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Article: SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load in the Pulmonary Compartment of Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients Correlates with Viral Serum Load and Fatal Outcomes

Ynga-Durand, Mario / Maaß, Henrike / Milošević, Marko / Krstanović, Fran / Pribanić Matešić, Marina / Jonjić, Stipan / Protić, Alen / Brizić, Ilija / Šustić, Alan / Čičin-Šain, Luka

Viruses. 2022 June 14, v. 14, no. 6

2022

Abstract: While SARS-CoV-2 detection in sputum and swabs from the upper respiratory tract has been used as a diagnostic tool, virus quantification showed poor correlation to disease outcome and thus, poor prognostic value. Although the pulmonary compartment ... ...

Abstract	While SARS-CoV-2 detection in sputum and swabs from the upper respiratory tract has been used as a diagnostic tool, virus quantification showed poor correlation to disease outcome and thus, poor prognostic value. Although the pulmonary compartment represents a relevant site for viral load analysis, limited data exploring the lower respiratory tract is available, and its association to clinical outcomes is relatively unknown. Using bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and serum samples, we quantified SARS-CoV-2 copy numbers in the pulmonary and systemic compartments of critically ill patients admitted to the intensive care unit of a COVID-19 referral hospital in Croatia during the second and third pandemic waves. Clinical data, including 30-day survival after ICU admission, were included. We found that elevated SARS-CoV-2 copy numbers in both BAL and serum samples were associated with fatal outcomes. Remarkably, the highest and earliest viral loads after initiation of mechanical ventilation support were increased in the non-survival group. Our results imply that viral loads in the lungs contribute to COVID-19 disease severity, while blood titers correlate with lung virus titers, albeit at a lower level. Moreover, they suggest that BAL SARS-CoV-2 copy number quantification at ICU admission may provide a predictive parameter of clinical COVID-19 outcomes.
Keywords	COVID-19 infection ; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ; blood serum ; diagnostic techniques ; hospitals ; lungs ; pandemic ; viral load ; viruses ; Croatia
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0614
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2516098-9
ISSN	1999-4915
ISSN	1999-4915
DOI	10.3390/v14061292
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Perinatal murine cytomegalovirus infection reshapes the transcriptional profile and functionality of NK cells.

Rožmanić, Carmen / Lisnić, Berislav / Pribanić Matešić, Marina / Mihalić, Andrea / Hiršl, Lea / Park, Eugene / Lesac Brizić, Ana / Indenbirken, Daniela / Viduka, Ina / Šantić, Marina / Adler, Barbara / Yokoyama, Wayne M / Krmpotić, Astrid / Juranić Lisnić, Vanda / Jonjić, Stipan / Brizić, Ilija

Nature communications

2023 Volume 14, Issue 1, Page(s) 6412

Abstract: Infections in early life can elicit substantially different immune responses and pathogenesis than infections in adulthood. Here, we investigate the consequences of murine cytomegalovirus infection in newborn mice on NK cells. We show that infection ... ...

Abstract	Infections in early life can elicit substantially different immune responses and pathogenesis than infections in adulthood. Here, we investigate the consequences of murine cytomegalovirus infection in newborn mice on NK cells. We show that infection severely compromised NK cell maturation and functionality in newborns. This effect was not due to compromised virus control. Inflammatory responses to infection dysregulated the expression of major transcription factors governing NK cell fate, such as Eomes, resulting in impaired NK cell function. Most prominently, NK cells from perinatally infected mice have a diminished ability to produce IFN-γ due to the downregulation of long non-coding RNA Ifng-as1 expression. Moreover, the bone marrow's capacity to efficiently generate new NK cells is reduced, explaining the prolonged negative effects of perinatal infection on NK cells. This study demonstrates that viral infections in early life can profoundly impact NK cell biology, including long-lasting impairment in NK cell functionality.
MeSH term(s)	Mice ; Animals ; Killer Cells, Natural ; Cytomegalovirus Infections/genetics ; Muromegalovirus
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-10-12
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2553671-0
ISSN	2041-1723 ; 2041-1723
ISSN (online)	2041-1723
ISSN	2041-1723
DOI	10.1038/s41467-023-42182-w
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Article ; Online: SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load in the Pulmonary Compartment of Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients Correlates with Viral Serum Load and Fatal Outcomes.

