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Article: A modified excised leaf disc method to estimate the toxicity of slow- and fast-acting reduced-risk acaricides to mites.

Bostanian, Noubar J / Beudjekian, Serge / McGregor, Erin / Racette, Gaétan

2010 Volume 102, Issue 6, Page(s) 2084–2089

Abstract: The "modified excised leaf disc method" is based on leaf discs that fit tightly the bottom halves of 50-mm petri dishes. The bottom half of each petri dish is covered with wet cotton wool to prolong leaf freshness. The side wall of each bottom half has a ...

Abstract	The "modified excised leaf disc method" is based on leaf discs that fit tightly the bottom halves of 50-mm petri dishes. The bottom half of each petri dish is covered with wet cotton wool to prolong leaf freshness. The side wall of each bottom half has a small hole to allow the petiole of the leaf disc to protrude outside the petri dish. The top half of each petri dish has a 28-mm (diameter) window. For phytophagous mites the window is covered with a 40-microm mesh Pecap polyester screen. Using this method it was possible to estimate the LC50 value of bifenazate to be 0.00413 g (AI)/liter and the LC50 value of spirodiclofen to be 0.40050 g (AI)/liter to the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). The method reduces losses due to escapees and allows observations to be made as long as 9 d after treatment.
MeSH term(s)	Acaricides ; Animals ; Lethal Dose 50 ; Mites ; Plant Leaves ; Toxicity Tests/methods
Chemical Substances	Acaricides
Language	English
Publishing date	2010-01-07
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	3031-4
ISSN	0022-0493
ISSN	0022-0493
DOI	10.1603/029.102.0610
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Article ; Online: Effects of six selected orchard insecticides on Neoseiulus fallacis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in the laboratory.

Bostanian, Noubar J / Hardman, John M / Thistlewood, Howard A / Racette, Gaétan

Pest management science

2010 Volume 66, Issue 11, Page(s) 1263–1267

Abstract: Background: Neoseiulus fallacis (Garman) is a key predator of tetranychid mites in integrated pest management (IPM) programs across Canada. This study identified compounds that would be recommended for tier-II field evaluations in an IPM program.: ... ...

Abstract	Background: Neoseiulus fallacis (Garman) is a key predator of tetranychid mites in integrated pest management (IPM) programs across Canada. This study identified compounds that would be recommended for tier-II field evaluations in an IPM program. Results: The overall egg mortality caused by the six insecticides was negligible as it extended from 0 to 12.1%. Imidacloprid was classified as toxic to adults. The label rate was 7.73-fold the LC(50). Thiamethoxam was classified as moderately toxic to adults, and its label rate was 2.87-fold the LC(50). Acetamiprid and spinosad were classified as marginally toxic, and their label rates were respectively 0.99- and 0.45-fold the LC(50) for adults. Thiacloprid and methoxyfenozide were virtually innocuous to adults. Conclusion: Methoxyfenozide was totally harmless to all stages of N. fallacis, and it would be included in IPM programs immediately. Acetamiprid, spinosad and thiacloprid had varying degrees of mild toxicity to at least one growth stage of the predator. Therefore, they were recommended for tier-II field testing according to their label claims. Imidacloprid and thiamethoxam were toxic to moderately toxic to adults and had significant adverse effects on fecundity. Therefore, they would be field evaluated only if alternatives were unavailable.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Drug Combinations ; Hydrazines/toxicity ; Imidazoles/toxicity ; Insecticides/toxicity ; Juvenile Hormones/toxicity ; Lethal Dose 50 ; Macrolides/toxicity ; Malus ; Neonicotinoids ; Nitro Compounds/toxicity ; Oxazines/toxicity ; Pest Control, Biological ; Pyridines/toxicity ; Tetranychidae/drug effects ; Tetranychidae/growth & development ; Thiazines/toxicity ; Thiazoles/toxicity
Chemical Substances	Drug Combinations ; Hydrazines ; Imidazoles ; Insecticides ; Juvenile Hormones ; Macrolides ; Neonicotinoids ; Nitro Compounds ; Oxazines ; Pyridines ; Thiazines ; Thiazoles ; imidacloprid (3BN7M937V8) ; acetamiprid (5HL5N372P0) ; methoxyfenozide (62A22651ZX) ; thiamethoxam (747IC8B487) ; thiacloprid (DSV3A944A4) ; spinosad (XPA88EAP6V)
Language	English
Publishing date	2010-11
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2001705-4
ISSN	1526-4998 ; 1526-498X
ISSN (online)	1526-4998
ISSN	1526-498X
DOI	10.1002/ps.2010
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Article: A laboratory assessment of the toxic attributes of six ‘reduced risk insecticides’ on Galendromus occidentalis (Acari: Phytoseiidae)

