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Article ; Online: Hurricane disturbance drives trophic changes in neotropical mountain stream food webs

Gutiérrez‐Fonseca, Pablo E. / Pringle, Catherine M. / Ramírez, Alonso / Gómez, Jesús E. / García, Pavel

Ecology. 2024 Jan., v. 105, no. 1 p.e4202-

2024

Abstract: Food webs are complex ecological networks that reveal species interactions and energy flow in ecosystems. Prevailing ecological knowledge on forested streams suggests that their food webs are based on allochthonous carbon, driven by a constant supply of ... ...

Abstract	Food webs are complex ecological networks that reveal species interactions and energy flow in ecosystems. Prevailing ecological knowledge on forested streams suggests that their food webs are based on allochthonous carbon, driven by a constant supply of organic matter from adjacent vegetation and limited primary production due to low light conditions. Extreme climatic disturbances can disrupt these natural ecosystem dynamics by altering resource availability, which leads to changes in food web structure and functioning. Here, we quantify the response of stream food webs to two major hurricanes (Irma and María, Category 5 and 4, respectively) that struck Puerto Rico in September 2017. Within two tropical forested streams (first and second order), we collected ecosystem and food web data 6 months prior to the hurricanes and 2, 9, and 18 months afterward. We assessed the structural (e.g., canopy) and hydrological (e.g., discharge) characteristics of the ecosystem and monitored changes in basal resources (i.e., algae, biofilm, and leaf litter), consumers (e.g., aquatic invertebrates, riparian consumers), and applied Layman's community‐wide metrics using the isotopic composition of ¹³C and ¹⁵N. Continuous stream discharge measurements indicated that the hurricanes did not cause an extreme hydrological event. However, the sixfold increase in canopy openness and associated changes in litter input appeared to trigger an increase in primary production. These food webs were primarily based on terrestrially derived carbon before the hurricanes, but most taxa (including Atya and Xiphocaris shrimp, the consumers with highest biomass) shifted their food source to autochthonous carbon within 2 months of the hurricanes. We also found evidence that the hurricanes dramatically altered the structure of the food web, resulting in shorter (i.e., smaller food‐chain length), narrower (i.e., lower diversity of carbon sources) food webs, as well as increased trophic species packing. This study demonstrates how hurricane disturbance can alter stream food webs, changing the trophic base from allochthonous to autochthonous resources via changes in the physical environment (i.e., canopy defoliation). As hurricanes become more frequent and severe due to climate change, our findings greatly contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms that maintain forested stream trophic interactions amidst global change.
Keywords	Neotropics ; biofilm ; biomass ; canopy ; carbon ; climate change ; defoliation ; ecosystems ; energy flow ; environmental knowledge ; food chain ; hurricanes ; hydrology ; organic matter ; plant litter ; primary productivity ; shrimp ; streams ; vegetation ; Puerto Rico
Language	English
Dates of publication	2024-01
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	1797-8
ISSN	0012-9658
ISSN	0012-9658
DOI	10.1002/ecy.4202
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Can we see the nitrate from the trees? Long-term linkages between tropical forest productivity and stream nitrogen concentrations

Ardón, Marcelo / Clark, Deborah A. / Marzolf, Nicholas S. / Ramírez, Alonso / Pringle, Catherine M.

Biogeochemistry. 2023 Mar., v. 163, no. 2 p.201-218

2023

Abstract: High abundance of trees capable of biological N-fixation (henceforth “N-fixers”) in tropical forests has been hypothesized to drive higher stream nitrate (NO₃) concentrations compared to temperate counterparts. However, to date there have been no ... ...

