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  1. Article ; Online: Avoidance and attraction behaviour of slugs exposed to parasitic nematodes.

    Rae, Robbie

    Journal of invertebrate pathology

    2023  Volume 197, Page(s) 107896

    Abstract: Avoidance of pathogens and parasites is the first line of defense to survive. Several slug species avoid the parasitic nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita to reduce infection however, there is nothing known about whether slugs avoid other members of ... ...

    Abstract Avoidance of pathogens and parasites is the first line of defense to survive. Several slug species avoid the parasitic nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita to reduce infection however, there is nothing known about whether slugs avoid other members of the Phasmarhabditis genus. I exposed two slug species (Deroceras invadens and Limax maculatus) to Phasmarhabditis californica and P. neopapillosa. D. invadens avoided P. californica but was strangely attracted to P. neopapillosa. L. maculatus did not avoid P. californica, but on day 1 and 3 significantly more slugs were found with P. neopapillosa. Reasons for host attraction to P. neopapillosa are discussed.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Gastropoda/parasitology ; Rhabditoidea
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-02-07
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 390885-9
    ISSN 1096-0805 ; 0022-2011
    ISSN (online) 1096-0805
    ISSN 0022-2011
    DOI 10.1016/j.jip.2023.107896
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  2. Article ; Online: Avoidance and attraction behaviour of slugs exposed to parasitic nematodes

    Rae, Robbie

    Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. 20232023 Mar. 07, Feb. 07, v. 197 p.107896-

    2023  

    Abstract: Avoidance of pathogens and parasites is the first line of defense to survive. Several slug species avoid the parasitic nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita to reduce infection however, there is nothing known about whether slugs avoid other members of ... ...

    Abstract Avoidance of pathogens and parasites is the first line of defense to survive. Several slug species avoid the parasitic nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita to reduce infection however, there is nothing known about whether slugs avoid other members of the Phasmarhabditis genus. I exposed two slug species (Deroceras invadens and Limax maculatus) to Phasmarhabditis californica and P. neopapillosa. D. invadens avoided P. californica but was strangely attracted to P. neopapillosa. L. maculatus did not avoid P. californica, but on day 1 and 3 significantly more slugs were found with P. neopapillosa. Reasons for host attraction to P. neopapillosa are discussed.
    Keywords Deroceras ; Limax ; Nematoda ; slugs ; Gastropods ; Parasitism ; Co-evolution
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2023-0207
    Publishing place Elsevier Inc.
    Document type Article ; Online
    Note Use and reproduction
    ZDB-ID 390885-9
    ISSN 1096-0805 ; 0022-2011
    ISSN (online) 1096-0805
    ISSN 0022-2011
    DOI 10.1016/j.jip.2023.107896
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  3. Article ; Online: Thirty years of slug control using the parasitic nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita and beyond

    Rae, Robbie / Sheehy, Laura / McDonald‐Howard, Kerry

    Pest Management Science. 2023 Oct., v. 79, no. 10 p.3408-3424

    2023  

    Abstract: Several slug species are highly pestiferous and threaten global sustainable agriculture. Current control methods rely heavily on metaldehyde pellets, which are often ineffective, harm nontarget organisms and have been banned in some countries. A viable ... ...

    Abstract Several slug species are highly pestiferous and threaten global sustainable agriculture. Current control methods rely heavily on metaldehyde pellets, which are often ineffective, harm nontarget organisms and have been banned in some countries. A viable alternative is the parasitic nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita (and recently P. californica), which has been formulated into a biological control agent (Nemaslug®) to control slugs across northern Europe. Nematodes are mixed with water and applied to soil where they seek out slugs, penetrate behind the mantle and kill them in 4–21 days. Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita has been on the market since 1994 and since then there has been ample research on its use. Here we review the research carried out on P. hermaphrodita over the last 30 years since its development and release as a commercial product. We provide information on life cycle, worldwide distribution, history of commercialisation, gastropod immunity, host range, ecological and environmental factors that affect its success in the field, bacterial relationships, and summarise results of field trials. Finally, we suggest future directions for P. hermaphrodita research (and other Phasmarhabditis species) to enhance its use as a biological control agent to control slugs for the next 30 years. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
    Keywords Gastropoda ; Nematoda ; biological control agents ; commercialization ; host range ; immunity ; markets ; metaldehyde ; slugs ; sustainable agriculture ; Northern European region
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2023-10
    Size p. 3408-3424.
    Publishing place John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
    Document type Article ; Online
    Note REVIEW
    ZDB-ID 2001705-4
    ISSN 1526-4998 ; 1526-498X
    ISSN (online) 1526-4998
    ISSN 1526-498X
    DOI 10.1002/ps.7636
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    In stock of ZB MED Bonn / Germany

    Z 2731: Show issues

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  4. Article ; Online: Thirty years of slug control using the parasitic nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita and beyond.