Lefebvre, Maxime / Bostanian, Noubar J / Thistlewood, Howard M.A / Mauffette, Yves / Racette, Gaétan

Chemosphere. 2011 June, v. 84, no. 1

2011

Abstract: The modified excised leaf disc method was used to measure the effects of six insecticides on eggs, larvae, adults, and female fecundity of Galendromus occidentalis (Nesbitt) in a ‘worst case laboratory exposure’. This study identified insecticides that ... ...

Abstract	The modified excised leaf disc method was used to measure the effects of six insecticides on eggs, larvae, adults, and female fecundity of Galendromus occidentalis (Nesbitt) in a ‘worst case laboratory exposure’. This study identified insecticides that would be recommended for tier II field evaluations for an integrated pest management program. Commercially formulated insecticides were applied with a thin-layer chromatography sprayer adjusted to 10.34kPa (1.5psi), at the recommended label concentrations in Canada. LC50 values were estimated from aliquots above and below that concentration. Spinetoram and spirotetramat were toxic at label concentrations. The label concentration for spinetoram was 34.3-fold the LC50 estimate (0.006gL−1) and for spirotetramat the label concentration was 7.7-fold the LC50 estimate (0.03gL−1). Clothianidin was considerably less toxic and the label concentration was 0.15-fold the LC50 estimate (2.29gL−1). Estimates of LC50 for novaluron and chlorantraniliprole could not be established. Both materials showed slight toxicity to at least one growth stage of the predator. Novaluron, clothianidin and chlorantraniliprole should be evaluated in the field for compatibility in IPM programs. Flubendiamide was harmless to all growth stages and it is recommended for inclusion in IPM programs without additional tier II field evaluations. Field evaluations with spinetoram and spirotetramat should be pursued only if alternatives are unavailable.
Keywords	Typhlodromus ; adults ; clothianidin ; eggs ; fecundity ; integrated pest management ; larvae ; leaves ; lethal concentration 50 ; novaluron ; predators ; risk ; sprayers ; thin layer chromatography ; toxicity
Language	English
Dates of publication	2011-06
Size	p. 25-30.
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	120089-6
ISSN	1879-1298 ; 0045-6535 ; 0366-7111
ISSN (online)	1879-1298
ISSN	0045-6535 ; 0366-7111
DOI	10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.090
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Article: Laboratory-based toxicological assessments of new insecticides on mortality and fecundity of Neoseiulus fallacis (Acari: Phytoseiidae).

Lefebvre, Maxime / Bostanian, Noubar J / Mauffette, Yves / Racette, Gaétan / Thistlewood, Howard A / Hardman, John M

Journal of economic entomology

2012 Volume 105, Issue 3, Page(s) 866–871

Abstract: Neoseiulus fallacis (Garman) is one of the most abundant predatory phytoseid in deciduous fruit orchards under an integrated pest management (IPM) regimen in eastern North America. Laboratory studies using N. fallacis, and the 'modified excised leaf disc ...

Abstract	Neoseiulus fallacis (Garman) is one of the most abundant predatory phytoseid in deciduous fruit orchards under an integrated pest management (IPM) regimen in eastern North America. Laboratory studies using N. fallacis, and the 'modified excised leaf disc method' identified four insecticides out of six, that would require second-tier field studies before inclusion in an IPM program for deciduous orchards. The overall egg mortality caused by flubendiamide, chlorantraniliprole, chlothianidin, novaluron, Spinetoram, and spirotetramat ranked from 0 to 37.6%. Larval mortality caused by spirotetramat, spinetoram, novaluron, and chlothianidin ranged from 100 to 78.3%, respectively. Chlorantraniliprole and flubendiamide were virtually nontoxic to larvae. Spinetoram, chlothianidin, and spirotetramat caused 100, 61.4, and 40.2% mortality of adult N. fallacis, respectively. Spirotetramat and chlothianidin significantly reduced fecundity, whereas novaluron, flubendiamide, and chlorantraniliprole had no such adverse effect for the duration of the study (168 h). Chlorantraniliprole and flubendiamide do not require further second tier field studies and may be included in deciduous orchard IPM programs. Spirotetramat is toxic to several growth stages but it has a very short residual activity, and along with novaluron, which is toxic only to larvae, should be evaluated in second-tier field studies. Clothianidin and spinetoram should be evaluated in second-tier field studies only if alternatives are unavailable.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Fertility/drug effects ; Insecticides ; Larva/drug effects ; Mites/drug effects ; Ovum/drug effects
Chemical Substances	Insecticides
Language	English
Publishing date	2012-09-28
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	3031-4
ISSN	0022-0493
ISSN	0022-0493
DOI	10.1603/ec11260
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Article: Effects of six selected orchard insecticides on Neoseiulus fallacis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in the laboratory

