8769
    ISSN 1878-8750
    DOI 10.1016/j.wneu.2024.03.006
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  6. Article: Distinct Components in the Right Extended Frontal Aslant Tract Mediate Language and Working Memory Performance: A Tractography-Informed VBM Study.

    Varriano, Federico / Pascual-Diaz, Saül / Prats-Galino, Alberto

    Frontiers in neuroanatomy

    2020  Volume 14, Page(s) 21

    Abstract: The extended frontal aslant tract (exFAT) is a tractography-based extension of the frontal aslant tract (FAT) which has been shown to be related with language and working memory performance in healthy human adults, but whether those functional ... ...

    Abstract The extended frontal aslant tract (exFAT) is a tractography-based extension of the frontal aslant tract (FAT) which has been shown to be related with language and working memory performance in healthy human adults, but whether those functional implications map to structurally separate regions along its trajectory is still an open question. We present a tractography-informed Voxel-Based Morphometry procedure capable of detecting local tract-specific structural differences in white matter regions and apply it in two maximum variation sampling studies by comparing local differences in diffusion-derived microstructural parameters and fiber density along the exFAT territory between top performers and bottom performers in language and working memory tasks. In the right hemisphere we were able to detect, without prior constraints, a vertical frontal aslant component approximating the original FAT trajectory whose fiber density was significantly correlated with language (but not working memory) performance and an anterior cluster component corresponding to a distinct anterior frontal aslant component whose fiber density was significantly correlated with working memory (but not language) performance. The reported sub-division of the exFAT territory describes a set of frontal connections that are compatible with previously reported results on the Broca's territory and frontal cortex hierarchical organization along an anterior-posterior gradient, suggesting that the exFAT could be part of a common neuroanatomical scaffold where language and working memory functions are integrated in the healthy human brain.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-04-21
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2452969-2
    ISSN 1662-5129
    ISSN 1662-5129
    DOI 10.3389/fnana.2020.00021
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  7. Article ; Online: Ultrasound is better than injection pressure monitoring detecting the low-volume intraneural injection.

    Goffin, Pierre / Mejia, Jorge / Prats-Galino, Alberto / Morales, Lorena / Panzeri, Miriam / Sala-Blanch, Xavier

    Regional anesthesia and pain medicine

    2022  

    Abstract: Introduction: Inadvertent intraneural injection is not infrequent during peripheral nerve blocks. For this reason, injection pressure monitoring has been suggested as a safeguard method that warns the clinician of a potentially hazardous needle tip ... ...

    Abstract Introduction: Inadvertent intraneural injection is not infrequent during peripheral nerve blocks. For this reason, injection pressure monitoring has been suggested as a safeguard method that warns the clinician of a potentially hazardous needle tip location. However, doubts remain whether it is superior to the sonographic nerve swelling in terms of earlier detection of the intraneural injection.
    Methods: An observational cadaveric study was designed to assess injection pressures during an ultrasound-guided intraneural injection of the median nerve. We hypothesized that the evidence of nerve swelling occurred
    Results: 31 injections were considered for analysis (two were excluded due to uncertainty regarding needle tip position). >15 pound per square inch was reached in six injections (19%) following a median injected volume of 0.6 mL. Nerve swelling was evident in all 31 injections (100%) with a median injected volume of 0.4 mL. On dissection, spread location was confirmed intraneural in all injections.
    Discussion: Ultrasound is a more sensitive and earlier indicator of the low-volume intraneural injection than injection pressure monitoring.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-08-09
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1425299-5
    ISSN 1532-8651 ; 1098-7339 ; 0146-521X
    ISSN (online) 1532-8651
    ISSN 1098-7339 ; 0146-521X
    DOI 10.1136/rapm-2022-103759
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  8. Article ; Online: Prone Position MRI of the Lumbar Spine in Patients With Low Back Pain and/or Radiculopathy Refractory to Treatment.

    Avellanal, Martin / Ferreiro, Antonio / Riquelme, Irene / Boezaart, Andre P / Prats-Galino, Alberto / Reina, Miguel A

    Pain physician

    2022  Volume 25, Issue 5, Page(s) 409–418

    Abstract: Background: There are patients with limiting low back pain (LBP) with or without radicular pain in whom conventional supine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) show no causative pathology. Despite the limitations of dynamic axially loaded MRI examinations, ...

    Abstract Background: There are patients with limiting low back pain (LBP) with or without radicular pain in whom conventional supine magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) show no causative pathology. Despite the limitations of dynamic axially loaded MRI examinations, these imaging studies have shown a striking ability to diagnose pathology unrecognized by conventional MRI. The difference in findings between supine and prone MRI with patient symptom correlation has not been studied.
    Methods: Nineteen patients suffering from chronic moderate-to-severe LBP and/or radicular pain nonresponsive to conventional therapy or interventional treatment, were included in this study. Both supine and prone MRIs were performed and analyzed by a neuroradiologist. Specific supine and prone measurements were registered, including spinal canal area, lateral recess diameter, foraminal area, and ligamentum flavum thickness. Three-dimensional  MRI reconstructions of varying pathology patterns were created.
    Results: The mean patient age was 48.7 years (range [R]: 30-69), 63% of patients were women. The mean numeric pain score  was 6.5 (R: 4-8). In 52.6% of cases, disc pathology/increased disc pathology was seen only on prone imaging. We observed significant buckling and increased thickness of the ligamentum flavum in 52.6 % of cases in the prone position that was absent from the supine MRIs. We also documented varying grades of spondylolisthesis and facet joint subluxation resulting in significant foraminal stenosis in 26.3% of prone cases not seen from supine MRIs.
    Conclusions: Four patterns of pathological findings have been identified by MRI performed in the prone position. These findings were not observed in the supine position. Prone MRI can be a significant and useful tool in the diagnosis and treatment of patients with back pain refractory to treatment whose conventional supine MRIs appeared unremarkable.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Aged ; Female ; Humans ; Low Back Pain/etiology ; Lumbar Vertebrae/diagnostic imaging ; Lumbar Vertebrae/pathology ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Prone Position ; Radiculopathy/diagnostic imaging ; Radiculopathy/etiology ; Spinal Stenosis/complications
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-07-28
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2146393-1
    ISSN 2150-1149 ; 1533-3159
    ISSN (online) 2150-1149
    ISSN 1533-3159
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  9. Article ; Online: Endoscopic transorbital approach bone pillars: a comprehensive stepwise anatomical appraisal.