    Rae, Robbie / Sheehy, Laura / McDonald-Howard, Kerry

    Pest management science

    2023  Volume 79, Issue 10, Page(s) 3408–3424

    Abstract: Several slug species are highly pestiferous and threaten global sustainable agriculture. Current control methods rely heavily on metaldehyde pellets, which are often ineffective, harm nontarget organisms and have been banned in some countries. A viable ... ...

    Abstract Several slug species are highly pestiferous and threaten global sustainable agriculture. Current control methods rely heavily on metaldehyde pellets, which are often ineffective, harm nontarget organisms and have been banned in some countries. A viable alternative is the parasitic nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita (and recently P. californica), which has been formulated into a biological control agent (Nemaslug®) to control slugs across northern Europe. Nematodes are mixed with water and applied to soil where they seek out slugs, penetrate behind the mantle and kill them in 4-21 days. Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita has been on the market since 1994 and since then there has been ample research on its use. Here we review the research carried out on P. hermaphrodita over the last 30 years since its development and release as a commercial product. We provide information on life cycle, worldwide distribution, history of commercialisation, gastropod immunity, host range, ecological and environmental factors that affect its success in the field, bacterial relationships, and summarise results of field trials. Finally, we suggest future directions for P. hermaphrodita research (and other Phasmarhabditis species) to enhance its use as a biological control agent to control slugs for the next 30 years. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Gastropoda/parasitology ; Biological Control Agents ; Pest Control, Biological/methods ; Rhabditoidea ; Nematoda
    Chemical Substances Biological Control Agents
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-07-18
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2001705-4
    ISSN 1526-4998 ; 1526-498X
    ISSN (online) 1526-4998
    ISSN 1526-498X
    DOI 10.1002/ps.7636
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    In stock of ZB MED Bonn / Germany

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  5. Article ; Online: Pathogenicity of wild and commercial Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita exposed to the pestiferous slug Deroceras invadens.

    Cutler, James / Rae, Robbie

    Journal of invertebrate pathology

    2020  Volume 174, Page(s) 107435

    Abstract: Many terrestrial gastropods are pestiferous and pose a significant threat to agriculture, horticulture and floriculture. They are usually controlled by metaldehyde based pellets but an alternative control method is the slug parasitic nematode ... ...

    Abstract Many terrestrial gastropods are pestiferous and pose a significant threat to agriculture, horticulture and floriculture. They are usually controlled by metaldehyde based pellets but an alternative control method is the slug parasitic nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita, which has been formulated into a biological control agent (Nemaslug®) for use by farmers and gardeners to kill certain pestiferous slug species in 4-21 days. The current strain of P. hermaphrodita (called DMG0001) has been used in commercial production since 1994, but there is little information about the pathogenicity of wild strains of P. hermaphrodita towards slugs. Here, we exposed the pestiferous slug Deroceras invadens to nine wild isolated strains of P. hermaphrodita (DMG0002, DMG0003, DMG0005, DMG0006, DMG0007, DMG0008, DMG0009, DMG0010 and DMG0011) and the commercial strain (DMG0001) to three doses (0, 500 and 1000 nematodes per ml). Survival and feeding were recorded over 14 days. All wild P. hermaphrodita strains (other than DMG0010) and P. hermaphrodita (DMG0001), applied at 500 nematodes per ml, caused significant mortality to D. invadens compared to an uninfected control. Similarly, all P. hermaphrodita strains applied at 1000 nematodes per ml, caused significant mortality to D. invadens compared to an uninfected control. Overall, all wild P. hermaphrodita strains (other than DMG0011) caused significantly more mortality than P. hermaphrodita DMG0001 at one or both nematode concentrations. In summary, we have found some wild P. hermaphrodita strains were more virulent than P. hermaphrodita (DMG0001). Ultimately, these strains could potentially be developed as alternative, efficient biological control agents for use against slugs.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-06-17
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 390885-9
    ISSN 1096-0805 ; 0022-2011
    ISSN (online) 1096-0805
    ISSN 0022-2011
    DOI 10.1016/j.jip.2020.107435
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    In stock of ZB MED Cologne/Königswinter

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  6. Article: Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita – a new model to study the genetic evolution of parasitism

    Rae, Robbie

    Nematology. , v. 19, no. 4

    2017  

    Abstract: The evolutionary genetic mechanisms that are responsible for the transition of free-living nematodes to parasites are unknown and current nematode models used to study this have limitations. The gastropod parasite Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita could be ... ...