Ynga-Durand, Mario / Maaß, Henrike / Milošević, Marko / Krstanović, Fran / Pribanić Matešić, Marina / Jonjić, Stipan / Protić, Alen / Brizić, Ilija / Šustić, Alan / Čičin-Šain, Luka

Viruses

2022 Volume 14, Issue 6

Abstract	While SARS-CoV-2 detection in sputum and swabs from the upper respiratory tract has been used as a diagnostic tool, virus quantification showed poor correlation to disease outcome and thus, poor prognostic value. Although the pulmonary compartment represents a relevant site for viral load analysis, limited data exploring the lower respiratory tract is available, and its association to clinical outcomes is relatively unknown. Using bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and serum samples, we quantified SARS-CoV-2 copy numbers in the pulmonary and systemic compartments of critically ill patients admitted to the intensive care unit of a COVID-19 referral hospital in Croatia during the second and third pandemic waves. Clinical data, including 30-day survival after ICU admission, were included. We found that elevated SARS-CoV-2 copy numbers in both BAL and serum samples were associated with fatal outcomes. Remarkably, the highest and earliest viral loads after initiation of mechanical ventilation support were increased in the non-survival group. Our results imply that viral loads in the lungs contribute to COVID-19 disease severity, while blood titers correlate with lung virus titers, albeit at a lower level. Moreover, they suggest that BAL SARS-CoV-2 copy number quantification at ICU admission may provide a predictive parameter of clinical COVID-19 outcomes.
MeSH term(s)	COVID-19 ; Critical Illness ; Humans ; Lung ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Viral Load
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-14
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2516098-9
ISSN	1999-4915 ; 1999-4915
ISSN (online)	1999-4915
ISSN	1999-4915
DOI	10.3390/v14061292
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Article: Collection of Monoclonal Antibodies Targeting SARS-CoV-2 Proteins

Pribanić Matešić, Marina / Kučan Brlić, Paola / Lenac Roviš, Tihana / Mačak Šafranko, Željka / Chaouat, Abigael Eva / Miklić, Karmela / Malić, Suzana / Ivanković, Nina / Schubert, Maren / Bertoglio, Federico / Markotić, Alemka / Mandelboim, Ofer / Jonjić, Stipan / Brizić, Ilija

Viruses. 2022 Feb. 21, v. 14, no. 2

2022

Abstract: In early 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic sparked a global crisis that continues to pose a serious threat to human health and the economy. Further advancement in research is necessary and requires the availability of quality molecular tools, including ... ...

Abstract	In early 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic sparked a global crisis that continues to pose a serious threat to human health and the economy. Further advancement in research is necessary and requires the availability of quality molecular tools, including monoclonal antibodies. Here, we present the development and characterization of a collection of over 40 new monoclonal antibodies directed against different SARS-CoV-2 proteins. Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 proteins were expressed, purified, and used as immunogens. Upon development of specific hybridomas, the obtained monoclonal antibody (mAb) clones were tested for binding to recombinant proteins and infected cells. We generated mAbs against structural proteins, the Spike and Nucleocapsid protein, several non-structural proteins (nsp1, nsp7, nsp8, nsp9, nsp10, nsp16) and accessory factors (ORF3a, ORF9b) applicable in flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, or Western blot. Our collection of mAbs provides a set of novel, highly specific tools that will allow a comprehensive analysis of the viral proteome, which will allow further understanding of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and the design of therapeutic strategies.
Keywords	COVID-19 infection ; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ; Western blotting ; antigens ; flow cytometry ; fluorescent antibody technique ; human health ; hybridomas ; monoclonal antibodies ; nucleocapsid proteins ; pathogenesis ; proteome ; therapeutics
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0221
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2516098-9
ISSN	1999-4915
ISSN	1999-4915
DOI	10.3390/v14020443
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: The Virus-Induced Upregulation of the miR-183/96/182 Cluster and the FoxO Family Protein Members Are Not Required for Efficient Replication of HSV-1

Zubković, Andreja / Žarak, Ines / Ratkaj, Ivana / Rokić, Filip / Jekić, Maja / Pribanić Matešić, Marina / Lebrón, Ricardo / Gómez-Martín, Cristina / Lisnić, Berislav / Lisnić, Vanda Juranić / Jonjić, Stipan / Pan, Dongli / Vugrek, Oliver / Hackenberg, Michael / Jurak, Igor

Viruses. 2022 July 28, v. 14, no. 8

2022

Abstract: Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) expresses a large number of miRNAs, and their function is still not completely understood. In addition, HSV-1 has been found to deregulate host miRNAs, which adds to the complexity of the regulation of efficient virus ... ...

