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Article ; Online: Can plastic pollution drive the emergence and dissemination of novel zoonotic diseases?

Ormsby, Michael J / Woodford, Luke / Quilliam, Richard S

2024 Volume 246, Page(s) 118172

Abstract: As the volume of plastic in the environment increases, so too does human interactions with plastic pollution. Similarly, domestic, feral, and wild animals are increasingly interacting with plastic pollution, highlighting the potential for contamination ... ...

Abstract	As the volume of plastic in the environment increases, so too does human interactions with plastic pollution. Similarly, domestic, feral, and wild animals are increasingly interacting with plastic pollution, highlighting the potential for contamination of plastic wastes with animal faeces, urine, saliva, and blood. Substantial evidence indicates that once in the environment, plastics rapidly become colonised by microbial biofilm (the so-called 'plastisphere), which often includes potentially harmful microbial pathogens (including pathogens that are zoonotic in nature). Climate change, increased urbanisation, and the intensification of agriculture, mean that the three-way interactions between humans, animals, and plastic pollution are becoming more frequent, which is significant as almost 60% of emerging human infectious diseases during the last century have been zoonotic. Here, we critically review the potential for contaminated environmental plastics to facilitate the evolution of novel pathogenic strains of microorganisms, and the subsequent role of plastic pollution in the cyclical dissemination of zoonotic pathogens. As the interactions between humans, animals, and plastic pollution continues to grow, and the volume of plastics entering the environment increases, there is clearly an urgent need to better understand the role of plastic waste in facilitating zoonotic pathogen evolution and dissemination, and the effect this can have on environmental and human health.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Humans ; Plastics ; Environmental Pollution ; Zoonoses/epidemiology ; Agriculture ; Biofilms
Chemical Substances	Plastics
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-12
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	205699-9
ISSN	1096-0953 ; 0013-9351
ISSN (online)	1096-0953
ISSN	0013-9351
DOI	10.1016/j.envres.2024.118172
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Article ; Online: Persistence of 'wet wipes' in beach sand: An unrecognised reservoir for localised E. coli contamination.

Metcalf, Rebecca / Fellows, Rosie / White, Hannah L / Quilliam, Richard S

Marine pollution bulletin

2024 Volume 201, Page(s) 116175

Abstract: The flushing of wet wipes down toilets leads to blockages of sewerage systems. This, together with unregulated sewage discharge, often results in increasing numbers of wet wipes washing up onto beaches. However, it is unclear how long wet wipes can ... ...

Abstract	The flushing of wet wipes down toilets leads to blockages of sewerage systems. This, together with unregulated sewage discharge, often results in increasing numbers of wet wipes washing up onto beaches. However, it is unclear how long wet wipes can persist on the beach and whether they pose a prolonged public health risk if contaminated by E. coli. In this mesocosm study, three types of wet wipes (plastic containing, and home and commercially compostable) colonised with E. coli were buried in beach sand and their degradation, tensile strength, and concentration of E. coli was quantified over 15 weeks. Wet wipes containing plastic remained largely intact for 15 weeks, whilst both compostable wet wipes fragmented and degraded. Importantly, E. coli persisted on all three wet wipe types, representing localised reservoirs of E. coli in the sand, which could present a human health risk at the beach.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Escherichia coli ; Sand ; Feces ; Bathing Beaches ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; Water Microbiology
Chemical Substances	Sand
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-29
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2001296-2
ISSN	1879-3363 ; 0025-326X
ISSN (online)	1879-3363
ISSN	0025-326X
DOI	10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116175
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Article ; Online: Plastic pollution and fungal, protozoan, and helminth pathogens - A neglected environmental and public health issue?

Ormsby, Michael J. / Akinbobola, Ayorinde / Quilliam, Richard S.

Science of the Total Environment. 2023 July, v. 882 p.163093-

2023

Abstract: Plastic waste is ubiquitous in the environment and can become colonised by distinct microbial biofilm communities, known collectively as the 'plastisphere.' The plastisphere can facilitate the increased survival and dissemination of human pathogenic ... ...