Bostanian, Noubar J / Hardman, John M / Thistlewood, Howard A / Racette, Gaétan

Pest management science. 2010 Nov., v. 66, no. 11

2010

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Neoseiulus fallacis (Garman) is a key predator of tetranychid mites in integrated pest management (IPM) programs across Canada. This study identified compounds that would be recommended for tier-II field evaluations in an IPM program.RESULTS: ...

Abstract	BACKGROUND: Neoseiulus fallacis (Garman) is a key predator of tetranychid mites in integrated pest management (IPM) programs across Canada. This study identified compounds that would be recommended for tier-II field evaluations in an IPM program.RESULTS: The overall egg mortality caused by the six insecticides was negligible as it extended from 0 to 12.1%. Imidacloprid was classified as toxic to adults. The label rate was 7.73-fold the LC₅₀. Thiamethoxam was classified as moderately toxic to adults, and its label rate was 2.87-fold the LC₅₀. Acetamiprid and spinosad were classified as marginally toxic, and their label rates were respectively 0.99- and 0.45-fold the LC₅₀ for adults. Thiacloprid and methoxyfenozide were virtually innocuous to adults.CONCLUSION: Methoxyfenozide was totally harmless to all stages of N. fallacis, and it would be included in IPM programs immediately. Acetamiprid, spinosad and thiacloprid had varying degrees of mild toxicity to at least one growth stage of the predator. Therefore, they were recommended for tier-II field testing according to their label claims. Imidacloprid and thiamethoxam were toxic to moderately toxic to adults and had significant adverse effects on fecundity. Therefore, they would be field evaluated only if alternatives were unavailable. Copyright 2010 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by JohnWiley & Sons, Ltd
Keywords	Amblyseius fallacis ; natural enemies ; predatory arthropods ; Tetranychidae ; plant pests ; arthropod pests ; integrated pest management ; insecticides ; adverse effects ; nontarget organisms ; ova ; mortality ; dosage ; application rate ; adult animals ; lethal concentration 50 ; developmental stages ; fecundity ; Canada
Language	English
Dates of publication	2010-11
Size	p. 1263-1267.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2001705-4
ISSN	1526-4998 ; 1526-498X
ISSN (online)	1526-4998
ISSN	1526-498X
DOI	10.1002/ps.2010
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Toxicity of six novel fungicides and sulphur to Galendromus occidentalis (Acari: Phytoseiidae).

Bostanian, Noubar J / Thistlewood, Howard M A / Hardman, John M / Racette, Gaétan

Experimental & applied acarology

2008 Volume 47, Issue 1, Page(s) 63–69

Abstract: A laboratory evaluation of fenbuconazole, myclobutanil propiconazole, boscalid, fenhexamid and pyraclostrobin revealed these fungicides to be harmless to adult Galendromus occidentalis. None of these fungicides affected adversely fecundity and egg ... ...

Abstract	A laboratory evaluation of fenbuconazole, myclobutanil propiconazole, boscalid, fenhexamid and pyraclostrobin revealed these fungicides to be harmless to adult Galendromus occidentalis. None of these fungicides affected adversely fecundity and egg viability. Elemental sulphur also had no effect on adults and fecundity. However, 72.4% of the young larvae perished after hatching. The six novel fungicides are safer alternatives to sulphur in perennial crops in British Columbia.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Female ; Fungicides, Industrial ; Mites ; Oviposition/drug effects ; Sulfur
Chemical Substances	Fungicides, Industrial ; Sulfur (70FD1KFU70)
Language	English
Publishing date	2008-09-16
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	11320-7
ISSN	1572-9702 ; 0168-8162
ISSN (online)	1572-9702
ISSN	0168-8162
DOI	10.1007/s10493-008-9191-5
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: A laboratory assessment of the toxic attributes of six 'reduced risk insecticides' on Galendromus occidentalis (Acari: Phytoseiidae).