Abstract	Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) expresses a large number of miRNAs, and their function is still not completely understood. In addition, HSV-1 has been found to deregulate host miRNAs, which adds to the complexity of the regulation of efficient virus replication. In this study, we comprehensively addressed the deregulation of host miRNAs by massive-parallel sequencing. We found that only miRNAs expressed from a single cluster, miR-183/96/182, are reproducibly deregulated during productive infection. These miRNAs are predicted to regulate a great number of potential targets involved in different cellular processes and have only 33 shared targets. Among these, members of the FoxO family of proteins were identified as potential targets for all three miRNAs. However, our study shows that the upregulated miRNAs do not affect the expression of FoxO proteins, moreover, these proteins were upregulated in HSV-1 infection. Furthermore, we show that the individual FoxO proteins are not required for efficient HSV-1 replication. Taken together, our results indicate a complex and redundant response of infected cells to the virus infection that is efficiently inhibited by the virus.
Keywords	Human alphaherpesvirus 1 ; microRNA ; virus replication ; viruses
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0728
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2516098-9
ISSN	1999-4915
ISSN	1999-4915
DOI	10.3390/v14081661
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: The Virus-Induced Upregulation of the miR-183/96/182 Cluster and the FoxO Family Protein Members Are Not Required for Efficient Replication of HSV-1.

Viruses

2022 Volume 14, Issue 8

Abstract	Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) expresses a large number of miRNAs, and their function is still not completely understood. In addition, HSV-1 has been found to deregulate host miRNAs, which adds to the complexity of the regulation of efficient virus replication. In this study, we comprehensively addressed the deregulation of host miRNAs by massive-parallel sequencing. We found that only miRNAs expressed from a single cluster, miR-183/96/182, are reproducibly deregulated during productive infection. These miRNAs are predicted to regulate a great number of potential targets involved in different cellular processes and have only 33 shared targets. Among these, members of the FoxO family of proteins were identified as potential targets for all three miRNAs. However, our study shows that the upregulated miRNAs do not affect the expression of FoxO proteins, moreover, these proteins were upregulated in HSV-1 infection. Furthermore, we show that the individual FoxO proteins are not required for efficient HSV-1 replication. Taken together, our results indicate a complex and redundant response of infected cells to the virus infection that is efficiently inhibited by the virus.
MeSH term(s)	Herpes Simplex/genetics ; Herpesvirus 1, Human/physiology ; Humans ; MicroRNAs/genetics ; MicroRNAs/metabolism ; Up-Regulation ; Virus Replication
Chemical Substances	MIRN183 microRNA, human ; MicroRNAs
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-07-28
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2516098-9
ISSN	1999-4915 ; 1999-4915
ISSN (online)	1999-4915
ISSN	1999-4915
DOI	10.3390/v14081661
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Collection of Monoclonal Antibodies Targeting SARS-CoV-2 Proteins.

Viruses

2022 Volume 14, Issue 2

Abstract	In early 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic sparked a global crisis that continues to pose a serious threat to human health and the economy. Further advancement in research is necessary and requires the availability of quality molecular tools, including monoclonal antibodies. Here, we present the development and characterization of a collection of over 40 new monoclonal antibodies directed against different SARS-CoV-2 proteins. Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 proteins were expressed, purified, and used as immunogens. Upon development of specific hybridomas, the obtained monoclonal antibody (mAb) clones were tested for binding to recombinant proteins and infected cells. We generated mAbs against structural proteins, the Spike and Nucleocapsid protein, several non-structural proteins (nsp1, nsp7, nsp8, nsp9, nsp10, nsp16) and accessory factors (ORF3a, ORF9b) applicable in flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, or Western blot. Our collection of mAbs provides a set of novel, highly specific tools that will allow a comprehensive analysis of the viral proteome, which will allow further understanding of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and the design of therapeutic strategies.
MeSH term(s)	Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/genetics ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/classification ; Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology ; Antibodies, Viral/immunology ; Antibodies, Viral/pharmacology ; COVID-19/therapy ; COVID-19/virology ; HEK293 Cells ; Humans ; Recombinant Proteins/immunology ; SARS-CoV-2/chemistry ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology ; Viral Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
Chemical Substances	Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Antibodies, Viral ; Recombinant Proteins ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus ; Viral Proteins ; ACE2 protein, human (EC 3.4.17.23) ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (EC 3.4.17.23)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-02-21
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2516098-9
ISSN	1999-4915 ; 1999-4915
ISSN (online)	1999-4915
ISSN	1999-4915
DOI	10.3390/v14020443
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Article ; Online: ChAdOx1-S adenoviral vector vaccine applied intranasally elicits superior mucosal immunity compared to the intramuscular route of vaccination.