Abstract	Plastic waste is ubiquitous in the environment and can become colonised by distinct microbial biofilm communities, known collectively as the 'plastisphere.' The plastisphere can facilitate the increased survival and dissemination of human pathogenic prokaryotes (e.g., bacteria); however, our understanding of the potential for plastics to harbour and disseminate eukaryotic pathogens is lacking. Eukaryotic microorganisms are abundant in natural environments and represent some of the most important disease-causing agents, collectively responsible for tens of millions of infections, and millions of deaths worldwide. While prokaryotic plastisphere communities in terrestrial, freshwater, and marine environments are relatively well characterised, such biofilms will also contain eukaryotic species. Here, we critically review the potential for fungal, protozoan, and helminth pathogens to associate with the plastisphere, and consider the regulation and mechanisms of this interaction. As the volume of plastics in the environment continues to rise there is an urgent need to understand the role of the plastisphere for the survival, virulence, dissemination, and transfer of eukaryotic pathogens, and the effect this can have on environmental and human health.
Keywords	Protozoa ; biofilm ; environment ; freshwater ; fungi ; helminths ; human health ; pathogens ; pollution ; prokaryotic cells ; public health ; virulence ; wastes ; Environmental pollution ; Eukaryotes ; Microplastic ; Plastisphere
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-07
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	Use and reproduction
ZDB-ID	121506-1
ISSN	1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
ISSN (online)	1879-1026
ISSN	0048-9697
DOI	10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163093
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Article ; Online: Persistence of

Afolabi, Emmanuel O / Quilliam, Richard S / Oliver, David M

International journal of environmental research and public health

2023 Volume 20, Issue 7

Abstract: Legacy stores of faecal pollution in streambed sediments can result in delayed impacts on environmental quality and human health if resuspended into the overlying water column. Different catchment sources of faecal pollution can contribute to a legacy ... ...

Abstract	Legacy stores of faecal pollution in streambed sediments can result in delayed impacts on environmental quality and human health if resuspended into the overlying water column. Different catchment sources of faecal pollution can contribute to a legacy store of microbial pollutants, with size of stores influenced by microbial die-off and faecal accrual rates in the streambed. The aim of this study was to use a mesocosm experiment to characterise the persistence of
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Female ; Cattle ; Animals ; Escherichia coli ; Geese ; Deer ; Feces ; Water ; Geologic Sediments ; Environmental Monitoring
Chemical Substances	Water (059QF0KO0R)
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-03
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2175195-X
ISSN	1660-4601 ; 1661-7827
ISSN (online)	1660-4601
ISSN	1661-7827
DOI	10.3390/ijerph20075375
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Article ; Online: Plastic pollution and fungal, protozoan, and helminth pathogens - A neglected environmental and public health issue?

Ormsby, Michael J / Akinbobola, Ayorinde / Quilliam, Richard S

The Science of the total environment

2023 Volume 882, Page(s) 163093

Abstract	Plastic waste is ubiquitous in the environment and can become colonised by distinct microbial biofilm communities, known collectively as the 'plastisphere.' The plastisphere can facilitate the increased survival and dissemination of human pathogenic prokaryotes (e.g., bacteria); however, our understanding of the potential for plastics to harbour and disseminate eukaryotic pathogens is lacking. Eukaryotic microorganisms are abundant in natural environments and represent some of the most important disease-causing agents, collectively responsible for tens of millions of infections, and millions of deaths worldwide. While prokaryotic plastisphere communities in terrestrial, freshwater, and marine environments are relatively well characterised, such biofilms will also contain eukaryotic species. Here, we critically review the potential for fungal, protozoan, and helminth pathogens to associate with the plastisphere, and consider the regulation and mechanisms of this interaction. As the volume of plastics in the environment continues to rise there is an urgent need to understand the role of the plastisphere for the survival, virulence, dissemination, and transfer of eukaryotic pathogens, and the effect this can have on environmental and human health.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Plastics ; Public Health ; Environmental Pollution ; Eukaryota ; Bacteria
Chemical Substances	Plastics
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-28
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	121506-1
ISSN	1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
ISSN (online)	1879-1026
ISSN	0048-9697
DOI	10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163093
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Article ; Online: Plastic pollution as a novel reservoir for the environmental survival of the drug resistant fungal pathogen Candida auris.

Akinbobola, Ayorinde / Kean, Ryan / Quilliam, Richard S

Marine pollution bulletin

2023 Volume 198, Page(s) 115841

Abstract: The WHO recently classified Candida auris as a fungal pathogen of "critical concern". Evidence suggests that C. auris emerged from the natural environment, yet the ability of this pathogenic yeast to survive in the natural environment is still poorly ... ...

Abstract	The WHO recently classified Candida auris as a fungal pathogen of "critical concern". Evidence suggests that C. auris emerged from the natural environment, yet the ability of this pathogenic yeast to survive in the natural environment is still poorly understood. The aim of this study, therefore, was to quantify the persistence of C. auris in simulated environmental matrices and explore the role of plastic pollution for facilitating survival and potential transfer of C. auris. Multi-drug resistant strains of C. auris persisted for over 30 days in river water or seawater, either planktonically, or in biofilms colonising high-density polyethylene (HDPE) or glass. C. auris could be transferred from plastic beads onto simulated beach sand, particularly when the sand was wet. Importantly, all C. auris cells recovered from plastics retained their pathogenicity; therefore, plastic pollution could play a significant role in the widescale environmental dissemination of this recently emerged pathogen.
MeSH term(s)	Candida ; Candida auris ; Sand ; Fungi ; Biofilms ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests
Chemical Substances	Sand
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-06
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2001296-2
ISSN	1879-3363 ; 0025-326X
ISSN (online)	1879-3363
ISSN	0025-326X
DOI	10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115841
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Article ; Online: A perspective on the impacts of microplastics on mosquito biology and their vectorial capacity.