Lefebvre, Maxime / Bostanian, Noubar J / Thistlewood, Howard M A / Mauffette, Yves / Racette, Gaétan

Chemosphere

2011 Volume 84, Issue 1, Page(s) 25–30

Abstract: The modified excised leaf disc method was used to measure the effects of six insecticides on eggs, larvae, adults, and female fecundity of Galendromus occidentalis (Nesbitt) in a 'worst case laboratory exposure'. This study identified insecticides that ... ...

Abstract	The modified excised leaf disc method was used to measure the effects of six insecticides on eggs, larvae, adults, and female fecundity of Galendromus occidentalis (Nesbitt) in a 'worst case laboratory exposure'. This study identified insecticides that would be recommended for tier II field evaluations for an integrated pest management program. Commercially formulated insecticides were applied with a thin-layer chromatography sprayer adjusted to 10.34 kPa (1.5 psi), at the recommended label concentrations in Canada. LC(50) values were estimated from aliquots above and below that concentration. Spinetoram and spirotetramat were toxic at label concentrations. The label concentration for spinetoram was 34.3-fold the LC(50) estimate (0.006 gL(-1)) and for spirotetramat the label concentration was 7.7-fold the LC(50) estimate (0.03 gL(-1)). Clothianidin was considerably less toxic and the label concentration was 0.15-fold the LC(50) estimate (2.29 gL(-1)). Estimates of LC(50) for novaluron and chlorantraniliprole could not be established. Both materials showed slight toxicity to at least one growth stage of the predator. Novaluron, clothianidin and chlorantraniliprole should be evaluated in the field for compatibility in IPM programs. Flubendiamide was harmless to all growth stages and it is recommended for inclusion in IPM programs without additional tier II field evaluations. Field evaluations with spinetoram and spirotetramat should be pursued only if alternatives are unavailable.
MeSH term(s)	Acari/drug effects ; Acari/metabolism ; Animals ; Benzamides/toxicity ; Female ; Fertility/drug effects ; Guanidines/toxicity ; Insecticides/toxicity ; Laboratories ; Larva/drug effects ; Macrolides/toxicity ; Male ; Neonicotinoids ; Phenylurea Compounds/toxicity ; Risk Assessment ; Sulfones/toxicity ; Thiazoles/toxicity ; ortho-Aminobenzoates/toxicity
Chemical Substances	Benzamides ; Guanidines ; Insecticides ; Macrolides ; Neonicotinoids ; Phenylurea Compounds ; Sulfones ; Thiazoles ; ortho-Aminobenzoates ; clothianidin (2V9906ABKQ) ; chlorantranilipole (622AK9DH9G) ; flubendiamide (GEV84ZI4K6) ; spinetoram (YGZ1037ELN) ; novaluron (Z8H1B3CW0B)
Language	English
Publishing date	2011-06
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	120089-6
ISSN	1879-1298 ; 0045-6535 ; 0366-7111
ISSN (online)	1879-1298
ISSN	0045-6535 ; 0366-7111
DOI	10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.02.090
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Audio / Video: A Modified Excised Leaf Disc Method to Estimate the Toxicity of Slow- and Fast-Acting Reduced-Risk Acaricides to Mites

Bostanian, Noubar J / Beudjekian, Serge / McGregor, Erin / Racette, Gaétan

Journal of economic entomology. 2009 Dec., v. 102, no. 6

2009

Abstract: The “modified excised leaf disc method” is based on leaf discs that fit tightly the bottom halves of 50-mm petri dishes. The bottom half of each petri dish is covered with wet cotton wool to prolong leaf freshness. The side wall of each bottom half has a ...