    Abstract The evolutionary genetic mechanisms that are responsible for the transition of free-living nematodes to parasites are unknown and current nematode models used to study this have limitations. The gastropod parasite Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita could be used as a new model to dissect the molecular mechanisms involved in the evolution of parasitism. Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita is a facultative parasite of slugs and snails that, like Caenorhabditis elegans and Pristionchus pacificus, can also be maintained easily under laboratory conditions. Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita and Phasmarhabditis species are easy to isolate from the wild and have been found around the world. The phylogenetic position of Phasmarhabditis is ideal for genomic comparison with other clade 9 species such as C. elegans and P. pacificus, as well as mammalian and insect parasites. These attributes could make P. hermaphrodita an excellent choice of model to study the evolutionary emergence of parasitism.
    Keywords Caenorhabditis elegans ; Gastropoda ; free-living nematodes ; genomics ; insects ; laboratory experimentation ; mammals ; models ; parasites ; parasitism ; phylogeny ; slugs ; snails
    Language English
    Size p. 375-387.
    Publishing place Brill
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 1450013-9
    ISSN 1568-5411 ; 1388-5545
    ISSN (online) 1568-5411
    ISSN 1388-5545
    DOI 10.1163/15685411-00003053
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    Z 7171: Show issues

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  7. Article: Pathogenicity of wild and commercial Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita exposed to the pestiferous slug Deroceras invadens

    Cutler, James / Rae, Robbie

    Journal of invertebrate pathology. 2020 July, v. 174

    2020  

    Abstract: Many terrestrial gastropods are pestiferous and pose a significant threat to agriculture, horticulture and floriculture. They are usually controlled by metaldehyde based pellets but an alternative control method is the slug parasitic nematode ... ...

    Abstract Many terrestrial gastropods are pestiferous and pose a significant threat to agriculture, horticulture and floriculture. They are usually controlled by metaldehyde based pellets but an alternative control method is the slug parasitic nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita, which has been formulated into a biological control agent (Nemaslug®) for use by farmers and gardeners to kill certain pestiferous slug species in 4–21 days. The current strain of P. hermaphrodita (called DMG0001) has been used in commercial production since 1994, but there is little information about the pathogenicity of wild strains of P. hermaphrodita towards slugs. Here, we exposed the pestiferous slug Deroceras invadens to nine wild isolated strains of P. hermaphrodita (DMG0002, DMG0003, DMG0005, DMG0006, DMG0007, DMG0008, DMG0009, DMG0010 and DMG0011) and the commercial strain (DMG0001) to three doses (0, 500 and 1000 nematodes per ml). Survival and feeding were recorded over 14 days. All wild P. hermaphrodita strains (other than DMG0010) and P. hermaphrodita (DMG0001), applied at 500 nematodes per ml, caused significant mortality to D. invadens compared to an uninfected control. Similarly, all P. hermaphrodita strains applied at 1000 nematodes per ml, caused significant mortality to D. invadens compared to an uninfected control. Overall, all wild P. hermaphrodita strains (other than DMG0011) caused significantly more mortality than P. hermaphrodita DMG0001 at one or both nematode concentrations. In summary, we have found some wild P. hermaphrodita strains were more virulent than P. hermaphrodita (DMG0001). Ultimately, these strains could potentially be developed as alternative, efficient biological control agents for use against slugs.
    Keywords Deroceras ; Nematoda ; biological control agents ; control methods ; farmers ; floriculture ; gardeners ; metaldehyde ; mortality ; pellets ; slugs ; virulence
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2020-07
    Publishing place Elsevier Inc.
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 390885-9
    ISSN 1096-0805 ; 0022-2011
    ISSN (online) 1096-0805
    ISSN 0022-2011
    DOI 10.1016/j.jip.2020.107435
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  8. Article: Size-susceptibility of Cornu aspersum exposed to the malacopathogenic nematodes Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita and P. californica

    Grannell, Alex / Cutler, James / Rae, Robbie

    Biocontrol science and technology. 2021 Nov. 02, v. 31, no. 11

    2021  

    Abstract: Slugs and snails are agricultural pests usually controlled by chemical bait pellets however an alternative method is the commercially produced malacopathogenic nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita, which is sold across northern Europe. P. hermaphrodita ...