Abstract	High abundance of trees capable of biological N-fixation (henceforth “N-fixers”) in tropical forests has been hypothesized to drive higher stream nitrate (NO₃) concentrations compared to temperate counterparts. However, to date there have been no empirical linkages of stream NO₃ concentrations with the productivity of tropical forests. Here, we combined three unique long-term datasets from La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica: 21 years of (1) mean annual stream NO₃-N concentrations in six stream sites within the same watershed, (2) annual growth of trees, and (3) annual leaf litterfall. We hypothesized that years of greater growth of N-fixer tree species and of greater leaf litterfall would be correlated with higher stream water NO₃-N concentrations. We also hypothesized that landscape position mediates these relationships, with growth of N-fixer trees on adjacent slopes being more strongly correlated to stream NO₃-N than the growth of such trees on upland plateau sites. We found that mean annual stream NO₃-N concentrations were consistently high (160–260 µg L⁻¹). There was substantial interannual variation in leaf litterfall (inter-year range: 5.4 to 8.1 Mg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹), growth of N-fixers (inter-year range: 1.2 to 2.2 Mg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹), and growth of all other tree species (inter-year range: 2.1 to 3.2 Mg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹). To assess stream NO₃-N relationships with forest productivity, we used water conductivity to account for dilution resulting from variable discharge. We found that NO₃-N concentrations were positively related to the annual growth of the N-fixers on nearby slopes, and were negatively correlated with annual leaf litterfall. Stream NO₃-N concentrations were not related to the growth of N-fixers or other tree species in the more removed plateau areas. Using a mass balance, we estimated that symbiotic N fixation can account for 7–29% of NO₃ export. Both the growth of adjacent N-fixers and landscape-wide leaf litterfall are important drivers of the inter-annual variability of stream NO₃-N concentrations. Our results suggest that predicted changes in precipitation extremes due to climate change will alter N dynamics in tropical forests both directly, by altering discharge and export, and indirectly, by altering N-fixer tree productivity.
Keywords	biogeochemistry ; climate change ; data collection ; exports ; highlands ; landscape position ; leaves ; nitrates ; nitrogen ; nitrogen fixation ; plant litter ; streams ; trees ; tropical forests ; watersheds ; Costa Rica
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-03
Size	p. 201-218.
Publishing place	Springer International Publishing
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	Letter
ZDB-ID	1478541-9
ISSN	1573-515X ; 0168-2563
ISSN (online)	1573-515X
ISSN	0168-2563
DOI	10.1007/s10533-023-01030-1
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Hurricane disturbance drives trophic changes in neotropical mountain stream food webs.

Gutiérrez-Fonseca, Pablo E / Pringle, Catherine M / Ramírez, Alonso / Gómez, Jesús E / García, Pavel

Ecology

2023 Volume 105, Issue 1, Page(s) e4202

Abstract	Food webs are complex ecological networks that reveal species interactions and energy flow in ecosystems. Prevailing ecological knowledge on forested streams suggests that their food webs are based on allochthonous carbon, driven by a constant supply of organic matter from adjacent vegetation and limited primary production due to low light conditions. Extreme climatic disturbances can disrupt these natural ecosystem dynamics by altering resource availability, which leads to changes in food web structure and functioning. Here, we quantify the response of stream food webs to two major hurricanes (Irma and María, Category 5 and 4, respectively) that struck Puerto Rico in September 2017. Within two tropical forested streams (first and second order), we collected ecosystem and food web data 6 months prior to the hurricanes and 2, 9, and 18 months afterward. We assessed the structural (e.g., canopy) and hydrological (e.g., discharge) characteristics of the ecosystem and monitored changes in basal resources (i.e., algae, biofilm, and leaf litter), consumers (e.g., aquatic invertebrates, riparian consumers), and applied Layman's community-wide metrics using the isotopic composition of
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Food Chain ; Ecosystem ; Cyclonic Storms ; Invertebrates/physiology ; Carbon
Chemical Substances	Carbon (7440-44-0)
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-23
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2010140-5
ISSN	1939-9170 ; 0012-9658
ISSN (online)	1939-9170
ISSN	0012-9658
DOI	10.1002/ecy.4202
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Large-scale climatic phenomena drive fluctuations in macroinvertebrate assemblages in lowland tropical streams, Costa Rica: The importance of ENSO events in determining long-term (15y) patterns.