Abstract	The “modified excised leaf disc method” is based on leaf discs that fit tightly the bottom halves of 50-mm petri dishes. The bottom half of each petri dish is covered with wet cotton wool to prolong leaf freshness. The side wall of each bottom half has a small hole to allow the petiole of the leaf disc to protrude outside the petri dish. The top half of each petri dish has a 28-mm (diameter) window. For phytophagous mites the window is covered with a 40-µm mesh Pecap polyester screen. Using this method it was possible to estimate the LC50 value of bifenazate to be 0.00413 g (AI) /liter and the LC50 value of spirodiclofen to be 0.40050 g (AI)/liter to the twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae). The method reduces losses due to escapees and allows observations to be made as long as 9 d after treatment.
Keywords	phytophagous mites ; plant pests ; mite control ; acaricides ; toxicity ; toxicity testing ; mortality ; lethal dose ; residual effects ; nontarget organisms ; laboratory techniques ; new methods ; bioassays ; leaves ; validity ; Tetranychus urticae ; spirodiclofen
Language	English
Dates of publication	2009-12
Size	p. 2084-2089.
Document type	Article ; Audio / Video
ZDB-ID	3031-4
ISSN	0022-0493
ISSN	0022-0493
DOI	10.1603/029.102.0610
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Effect of seven new orchard pesticides on Galendromus occidentalis in laboratory studies

Bostanian, Noubar J / Thistlewood, Howard A / Hardman, John M / Laurin, Marie-Claude / Racette, Gaétan

Pest management science. 2009 June, v. 65, no. 6

2009

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Biological control of phytophagous mites in orchards requires that pesticides used to manage other arthropod pests or diseases are harmless to predacious mites, as these are essential to keep phytophagous mites at non-injurious population ... ...

Abstract	BACKGROUND: Biological control of phytophagous mites in orchards requires that pesticides used to manage other arthropod pests or diseases are harmless to predacious mites, as these are essential to keep phytophagous mites at non-injurious population levels. This study evaluates the possible toxic attributes of acetamiprid, imidacloprid, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam, spirodiclofen, spinosad and methoxyfenoxide currently used in western Canadian orchards.RESULTS: None of these pesticides has any ovicidal properties against Galendromus occidentalis (Nesbitt). Imidacloprid and acetamiprid were highly toxic to the adults and reduced fecundity significantly. Thiamethoxam and spirodiclofen were non-toxic to adults, but they slightly reduced fecundity. Thiacloprid, spinosad and methoxyfenoxide were harmless to adults and had no effect on fecundity. All compounds showed some repellence at 24 h intervals for 72 h.CONCLUSIONS: Imidacloprid and acetamiprid are incompatible with IPM programs because they are toxic to adults and negatively affect fecundity. Thiamethoxam and spirodiclofen need further field evaluation to determine if they are compatible with IPM programs because they slightly reduced fecundity. Thiacloprid, spinosad and methoxyfenoxide are harmless to adults, but they are slightly repellent. Therefore, with the exception of imidacloprid and acetamiprid, all these compounds should be field tested for compatibility in an IPM program.
Keywords	pesticides ; orchards ; new products ; Typhlodromus ; biological control agents ; natural enemies ; predatory arthropods ; plant pests ; arthropod pests ; ecotoxicology ; adverse effects ; nontarget organisms ; fecundity ; adult animals ; repellents ; integrated pest management
Language	English
Dates of publication	2009-06
Size	p. 635-639.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2001705-4
ISSN	1526-4998 ; 1526-498X
ISSN (online)	1526-4998
ISSN	1526-498X
DOI	10.1002/ps.1721
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Toxicity of six novel fungicides and sulphur to Galendromus occidentalis (Acari: Phytoseiidae)

Bostanian, Noubar J / Thistlewood, Howard M. A / Hardman, John M / Racette, Gaétan

Experimental and applied acarology. 2009 Jan., v. 47, no. 1

2009

Abstract	A laboratory evaluation of fenbuconazole, myclobutanil propiconazole, boscalid, fenhexamid and pyraclostrobin revealed these fungicides to be harmless to adult Galendromus occidentalis. None of these fungicides affected adversely fecundity and egg viability. Elemental sulphur also had no effect on adults and fecundity. However, 72.4% of the young larvae perished after hatching. The six novel fungicides are safer alternatives to sulphur in perennial crops in British Columbia.
Keywords	Metaseiulus occidentalis ; adults ; boscalid ; crops ; eggs ; fecundity ; fenhexamid ; hatching ; larvae ; myclobutanil ; propiconazole ; pyraclostrobin ; sulfur ; toxicity ; viability ; British Columbia
Language	English
Dates of publication	2009-01
Size	p. 63-69.
Publisher	Springer Netherlands
Publishing place	Dordrecht
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	11320-7
ISSN	1572-9702 ; 0168-8162
ISSN (online)	1572-9702
ISSN	0168-8162
DOI	10.1007/s10493-008-9191-5
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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