European journal of immunology

2022 Volume 52, Issue 6, Page(s) 936–945

Abstract: COVID-19 vaccines prevent severe forms of the disease, but do not warrant complete protection against breakthrough infections. This could be due to suboptimal mucosal immunity at the site of virus entry, given that all currently approved vaccines are ... ...

Abstract	COVID-19 vaccines prevent severe forms of the disease, but do not warrant complete protection against breakthrough infections. This could be due to suboptimal mucosal immunity at the site of virus entry, given that all currently approved vaccines are administered via the intramuscular route. In this study, we assessed humoral and cellular immune responses in BALB/c mice after intranasal and intramuscular immunization with adenoviral vector ChAdOx1-S expressing full-length Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. We showed that both routes of vaccination induced a potent IgG antibody response, as well as robust neutralizing capacity, but intranasal vaccination elicited a superior IgA antibody titer in the sera and in the respiratory mucosa. Bronchoalveolar lavage from intranasally immunized mice efficiently neutralized SARS-CoV-2, which has not been the case in intramuscularly immunized group. Moreover, substantially higher percentages of epitope-specific CD8 T cells exhibiting a tissue resident phenotype were found in the lungs of intranasally immunized animals. Finally, both intranasal and intramuscular vaccination with ChAdOx1-S efficiently protected the mice after the challenge with recombinant herpesvirus expressing the Spike protein. Our results demonstrate that intranasal application of adenoviral vector ChAdOx1-S induces superior mucosal immunity and therefore could be a promising strategy for putting the COVID-19 pandemic under control.
MeSH term(s)	Adenoviridae/genetics ; Administration, Intranasal ; Animals ; Antibodies, Viral ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; Humans ; Immunity, Cellular ; Immunity, Mucosal ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Pandemics/prevention & control ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus ; Vaccination/methods ; Viral Vaccines
Chemical Substances	Antibodies, Viral ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus ; Viral Vaccines ; spike protein, SARS-CoV-2
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-31
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	120108-6
ISSN	1521-4141 ; 0014-2980
ISSN (online)	1521-4141
ISSN	0014-2980
DOI	10.1002/eji.202249823
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Human serum from SARS-CoV-2-vaccinated and COVID-19 patients shows reduced binding to the RBD of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant.

Schubert, Maren / Bertoglio, Federico / Steinke, Stephan / Heine, Philip Alexander / Ynga-Durand, Mario Alberto / Maass, Henrike / Sammartino, Josè Camilla / Cassaniti, Irene / Zuo, Fanglei / Du, Likun / Korn, Janin / Milošević, Marko / Wenzel, Esther Veronika / Krstanović, Fran / Polten, Saskia / Pribanić-Matešić, Marina / Brizić, Ilija / Baldanti, Fausto / Hammarström, Lennart /

Dübel, Stefan / Šustić, Alan / Marcotte, Harold / Strengert, Monika / Protić, Alen / Piralla, Antonio / Pan-Hammarström, Qiang / Čičin-Šain, Luka / Hust, Michael

BMC medicine

2022 Volume 20, Issue 1, Page(s) 102

Abstract: Background: The COVID-19 pandemic is caused by the betacoronavirus SARS-CoV-2. In November 2021, the Omicron variant was discovered and immediately classified as a variant of concern (VOC), since it shows substantially more mutations in the spike ... ...