Gutiérrez-Fonseca, Pablo E / Ramírez, Alonso / Pringle, Catherine M

PloS one

2018 Volume 13, Issue 2, Page(s) e0191781

Abstract: Understanding how environmental variables influence the distribution and density of organisms over relatively long temporal scales is a central question in ecology given increased climatic variability (e.g., precipitation, ENSO events). The primary goal ... ...

Abstract	Understanding how environmental variables influence the distribution and density of organisms over relatively long temporal scales is a central question in ecology given increased climatic variability (e.g., precipitation, ENSO events). The primary goal of our study was to evaluate long-term (15y time span) patterns of climate, as well as environmental parameters in two Neotropical streams in lowland Costa Rica, to assess potential effects on aquatic macroinvertebrates. We also examined the relative effects of an 8y whole-stream P-enrichment experiment on macroinvertebrate assemblages against the backdrop of this long-term study. Climate, environmental variables and macroinvertebrate samples were measured monthly for 7y and then quarterly for an additional 8y in each stream. Temporal patterns in climatic and environmental variables showed high variability over time, without clear inter-annual or intra-annual patterns. Macroinvertebrate richness and abundance decreased with increasing discharge and was positively related to the number of days since the last high discharge event. Findings show that fluctuations in stream physicochemistry and macroinvertebrate assemblage structure are ultimately the result of large-scale climatic phenomena, such as ENSO events, while the 8y P-enrichment did not appear to affect macroinvertebrates. Our study demonstrates that Neotropical lowland streams are highly dynamic and not as stable as is commonly presumed, with high intra- and inter-annual variability in environmental parameters that change the structure and composition of freshwater macroinvertebrate assemblages.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Climate ; Costa Rica ; Forecasting ; Invertebrates/classification ; Rivers ; Tropical Climate
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-02-08
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0191781
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Do experimental pH increases alter the structure and function of a lowland tropical stream?

Marzolf, Nicholas S. / Baca, Dominic M. / Bruce, Terrius K. / Vega‐Gómez, Mariely / Watson, Christopher D. / Ganong, Carissa N. / Ramírez, Alonso / Pringle, Catherine M. / Ardón, Marcelo

Ecosphere. 2022 July, v. 13, no. 7

2022

Abstract: Disturbances can alter the structure and function of ecosystems. In stream ecosystems, changes in discharge and physicochemistry at short, intermediate, and long recurrence intervals can affect food webs and ecosystem processes. In this paper, we compare ...

Abstract	Disturbances can alter the structure and function of ecosystems. In stream ecosystems, changes in discharge and physicochemistry at short, intermediate, and long recurrence intervals can affect food webs and ecosystem processes. In this paper, we compare pH regimes in streams at La Selva Biological Station, Costa Rica, where episodic acidification frequency across the stream network varies widely due to buffering from inputs of bicarbonate‐rich interbasin groundwater. To examine the effects of acidification on ecosystem structure and function, we experimentally increased the buffering capacity of a headwater stream reach and compared it to an unbuffered upstream reach. We compared these reaches to a naturally buffered and unbuffered reaches of a second headwater stream. We quantified ecosystem structural (macroinvertebrate assemblages on leaf litter and coarse woody debris) and functional responses (leaf litter and coarse woody debris decomposition rates, and growth rates of a focal insect taxon [Diptera: Chironomidae]). Non‐metric multidimensional scaling and analysis of similarity revealed that macroinvertebrate assemblages were relatively homogenous across the four study reaches, although the naturally buffered reach was the most dissimilar. Ecosystem function, as measured by chironomid growth rates, was greater in the naturally buffered reach, while decomposition rates did not differ across the four reaches. Our results indicate that biological assemblages are adapted to pH regimes of frequently acidified stream reaches. Our experiment informs the effects on structure and function at short time scales in streams that experience moderate acidification, but larger magnitude acidification events in response to hydroclimatic change, as projected under climate change scenarios, may induce stronger responses in streams.
Keywords	Chironomidae ; acidification ; climate change ; coarse woody debris ; ecological function ; ecosystems ; groundwater ; insects ; macroinvertebrates ; pH ; plant litter ; streams ; Costa Rica
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-07
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	2572257-8
ISSN	2150-8925
ISSN	2150-8925
DOI	10.1002/ecs2.4097
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Partitioning inorganic carbon fluxes from paired O2–CO2 gas measurements in a Neotropical headwater stream, Costa Rica