    Codes, Marta / Mosteiro, Alejandra / Tafuto, Roberto / Gomez, Lorena / Matas, Jessica / Alobid, Isam / Lopez, Mauricio / Prats-Galino, Alberto / Enseñat, Joaquim / Di Somma, Alberto

    Neurosurgical focus

    2024  Volume 56, Issue 4, Page(s) E5

    Abstract: Objective: The endoscopic superior eyelid transorbital approach has garnered significant consideration and gained popularity in recent years. Detailed anatomical knowledge along with clinical experience has allowed refinement of the technique as well as ...

    Abstract Objective: The endoscopic superior eyelid transorbital approach has garnered significant consideration and gained popularity in recent years. Detailed anatomical knowledge along with clinical experience has allowed refinement of the technique as well as expansion of its indications. Using bone as a consistent reference, the authors identified five main bone pillars that offer access to the different intracranial targeted areas for different pathologies of the skull base, with the aim of enhancing the understanding of the intracranial areas accessible through this corridor.
    Methods: The authors present a bone-oriented review of the anatomy of the transorbital approach in which they conducted a 3D analysis using Brainlab software and performed dry skull and subsequent cadaveric dissections.
    Results: Five bone pillars of the transorbital approach were identified: the lesser sphenoid wing, the sagittal crest (medial aspect of the greater sphenoid wing), the anterior clinoid, the middle cranial fossa, and the petrous apex. The associations of these bone targets with their respective intracranial areas are reported in detail.
    Conclusions: Identification of consistent bone references after the skin incision has been made and the working space is determined allows a comprehensive understanding of the anatomy of the approach in order to safely and effectively perform transorbital endoscopic surgery in the skull base.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Neurosurgical Procedures/methods ; Endoscopy/methods ; Skull Base/surgery ; Skull Base/anatomy & histology ; Sphenoid Bone/surgery ; Cranial Fossa, Middle
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-03-15
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Review ; Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2026589-X
    ISSN 1092-0684 ; 1092-0684
    ISSN (online) 1092-0684
    ISSN 1092-0684
    DOI 10.3171/2024.1.FOCUS23846
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: Structural characterization of the Extended Frontal Aslant Tract trajectory: A ML-validated laterality study in 3T and 7T.

    Pascual-Diaz, Saül / Varriano, Federico / Pineda, Jose / Prats-Galino, Alberto

    NeuroImage

    2020  Volume 222, Page(s) 117260

    Abstract: The Extended Frontal Aslant Tract (exFAT) is a recently described tractography-based extension of the Frontal Aslant Tract connecting Broca's territory to both supplementary and pre-supplementary motor areas, and more anterior prefrontal regions. In this ...

    Abstract The Extended Frontal Aslant Tract (exFAT) is a recently described tractography-based extension of the Frontal Aslant Tract connecting Broca's territory to both supplementary and pre-supplementary motor areas, and more anterior prefrontal regions. In this study, we aim to characterize the microstructural properties of the exFAT trajectories as a means to perform a laterality analysis to detect interhemispheric structural differences along the tracts using the Human Connectome Project (HCP) dataset. To that end, the bilateral exFAT was reconstructed for 3T and 7T HCP acquisitions in 120 randomly selected subjects. As a complementary exploration of the exFAT anatomy, we performed a white matter dissection of the exFAT trajectory of two ex-vivo left hemispheres that provide a qualitative assessment of the tract profiles. We assessed the lateralization structural differences in the exFAT by performing: (i) a laterality comparison between the mean microstructural diffusion-derived parameters for the exFAT trajectories, (ii) a laterality comparison between the tract profiles obtained by applying the Automated Fiber Quantification (AFQ) algorithm, and (iii) a cross-validated Machine Learning (ML) classifier analysis using single and combined tract profiles parameters for single-subject classification. The mean microstructural diffusion-derived parameter comparison showed statistically significant differences in mean FA values between left and right exFATs in the 3T sample. The diffusion parameters studied with the AFQ technique suggest that the inferiormost half of the exFAT trajectory has a hemispheric-dependent fingerprint of microstructural properties, with an increased measure of tissue hindrance in the orthogonal plane and a decreased measure of orientational dispersion along the main tract direction in the left exFAT compared to the right exFAT. The classification accuracy of the ML models showed a high agreement with the magnitude of those differences.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Connectome/methods ; Diffusion Tensor Imaging/methods ; Female ; Functional Laterality/physiology ; Humans ; Machine Learning ; Male ; Motor Cortex/anatomy & histology ; Motor Cortex/physiology ; Neural Pathways/anatomy & histology ; Neural Pathways/physiology ; White Matter/anatomy & histology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-08-13
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1147767-2
    ISSN 1095-9572 ; 1053-8119
    ISSN (online) 1095-9572
    ISSN 1053-8119
    DOI 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117260
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