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  1. Article ; Online: Sedentary Behavior and Dementia-Reply.

    Raichlen, David A / Klimentidis, Yann C / Alexander, Gene E

    JAMA

    2024  Volume 331, Issue 5, Page(s) 443

    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Dementia ; Sedentary Behavior
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-02-06
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Letter ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Comment
    ZDB-ID 2958-0
    ISSN 1538-3598 ; 0254-9077 ; 0002-9955 ; 0098-7484
    ISSN (online) 1538-3598
    ISSN 0254-9077 ; 0002-9955 ; 0098-7484
    DOI 10.1001/jama.2023.25175
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  2. Article ; Online: The evolution of human step counts and its association with the risk of chronic disease.

    Raichlen, David A / Lieberman, Daniel E

    Current biology : CB

    2022  Volume 32, Issue 21, Page(s) R1206–R1214

    Abstract: Walking - humans' most fundamental form of moderate intensity physical activity - is associated with reduced risks of morbidity and mortality. Evolutionary perspectives have contributed much to understanding the effects of walking and other physical ... ...

    Abstract Walking - humans' most fundamental form of moderate intensity physical activity - is associated with reduced risks of morbidity and mortality. Evolutionary perspectives have contributed much to understanding the effects of walking and other physical activities on health; however, we know comparatively little about how step counts (steps taken per day) changed over the course of human evolution, potentially affecting how selection operated on physiological responses to moderate intensity physical activity that influence morbidity and mortality. Here, we compare step counts across humans and our closest living relatives, the great apes. Compiling data from epidemiology and comparative physiology, we show how step counts more than tripled during human evolution, potentially linking higher levels of moderate intensity physical activity with reduced morbidity and mortality, and we highlight how recent decreases in step counts are an evolutionary mismatch. We raise the hypothesis that the dose-response relationship between moderate intensity physical activity and health was shifted in humans to require more steps per day to promote extended healthspan and lifespan.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Walking/physiology ; Exercise ; Chronic Disease
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-11-08
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 1071731-6
    ISSN 1879-0445 ; 0960-9822
    ISSN (online) 1879-0445
    ISSN 0960-9822
    DOI 10.1016/j.cub.2022.09.030
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  3. Article ; Online: Energetic and endurance constraints on great ape quadrupedalism and the benefits of hominin bipedalism.

    Raichlen, David A / Pontzer, Herman

    Evolutionary anthropology

    2021  Volume 30, Issue 4, Page(s) 253–261

    Abstract: Bipedal walking was one of the first key behavioral traits that defined the evolution of early hominins. While it is not possible to identify specific selection pressures underlying bipedal evolution, we can better understand how the adoption of ... ...

    Abstract Bipedal walking was one of the first key behavioral traits that defined the evolution of early hominins. While it is not possible to identify specific selection pressures underlying bipedal evolution, we can better understand how the adoption of bipedalism may have benefited our hominin ancestors. Here, we focus on how bipedalism relaxes constraints on nonhuman primate quadrupedal limb mechanics, providing key advantages during hominin evolution. Nonhuman primate quadrupedal kinematics, especially in our closest living relatives, the great apes, are dominated by highly flexed limb joints, often associated with high energy costs, and are constrained by the need to reduce loads on mobile, but less stable forelimb joints. Bipedal walking would have allowed greater hind limb joint extension, which is associated with reduced energy costs and increased endurance. We suggest that relaxing these constraints provided bipedal hominins important benefits associated with long distance foraging and mobility.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Anthropology, Physical ; Biological Evolution ; Biomechanical Phenomena/physiology ; Fatigue ; Hominidae/physiology ; Humans ; Locomotion/physiology ; Lower Extremity/physiology ; Physical Endurance/physiology ; Posture/physiology ; Walking/physiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-08-04
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1131718-8
    ISSN 1520-6505 ; 1060-1538
    ISSN (online) 1520-6505
    ISSN 1060-1538
    DOI 10.1002/evan.21911
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  4. Article ; Online: Association of Air Pollution and Physical Activity With Brain Volumes.