Marzolf, Nicholas S. / Small, Gaston E. / Oviedo-Vargas, Diana / Ganong, Carissa N. / Duff, John H. / Ramírez, Alonso / Pringle, Catherine M. / Genereux, David P. / Ardón, Marcelo

Biogeochemistry. 2022 Sept., v. 160, no. 2

2022

Abstract: The role of streams and rivers in the global carbon (C) cycle remains unconstrained, especially in headwater streams where CO₂ evasion (FCO₂) to the atmosphere is high. Stream C cycling is understudied in the tropics compared to temperate streams, and ... ...

Abstract	The role of streams and rivers in the global carbon (C) cycle remains unconstrained, especially in headwater streams where CO₂ evasion (FCO₂) to the atmosphere is high. Stream C cycling is understudied in the tropics compared to temperate streams, and tropical streams may have among the highest FCO₂ due to higher temperatures, continuous organic matter inputs, and high respiration rates both in-stream and in surrounding soils. In this paper, we present paired in-stream O₂ and CO₂ sensor data from a headwater stream in a lowland rainforest in Costa Rica to explore temporal variability in gas concentrations and ecosystem processes. Further, we estimate groundwater CO₂ inputs (GWCO₂) from riparian well CO₂ measurements. Paired O₂–CO₂ data reveal stream CO₂ supersaturation driven by groundwater CO₂ inputs and large in-stream production of CO₂. At short time scales, CO₂ was diluted during storm events, but increased at longer seasonal scales. Areal fluxes in our study reach show that FCO₂ is supported by greater in-stream metabolism compared to GWCO₂. Our results underscore the importance of tropical headwater streams as large contributors of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere and show evaded C can be derived from both in-stream and terrestrial sources.
Keywords	Neotropics ; biogeochemistry ; carbon dioxide ; ecosystems ; groundwater ; inorganic carbon ; metabolism ; organic matter ; rain forests ; storms ; streams ; temporal variation ; Costa Rica
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-09
Size	p. 259-273.
Publishing place	Springer International Publishing
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	1478541-9
ISSN	1573-515X ; 0168-2563
ISSN (online)	1573-515X
ISSN	0168-2563
DOI	10.1007/s10533-022-00954-4
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Building a hydrologic foundation for tropical watershed management.

Christian, Jason / Martin, Joel / McKay, S Kyle / Chappell, Jessica / Pringle, Catherine M

PloS one

2019 Volume 14, Issue 3, Page(s) e0213306

Abstract: Here we provide an empirical hydrologic foundation to inform water management decisions in the El Yunque National Forest (EYNF) in eastern Puerto Rico. Tropical watershed hydrology has proven difficult to quantify due to high rainfall variability, high ... ...