Jones, Christopher M / Hughes, Grant L / Coleman, Sylvester / Fellows, Rosie / Quilliam, Richard S

Medical and veterinary entomology

2024 Volume 38, Issue 2, Page(s) 138–147

Abstract: Microplastics (plastic particles <5 mm) permeate aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems and constitute a hazard to animal life. Although much research has been conducted on the effects of microplastics on marine and benthic organisms, less consideration has ... ...

Abstract	Microplastics (plastic particles <5 mm) permeate aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems and constitute a hazard to animal life. Although much research has been conducted on the effects of microplastics on marine and benthic organisms, less consideration has been given to insects, especially those adapted to urban environments. Here, we provide a perspective on the potential consequences of exposure to microplastics within typical larval habitat on mosquito biology. Mosquitoes represent an ideal organism in which to explore the biological effects of microplastics on terrestrial insects, not least because of their importance as an infectious disease vector. Drawing on evidence from other organisms and knowledge of the mosquito life cycle, we summarise some of the more plausible impacts of microplastics including physiological, ecotoxicological and immunological responses. We conclude that although there remains little experimental evidence demonstrating any adverse effect on mosquito biology or pathogen transmission, significant knowledge gaps remain, and there is now a need to quantify the effects that microplastic pollution could have on such an important disease vector.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Microplastics/toxicity ; Culicidae/drug effects ; Culicidae/physiology ; Mosquito Vectors/drug effects ; Mosquito Vectors/physiology ; Larva/growth & development ; Larva/drug effects ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity
Chemical Substances	Microplastics ; Water Pollutants, Chemical
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-12
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	286021-1
ISSN	1365-2915 ; 0269-283X
ISSN (online)	1365-2915
ISSN	0269-283X
DOI	10.1111/mve.12710
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Article ; Online: Environmental reservoirs of the drug-resistant pathogenic yeast Candida auris.

Akinbobola, Ayorinde B / Kean, Ryan / Hanifi, Syed Manzoor Ahmed / Quilliam, Richard S

PLoS pathogens

2023 Volume 19, Issue 4, Page(s) e1011268

Abstract: Candia auris is an emerging human pathogenic yeast; yet, despite phenotypic attributes and genomic evidence suggesting that it probably emerged from a natural reservoir, we know nothing about the environmental phase of its life cycle and the transmission ...

Abstract	Candia auris is an emerging human pathogenic yeast; yet, despite phenotypic attributes and genomic evidence suggesting that it probably emerged from a natural reservoir, we know nothing about the environmental phase of its life cycle and the transmission pathways associated with it. The thermotolerant characteristics of C. auris have been hypothesised to be an environmental adaptation to increasing temperatures due to global warming (which may have facilitated its ability to tolerate the mammalian thermal barrier that is considered a protective strategy for humans against colonisation by environmental fungi with pathogenic potential). Thus, C. auris may be the first human pathogenic fungus to have emerged as a result of climate change. In addition, the release of antifungal chemicals, such as azoles, into the environment (from both pharmaceutical and agricultural sources) is likely to be responsible for the environmental enrichment of resistant strains of C. auris; however, the survival and dissemination of C. auris in the natural environment is poorly understood. In this paper, we critically review the possible pathways through which C. auris can be introduced into the environment and evaluate the environmental characteristics that can influence its persistence and transmission in natural environments. Identifying potential environmental niches and reservoirs of C. auris and understanding its emergence against a backdrop of climate change and environmental pollution will be crucial for the development of effective epidemiological and environmental management responses.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Humans ; Antifungal Agents/therapeutic use ; Candida/genetics ; Candida auris ; Climate Change ; Mammals ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests
Chemical Substances	Antifungal Agents
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-13
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2205412-1
ISSN	1553-7374 ; 1553-7374
ISSN (online)	1553-7374
ISSN	1553-7374
DOI	10.1371/journal.ppat.1011268
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Article ; Online: Engineering aquatic plant community composition on floating treatment wetlands can increase ecosystem multifunctionality.

Fletcher, Jonathan / Willby, Nigel / Oliver, David / Quilliam, Richard S

Environmental research

2023 Volume 243, Page(s) 117818

Abstract: Phytoremediation using floating treatment wetlands (FTWs) is an emerging nature-based solution for freshwater restoration. However, the potential to design these systems by manipulating macrophyte community composition to provide multiple ecosystem ... ...