    Abstract Slugs and snails are agricultural pests usually controlled by chemical bait pellets however an alternative method is the commercially produced malacopathogenic nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita, which is sold across northern Europe. P. hermaphrodita can kill several slug species but is unable to affect larger pestiferous snails. Therefore, we examined whether the closely related species Phasmarhabditis californica, isolated from the U.K. could kill neonate or adult common garden snails (Cornu aspersum). In our first experiment, neonate C. aspersum were exposed to 1000 nematodes per tube containing three strains of P. californica (designated DMG0017, DMG0018 or DMG0019) (as well as the commercial formulation of P. hermaphrodita DMG0001) and feeding inhibition and survival were monitored over 14 days. All nematodes apart from P. californica (DMG0017) killed the snails and caused feeding inhibition. In a follow up experiment we exposed adult C. aspersum to two doses (30 and 90 nematodes per cm²) of P. californica (DMG0019) and P. hermaphrodita (DMG0001) and monitored survival, feeding inhibition and changes in weight over 21 days. Neither nematode species affected survival, feeding inhibition or weight of the adult snails. In summary, P. californica (DMG0018 and DMG0019) are as pathogenic as P. hermaphrodita (DMG0001) and could be used to target neonate snails, however, the use of malacopathogenic nematodes to control large adult snails continues to be problematic.
    Keywords Nematoda ; adults ; biological control ; neonates ; slugs ; technology ; Northern European region
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2021-1102
    Size p. 1149-1160.
    Publishing place Taylor & Francis
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 1084478-8
    ISSN 1360-0478 ; 0958-3157
    ISSN (online) 1360-0478
    ISSN 0958-3157
    DOI 10.1080/09583157.2021.1929072
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    Z 5910: Show issues

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  9. Article: Pathogenicity and environmental tolerance of commercial and UK native entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernema and Heterorhabditis spp.) to the larvae of mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti and Ochlerotatus detritus)

    Edmunds, Cassandra / Wilding, Craig S. / Rae, Robbie

    International journal of pest management. 2021 July 3, v. 67, no. 3

    2021  

    Abstract: Many vector mosquito species have evolved resistance to chemical insecticides and the search for novel biological control strategies warrants further attention. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) (Heterorhabditis and Steinernema spp.) have been developed ... ...

    Abstract Many vector mosquito species have evolved resistance to chemical insecticides and the search for novel biological control strategies warrants further attention. Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) (Heterorhabditis and Steinernema spp.) have been developed as biological control agents for use against agricultural pests but whether they could be used to control aquatic mosquito larvae warrants further research. We exposed Aedes aegypti and Ochlerotatus detritus larvae to commercially available (Steinernema feltiae, S. carpocapsae, S. kraussei and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora) and wild isolated (S. affine and S. glaseri) EPNs and monitored survival over 7 days. We also exposed EPNs to water with a range of salinities and pHs found in the marshland habitats of British mosquitoes. Ae. aegypti and O. detritus were killed by commercial EPNs, but wild strains were unable to kill Ae. aegypti yet did kill O. detritus. All EPNs were capable of tolerating a wide range of pHs but showed variable tolerance to different salinities. EPNs could be used as an alternative to chemical insecticides but target species and habitat may influence choice of EPN strain in control operations.
    Keywords Aedes aegypti ; Heterorhabditis bacteriophora ; Ochlerotatus detritus ; Steinernema feltiae ; biological control ; detritus ; entomopathogenic nematodes ; habitats ; marshes ; pH ; pathogenicity
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2021-0703
    Size p. 232-240.
    Publishing place Taylor & Francis
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 1490770-7
    ISSN 1366-5863 ; 0967-0874
    ISSN (online) 1366-5863
    ISSN 0967-0874
    DOI 10.1080/09670874.2020.1731624
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  10. Article ; Online: Microbiome Analysis of Malacopathogenic Nematodes Suggests No Evidence of a Single Bacterial Symbiont Responsible for Gastropod Mortality.

    Sheehy, Laura / Cutler, James / Weedall, Gareth D / Rae, Robbie

    Frontiers in immunology

    2022  Volume 13, Page(s) 878783

    Abstract: Nematodes and bacteria are prevalent in soil ecosystems, and some have evolved symbiotic relationships. In some cases, symbionts carry out highly specialized functions: a prime example being entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs), which vector bacteria ( ...

    Abstract Nematodes and bacteria are prevalent in soil ecosystems, and some have evolved symbiotic relationships. In some cases, symbionts carry out highly specialized functions: a prime example being entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs), which vector bacteria (
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Microbiota ; Nematoda ; Rhabditoidea/microbiology ; Snails ; Soil
    Chemical Substances Soil
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-04-20
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2606827-8
    ISSN 1664-3224 ; 1664-3224
    ISSN (online) 1664-3224
    ISSN 1664-3224
    DOI 10.3389/fimmu.2022.878783
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