Abstract	Here we provide an empirical hydrologic foundation to inform water management decisions in the El Yunque National Forest (EYNF) in eastern Puerto Rico. Tropical watershed hydrology has proven difficult to quantify due to high rainfall variability, high evapotranspiration rates, variation in forest canopy interception and storage, and uncertain hydrologic inputs from fog condensation in cloud forests. We developed mass-balance and observation-based water budgets for nine local watersheds within the EYNF using a novel assemblage of remotely sensed rainfall data, gaged streamflow observations, and municipal water withdrawal rates. It is important to note that, while prior budgets considered large water withdrawals outside (downstream) of EYNF boundaries, our current budget is confined to within EYNF boundaries. Here, we also base our estimates of water withdrawal volume on operational data, in contrast to prior water budgets that estimated volume based on either the capacity of known water intakes or regulatory permit limits. This resulted in more conservative and realistic estimates of withdrawals from within the EYNF. Finally, we also discuss the ecological importance of considering the effects of water withdrawals not only at an average monthly scale, but also on the basis of exceedance probability to avoid over-abstraction for the protection of native migratory fishes and shrimps. This analysis highlights a number of unique challenges associated with developing hydrologic foundations for water management in tropical ecosystems.
MeSH term(s)	Conservation of Water Resources ; Ecosystem ; Environmental Monitoring ; Forests ; Hydrology ; Puerto Rico ; Water Movements ; Water Supply/statistics & numerical data
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-03-11
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ISSN	1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0213306
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Do crayfish affect stream ecosystem response to riparian vegetation removal?

Dudley, Maura P / Solomon, Kelsey / Wenger, Seth / Jackson, C. Rhett / Freeman, Mary / Elliott, Katherine J / Miniat, Chelcy F / Pringle, Catherine M

Freshwater biology. 2021 July, v. 66, no. 7

2021

Abstract: Riparian vegetation management alters stream basal resources, but stream ecosystem responses partly depend on top‐down interactions with in‐stream consumers. Large‐bodied omnivores can exert particularly strong influences on stream benthic environments ... ...

Abstract	Riparian vegetation management alters stream basal resources, but stream ecosystem responses partly depend on top‐down interactions with in‐stream consumers. Large‐bodied omnivores can exert particularly strong influences on stream benthic environments through consumption of food resources and physical disturbance of the benthos. Trophic dynamics studies conducted within the context of reach‐scale riparian vegetation manipulations can provide insights into the interactions and relative importance of top‐down and bottom‐up controls that determine ecosystem response to riparian change. Here, we examine how top‐down control by native crayfish omnivores (Cambarus bartonii) interacts with abiotic conditions created by reach‐scale removal of riparian rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum) in the southern Appalachian Mountains of the U.S.A. We conducted 32‐day trophic experiments by nesting five pairs of electrified (crayfish excluded) and non‐electrified (crayfish access) plots within each of two 300‐m stream reaches (one control and one rhododendron‐removed) for 1 year pre‐removal and 2 years post‐removal. Algal growth responded positively to the reduced canopy cover (post‐rhododendron removal) only under low flow conditions combined with the absence of top‐down control by crayfish. Leaf decomposition rates were reduced by c. 40% in the absence of crayfish, but higher inputs of rhododendron leaf litter during the summer following rhododendron removal reduced the effect of crayfish presence on decomposition. Riparian rhododendron removal also significantly increased benthic sediment and fine benthic organic matter, but crayfish exclusion did not affect these stream properties. Potential long‐term reductions in crayfish abundance could reduce the top‐down effects of crayfish and ultimately lead to higher algal growth and reduced leaf decomposition rates in streams where rhododendron is managed through removal.
Keywords	Cambarus ; Rhododendron maximum ; algae ; benthic organisms ; canopy ; crayfish ; ecosystems ; leaves ; limnology ; organic matter ; plant litter ; riparian vegetation ; sediments ; streams ; summer
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-07
Size	p. 1423-1435.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean ; JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	121180-8
ISSN	0046-5070
ISSN	0046-5070
DOI	10.1111/fwb.13728
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: The Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory and the Coweeta Long‐Term Ecological Research Project

Miniat, Chelcy Ford / Oishi, Andrew Christopher / Bolstad, Paul V. / Jackson, C. Rhett / Liu, Ning / Love, Jason P. / Pringle, Catherine M. / Solomon, Kelsey J. / Wurzburger, Nina

Hydrological processes. 2021 July, v. 35, no. 7

2021

Abstract: The Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory (CHL) is a USDA Forest Service (FS) Experimental Forest, located in western North Carolina, in the southern Appalachian Mountains. Established in 1934, CHL has long‐term data records that include climate, streamflow, ... ...