Abstract	Background: The COVID-19 pandemic is caused by the betacoronavirus SARS-CoV-2. In November 2021, the Omicron variant was discovered and immediately classified as a variant of concern (VOC), since it shows substantially more mutations in the spike protein than any previous variant, especially in the receptor-binding domain (RBD). We analyzed the binding of the Omicron RBD to the human angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 receptor (ACE2) and the ability of human sera from COVID-19 patients or vaccinees in comparison to Wuhan, Beta, or Delta RBD variants. Methods: All RBDs were produced in insect cells. RBD binding to ACE2 was analyzed by ELISA and microscale thermophoresis (MST). Similarly, sera from 27 COVID-19 patients, 81 vaccinated individuals, and 34 booster recipients were titrated by ELISA on RBDs from the original Wuhan strain, Beta, Delta, and Omicron VOCs. In addition, the neutralization efficacy of authentic SARS-CoV-2 wild type (D614G), Delta, and Omicron by sera from 2× or 3× BNT162b2-vaccinated persons was analyzed. Results: Surprisingly, the Omicron RBD showed a somewhat weaker binding to ACE2 compared to Beta and Delta, arguing that improved ACE2 binding is not a likely driver of Omicron evolution. Serum antibody titers were significantly lower against Omicron RBD compared to the original Wuhan strain. A 2.6× reduction in Omicron RBD binding was observed for serum of 2× BNT162b2-vaccinated persons. Neutralization of Omicron SARS-CoV-2 was completely diminished in our setup. Conclusion: These results indicate an immune escape focused on neutralizing antibodies. Nevertheless, a boost vaccination increased the level of anti-RBD antibodies against Omicron, and neutralization of authentic Omicron SARS-CoV-2 was at least partially restored. This study adds evidence that current vaccination protocols may be less efficient against the Omicron variant.
MeSH term(s)	BNT162 Vaccine ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; Humans ; Pandemics ; SARS-CoV-2/genetics ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
Chemical Substances	Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus ; spike protein, SARS-CoV-2 ; BNT162 Vaccine (N38TVC63NU)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-03
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2131669-7
ISSN	1741-7015 ; 1741-7015
ISSN (online)	1741-7015
ISSN	1741-7015
DOI	10.1186/s12916-022-02312-5
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Article ; Online: Human serum from SARS-CoV-2 vaccinated and COVID-19 patients shows reduced binding to the RBD of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant in comparison to the original Wuhan strain and the Beta and Delta variants

Schubert, Maren / Bertoglio, Federico / Steinke, Stephan / Heine, Philip Alexander / Ynga-Durand, Mario Alberto / Zuo, Fanglei / Du, Likun / Korn, Janin / Milosevic, Marko / Wenzel, Esther Veronika / Maass, Henrike / Krstanovic, Fran / Polten, Saskia / Pribanic-Matesic, Marina / Brizic, Ilija / Piralla, Antonio / Baldanti, Fausto / Hammarstrom, Lennart / Dubel, Stefan /

Sustic, Alan / Marcotte, Harold / Strengert, Monika / Protic, Alen / Pan Hammarstrom, Qiang / Cicin-Sain, Luka / Hust, Michael

medRxiv

Abstract: Background The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is caused by the beta coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. COVID-19 manifests itself from mild or even asymptomatic infections to severe forms of life-threatening pneumonia. At the end of November 2021, yet another novel SARS- ... ...

Abstract	Background The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is caused by the beta coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. COVID-19 manifests itself from mild or even asymptomatic infections to severe forms of life-threatening pneumonia. At the end of November 2021, yet another novel SARS-CoV-2 variant named B.1.1.529 or Omicron was discovered and classified as a variant of concern (VoC) by the WHO. Omicron shows significantly more mutations in the amino acid (aa) sequence of its spike protein than any previous variant, with the majority of those concentrated in the receptor binding domain (RBD). In this work, the binding of the Omicron RBD to the human ACE2 receptor was experimentally analyzed in comparison to the original Wuhan SARS-CoV-2 virus, and the Beta and Delta variants. Moreover, we compared the ability of human sera from COVID-19 convalescent donors and persons fully vaccinated with BNT162b2 (Corminaty) or Ad26.COV2.S (Janssen COVID-19 vaccine) as well as individuals who had boost vaccine doses with BNT162b2 or mRNA-1273 (Spikevax) to bind the different RBDs variants. Methods The Omicron RBD with 15 aa mutations compared to the original Wuhan strain was produced baculovirus-free in insect cells. Binding of the produced Omicron RBD to hACE was analyzed by ELISA. Sera from 27 COVID-19 patients, of whom 21 were fully vaccinated and 16 booster recipients were titrated on the original Wuhan strain, Beta, Delta and Omicron RBD and compared to the first WHO International Standard for anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin (human) using the original Wuhan strain as reference. Results The Omicron RBD showed a slightly reduced binding to ACE2 compared to the other RBDs. The serum of COVID-19 patients, BNT162b2 vaccinated and boost vaccinated persons showed a reduced binding to Omicron RBD in comparison to the original Wuhan strain, Beta und Delta RBDs. In this assay, the boost vaccination did not improve the RBD binding when compared to the BNT162b2 fully vaccinated group. The RBD binding of the Ad26.COV2.S serum group was lower at all compared to the other groups. Conclusions The reduced binding of human sera to Omicron RBD provides first hints that the current vaccinations using BNT162b2, mRNA-1273 and Ad26.COV2.S may be less efficient in preventing infections with the Omicron variant.
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-12-13
Publisher	Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press
Document type	Article ; Online
DOI	10.1101/2021.12.10.21267523
Database	COVID19

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