Abstract	Phytoremediation using floating treatment wetlands (FTWs) is an emerging nature-based solution for freshwater restoration. However, the potential to design these systems by manipulating macrophyte community composition to provide multiple ecosystem services remains unexplored. Using a tank experiment, we simulated aquatic environments impacted by multiple pollutants and employed a comparative ecological approach to design emergent macrophyte communities using the trait of plant stature (plant height) to structure communities. Ecosystem functions were quantified, and a threshold-based method used to compute an ecosystem multifunctionality index that was weighted based on three different management-driven restoration objectives: equal importance, phytoremediation, and regulation and cultural services. Across all restoration scenarios, ecosystem multifunctionality was higher when community types performed more diverse functions. Small emergent plant communities outperformed all other community types due to their increased provision of both regulation and maintenance, cultural, and provisioning services. Conversely, large emergent communities that are more typical candidates for phytoremediation had the highest levels of multifunctionality only when function was lower. Arranging emergent macrophytes in mixed-statured communities led to intermediate or poorer performance both in terms of multifunctionality and specific functions, suggesting that diversity on the plant stature axis leads to negative plant interactions and represents a 'worst of both worlds' combination. Employing comparative ecology to generalise plant selection by stature demonstrates that large emergent macrophytes are more likely to better deliver provision-based services, while small emergent communities can provide additional benefits from cultural and regulatory services. Selecting macrophytes for FTWs employed in freshwater restoration by stature is a simple and widely applicable approach for designing plant communities with predictable outcomes in terms of (multiple) ecosystem service provision and highlights the need for environmental managers to closely align restoration objectives with potential community types.
MeSH term(s)	Ecosystem ; Biodiversity ; Wetlands ; Plants ; Fresh Water
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-03
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	205699-9
ISSN	1096-0953 ; 0013-9351
ISSN (online)	1096-0953
ISSN	0013-9351
DOI	10.1016/j.envres.2023.117818
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Article ; Online: The primary molecular influences of marine plastisphere formation and function: Novel insights into organism -organism and -co-pollutant interactions

Lee, Charlotte E. / Messer, Lauren F. / Holland, Sophie I. / Gutiérrez, Tony / Quilliam, Richard S. / Matallana-Surget, Sabine

Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology 2024 Jan. 17, v. 54, no. 2, p. 138-161

2024 , Page(s) 138–161

Abstract: Marine plastic pollution is rapidly colonized by a biofilm of microorganisms associated with the control of biogeochemical cycles, plastic biodegradation, and potentially pathogenic activities. An extensive number of studies have described the taxonomic ... ...

Abstract	Marine plastic pollution is rapidly colonized by a biofilm of microorganisms associated with the control of biogeochemical cycles, plastic biodegradation, and potentially pathogenic activities. An extensive number of studies have described the taxonomic composition of this biofilm, referred to as the ‘plastisphere’, and previous reviews have reported on the influence of location, plastic type, and plastic-biodegradation ability on plastisphere formation. However, few studies have investigated the metabolic activity of this complex biofilm and how microbial pathogenicity and bioremediation could be regulated in this ecosystem. In this review, we highlight the understudied molecular and abiotic factors influencing plastisphere formation and microbial functioning beyond taxonomic description. In this context, we critically discuss the impacts of (i) organism-organism interaction, (ii) microbial cell wall composition, and (iii) commonly encountered plastic-bound co-pollutants (heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants, UV filters). For the first time, we review the anticipated impact of lipophilic organic UV-filters – found in plastic additives and sunscreens – on the plastisphere due to their reported affinity for plastics, persistence, and co-location at high concentrations in touristic coastal environments. Herein, we integrate the findings of 34 global studies exploring plastisphere composition, 35 studies quantifying co-pollutant concentrations, and draw upon 52 studies of cell -cell and -substrate interaction to deduce the inferred, yet still unknown, metabolic interactions within this niche. Finally, we provide novel future directions for the advancement of functional plastisphere research applying advanced molecular tools to new, and appropriate research questions.
Keywords	UV filters ; biochemical pathways ; biodegradation ; biofilm ; bioremediation ; cell wall components ; ecosystems ; lipophilicity ; pathogenicity ; pollution ; taxon descriptions ; technology ; Bacterial metabolism ; marine pollution ; microbial ecotoxicology ; plastic biodegradation ; plastic colonization ; plastisphere dynamics ; Jörg Rinklebe and Lena Q. Ma
Language	English
Dates of publication	2024-0117
Size	p. 138-161
Publishing place	Taylor & Francis
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	Use and reproduction
ZDB-ID	2030115-7
ISSN	1547-6537 ; 1064-3389
ISSN (online)	1547-6537
ISSN	1064-3389
DOI	10.1080/10643389.2023.2224182
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