    Furlong, Melissa A / Alexander, Gene E / Klimentidis, Yann C / Raichlen, David A

    Neurology

    2022  Volume 98, Issue 4, Page(s) e416–e426

    Abstract: Background and objectives: In high-pollution areas, physical activity may have a paradoxical effect on brain health by increasing particulate deposition in the lungs. We examined whether physical activity modifies associations of air pollution (AP) with ...

    Abstract Background and objectives: In high-pollution areas, physical activity may have a paradoxical effect on brain health by increasing particulate deposition in the lungs. We examined whether physical activity modifies associations of air pollution (AP) with brain volumes in an epidemiologic framework.
    Methods: The UK Biobank enrolled >500,000 adult participants from 2006 to 2010. Wrist accelerometers, multimodal MRI with T1 images and T2 fluid-attenuated inversion recovery data, and land use regression were used to estimate vigorous physical activity (VigPA), structural brain volumes, and AP, respectively, in subsets of the full sample. We evaluated associations among AP interquartile ranges, VigPA, and brain structure volumes and assessed interactions between AP and VigPA.
    Results: Eight thousand six hundred participants were included, with an average age of 55.55 (SD 7.46) years. After correction for multiple testing, in overall models, VigPA was positively associated with gray matter volume (GMV) and negatively associated with white matter hyperintensity volume (WMHV), while NO
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-01-24
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 207147-2
    ISSN 1526-632X ; 0028-3878
    ISSN (online) 1526-632X
    ISSN 0028-3878
    DOI 10.1212/WNL.0000000000013031
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    Zs.MO 374: Show issues

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  5. Article ; Online: An evolutionary perspective on nutrition and social decision making.

    Raison, Charles L / Raichlen, David A

    Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

    2018  Volume 115, Issue 7, Page(s) E1331

    MeSH term(s) Decision Making ; Nutritional Status
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018--13
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Letter ; Comment
    ZDB-ID 209104-5
    ISSN 1091-6490 ; 0027-8424
    ISSN (online) 1091-6490
    ISSN 0027-8424
    DOI 10.1073/pnas.1721889115
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    Zs.A 1148: Show issues Location:
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  6. Article ; Online: Exposure to air pollution and risk of incident dementia in the UK Biobank.

    Parra, Kimberly L / Alexander, Gene E / Raichlen, David A / Klimentidis, Yann C / Furlong, Melissa A

    Environmental research

    2022  Volume 209, Page(s) 112895

    Abstract: Background: Air pollution may cause inflammatory and oxidative stress damage to the brain, leading to neurodegenerative disease. The association between air pollution and dementia, and modification by apolipoprotein E genotype 4 (APOE-ε4) has yet to be ... ...

    Abstract Background: Air pollution may cause inflammatory and oxidative stress damage to the brain, leading to neurodegenerative disease. The association between air pollution and dementia, and modification by apolipoprotein E genotype 4 (APOE-ε4) has yet to be fully investigated.
    Objectives: To examine associations of air pollution with three types of incident dementias (Alzheimer's disease (AD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and vascular dementia (VAD)), and their potential modification by APOE-ε4 genotype.
    Methods: The UK Biobank enrolled >500,000 participants (2006-2010) with ongoing follow-up. We used annual averages of air pollution (PM
    Results: Our sample included 187,194 individuals (including N = 680 AD, N = 377 VAD, N = 63 FTD) with a mean follow-up of 7.04 years. We observed consistent associations of PM
    Discussion: PM
    MeSH term(s) Air Pollutants/analysis ; Air Pollutants/toxicity ; Air Pollution/adverse effects ; Air Pollution/analysis ; Alzheimer Disease ; Biological Specimen Banks ; Environmental Exposure/adverse effects ; Environmental Exposure/analysis ; Humans ; Middle Aged ; Neurodegenerative Diseases ; Particulate Matter/analysis ; Particulate Matter/toxicity ; United Kingdom/epidemiology
    Chemical Substances Air Pollutants ; Particulate Matter
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-02-08
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 205699-9
    ISSN 1096-0953 ; 0013-9351
    ISSN (online) 1096-0953
    ISSN 0013-9351
    DOI 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112895
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  7. Article ; Online: Lifestyle and patterns of physical activity in Hadza foragers.