Abstract	The Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory (CHL) is a USDA Forest Service (FS) Experimental Forest, located in western North Carolina, in the southern Appalachian Mountains. Established in 1934, CHL has long‐term data records that include climate, streamflow, stream and atmospheric chemistry, and vegetation in several small, experimentally‐manipulated and reference watersheds. In addition to these long‐term data, additional data associated with specific projects have been collected and are available through publications and electronic archives. Notably, CHL was a member of the National Science Foundation‐funded Long‐Term Ecological Research (LTER) program from 1980–2020, which resulted in significant scientific advances and rich data sets on the five core LTER research areas: primary productivity, population studies, movement of organic matter, movement of inorganic matter, and disturbance patterns. Here we provide a brief site description and history of the CHL, including descriptions of gauged watersheds and data archives.
Keywords	USDA Forest Service ; atmospheric chemistry ; climate ; forests ; inorganic matter ; organic matter ; primary productivity ; research projects ; stream flow ; streams ; North Carolina
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-07
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	1479953-4
ISSN	1099-1085 ; 0885-6087
ISSN (online)	1099-1085
ISSN	0885-6087
DOI	10.1002/hyp.14302
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Deviation from strict homeostasis across multiple trophic levels in an invertebrate consumer assemblage exposed to high chronic phosphorus enrichment in a Neotropical stream.

Small, Gaston E / Pringle, Catherine M

Oecologia

2009 Volume 162, Issue 3, Page(s) 581–590

Abstract: A central tenet of ecological stoichiometry is that consumer elemental composition is relatively independent of food resource nutrient content. Although the P content of some invertebrate consumer taxa can increase as a consequence of P-enriched food ... ...

Abstract	A central tenet of ecological stoichiometry is that consumer elemental composition is relatively independent of food resource nutrient content. Although the P content of some invertebrate consumer taxa can increase as a consequence of P-enriched food resources, little is known about how ecosystem nutrient loading can affect the elemental composition of entire consumer assemblages. Here we examine the potential for P enrichment across invertebrate consumer assemblages in response to chronic high P loading. We measured elemental ratios in invertebrate consumers and basal food resources in a series of streams in lowland Costa Rica that range widely in P levels (2-135 microg l(-1) soluble reactive P). Streams with high P levels receive natural long-term (over millennia) inputs of solute-rich groundwater while low-P streams do not receive these solute-rich groundwater inputs. P content of leaf litter and epilithon increased fourfold across the natural P gradient, exceeding basal resource P content values reported in the literature from other nutrient-rich streams. Invertebrate consumers from the high-P study stream were elevated twofold in P content across multiple taxonomic and functional feeding groups, including predators. Our results strongly support the hypothesis that elevated P content in consumers feeding on P-enriched food resources is a consequence of deviation from strict homeostasis. In contrast to prior studies, we found that between-stream variation in P content of a given taxon greatly exceeded within-stream variation among different taxa, suggesting that environment may be as important as phylogeny in controlling consumer stoichiometry. Relaxing the assumption of strict homeostasis presents challenges and opportunities for advancing our understanding of how nutrient limitation affects consumer growth. Moreover, our findings may provide a window into the future of how chronic anthropogenic nutrient loading can alter stoichiometric relationships in food webs.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Costa Rica ; Ecology ; Fresh Water ; Homeostasis ; Invertebrates/physiology ; Phosphorus/analysis ; Tropical Climate
Chemical Substances	Phosphorus (27YLU75U4W)
Language	English
Publishing date	2009-11-15
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	123369-5
ISSN	1432-1939 ; 0029-8549
ISSN (online)	1432-1939
ISSN	0029-8549
DOI	10.1007/s00442-009-1489-4
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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