    Sayre, M Katherine / Anyawire, Mariamu / Paolo, Bunga / Mabulla, Audax Z P / Pontzer, Herman / Wood, Brian M / Raichlen, David A

    American journal of biological anthropology

    2023  Volume 182, Issue 3, Page(s) 340–356

    Abstract: Objectives: Physically active lifestyles are associated with several health benefits. Physical activity (PA) levels are low in post-industrial populations, but generally high throughout life in subsistence populations. The Hadza are a subsistence- ... ...

    Abstract Objectives: Physically active lifestyles are associated with several health benefits. Physical activity (PA) levels are low in post-industrial populations, but generally high throughout life in subsistence populations. The Hadza are a subsistence-oriented foraging population in Tanzania known for being physically active, but it is unknown how recent increases in market integration may have altered their PA patterns. In this study, we examine PA patterns for Hadza women and men who engage in different amounts of traditional foraging.
    Materials and methods: One hundred and seventy seven Hadza participants (51% female, 19-87 years) wore an Axivity accelerometer (dominant wrist) for ~6 days during dry season months. We evaluated the effects of age, sex, and lifestyle measures on four PA measures that capture different aspects of the PA profile.
    Results: Participants engaged in high levels of both moderate-intensity PA and inactivity. Although PA levels were negatively associated with age, older participants were still highly active. We found no differences in PA between participants living in more traditional "bush" camps and those living in more settled "village" camps. Mobility was positively associated with step counts for female participants, and schooling was positively associated with inactive time for male participants.
    Conclusions: The similarity in PA patterns between Hadza participants in different camp types suggests that high PA levels characterize subsistence lifestyles generally. The sex-based difference in the effects of mobility and schooling on PA could be a reflection of the Hadza's gender-based division of labor, or indicate that changes to subsistence-oriented lifestyles impact women and men in different ways.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Male ; Female ; Exercise ; Tanzania ; Life Style ; Sedentary Behavior ; Camping
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-09-20
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2692-7691
    ISSN (online) 2692-7691
    DOI 10.1002/ajpa.24846
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  8. Article ; Online: Adaptive Capacity: An Evolutionary Neuroscience Model Linking Exercise, Cognition, and Brain Health.

    Raichlen, David A / Alexander, Gene E

    Trends in neurosciences

    2017  Volume 40, Issue 7, Page(s) 408–421

    Abstract: The field of cognitive neuroscience was transformed by the discovery that exercise induces neurogenesis in the adult brain, with the potential to improve brain health and stave off the effects of neurodegenerative disease. However, the basic mechanisms ... ...

    Abstract The field of cognitive neuroscience was transformed by the discovery that exercise induces neurogenesis in the adult brain, with the potential to improve brain health and stave off the effects of neurodegenerative disease. However, the basic mechanisms underlying exercise-brain connections are not well understood. We use an evolutionary neuroscience approach to develop the adaptive capacity model (ACM), detailing how and why physical activity improves brain function based on an energy-minimizing strategy. Building on studies showing a combined benefit of exercise and cognitive challenge to enhance neuroplasticity, our ACM addresses two fundamental questions: (i) what are the proximate and ultimate mechanisms underlying age-related brain atrophy, and (ii) how do lifestyle changes influence the trajectory of healthy and pathological aging?
    MeSH term(s) Aging/physiology ; Aging/psychology ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Brain/physiology ; Cognition/physiology ; Exercise/physiology ; Exercise/psychology ; Humans ; Models, Neurological ; Neuroprotection/physiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2017-06-10
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 282488-7
    ISSN 1878-108X ; 0378-5912 ; 0166-2236
    ISSN (online) 1878-108X
    ISSN 0378-5912 ; 0166-2236
    DOI 10.1016/j.tins.2017.05.001
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  9. Article ; Online: Interpretation of footprints from Site S confirms human-like bipedal biomechanics in Laetoli hominins.

    Raichlen, David A / Gordon, Adam D

    Journal of human evolution

    2017  Volume 107, Page(s) 134–138

    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Hominidae/physiology ; Tanzania ; Walking
    Language English
    Publishing date 2017-05-04
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 120141-4
    ISSN 1095-8606 ; 0047-2484
    ISSN (online) 1095-8606
    ISSN 0047-2484
    DOI 10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.04.002
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    Zs.A 976: Show issues Location:
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  10. Article: Exposure to air pollution and risk of incident dementia in the UK Biobank

    Parra, Kimberly L. / Alexander, Gene E. / Raichlen, David A. / Klimentidis, Yann C. / Furlong, Melissa A.

    Environmental research. 2022 June, v. 209

    2022  

    Abstract: Air pollution may cause inflammatory and oxidative stress damage to the brain, leading to neurodegenerative disease. The association between air pollution and dementia, and modification by apolipoprotein E genotype 4 (APOE-ε4) has yet to be fully ... ...

    Abstract Air pollution may cause inflammatory and oxidative stress damage to the brain, leading to neurodegenerative disease. The association between air pollution and dementia, and modification by apolipoprotein E genotype 4 (APOE-ε4) has yet to be fully investigated. To examine associations of air pollution with three types of incident dementias (Alzheimer's disease (AD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and vascular dementia (VAD)), and their potential modification by APOE-ε4 genotype. The UK Biobank enrolled >500,000 participants (2006–2010) with ongoing follow-up. We used annual averages of air pollution (PM₂.₅, PM₁₀, PM₂.₅₋₁₀, PM₂.₅ₐbₛₒᵣbₐₙcₑ, NO₂, NOX) for 2010 scaled to interquartile ranges (IQR). We included individuals aged ≥60 years, with no dementia diagnosis prior to January 1, 2010. Time to incident dementia and follow-up time were reported from baseline (January 01, 2010) to last censor event (death, last hospitalization, or loss to follow-up). Cox proportional hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated to estimate the association of air pollutants and incident dementia, and modification of these associations by APOE-ε4. Our sample included 187,194 individuals (including N = 680 AD, N = 377 VAD, N = 63 FTD) with a mean follow-up of 7.04 years. We observed consistent associations of PM₂.₅ with greater risk of all-cause dementia (HR = 1.17, 95% CI: 1.10, 1.24) and AD (HR = 1.17, 95% CI: 1.06, 1.29). NO₂ was also associated with greater risk of any incident dementia (HR = 1.18, 95% CI: 1.10, 1.25), AD (HR = 1.15, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.28) and VAD (HR = 1.18, 95% CI: 1.03, 1.35). APOE-ε4 did not modify the association between any air pollutants and dementia. PM₂.₅ and NO₂ levels were associated with several types of dementia, and these associations were not modified by APOE-ε4. Findings from the UK Biobank support and extend to other epidemiological evidence for the potential association of air pollutants with detrimental brain health during aging.
    Keywords Alzheimer disease ; air ; air pollution ; apolipoprotein E ; brain ; death ; genotype ; neurodegenerative diseases ; oxidative stress ; research ; risk
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2022-06
    Publishing place Elsevier Inc.
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 205699-9
    ISSN 1096-0953 ; 0013-9351
    ISSN (online) 1096-0953
    ISSN 0013-9351
    DOI 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112895
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