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  1. Article ; Online: Understanding immunity to influenza

    Ralph A. Tripp

    Expert Review of Vaccines, Vol 22, Iss 1, Pp 871-

    implications for future vaccine development

    2023  Volume 875

    Abstract: Introduction Influenza virus changes its genotype through antigenic drift or shift making it difficult to develop immunity to infection or vaccination. Zoonotic influenza A virus (IAV) strains can become established in humans. Several impediments to ... ...

    Abstract Introduction Influenza virus changes its genotype through antigenic drift or shift making it difficult to develop immunity to infection or vaccination. Zoonotic influenza A virus (IAV) strains can become established in humans. Several impediments to human infection and transmission include sialic acid expression, host anti-viral factors (including interferons), and other elements that govern viral replication. Controlling influenza infection, replication, and transmission is important because IAVs cause annual epidemics and occasional pandemics. Effective seasonal influenza vaccines exist, but these vaccines do not fully protect against novel or pandemic strains. Areas covered With new vaccine production technology, vaccines can be produced rapidly. Universal IAV vaccines are being developed to protect against seasonal, novel, and zoonotic IAVs. These efforts are being enhanced and accelerated by a better understanding the host immune response to influenza viruses. Expert opinion This review discusses several implications for future influenza vaccine development. Host immune responses to influenza virus infection or vaccination can guide vaccine development as anti-influenza immunity is affected by responses influenced by the previous immune history including first and subsequent exposures to influenza virus infections and vaccinations.
    Keywords influenza ; immunity ; host immunity ; vaccines ; human ; Internal medicine ; RC31-1245
    Subject code 570
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-12-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Taylor & Francis Group
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  2. Article ; Online: Advances in Vaccine Development

    Ralph A. Tripp

    Vaccines, Vol 9, Iss 1036, p

    2021  Volume 1036

    Abstract: The Special Issue titled “Advances in Vaccine Development” contains articles, reviews, and a perspective on advances in vaccine delivery and expression, nanovaccines, epitopes, proteins and adjuvants, and new vaccine platforms [.] ...

    Abstract The Special Issue titled “Advances in Vaccine Development” contains articles, reviews, and a perspective on advances in vaccine delivery and expression, nanovaccines, epitopes, proteins and adjuvants, and new vaccine platforms [.]
    Keywords n/a ; Medicine ; R
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-09-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher MDPI AG
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  3. Article ; Online: Interferons—Implications in the Immune Response to Respiratory Viruses

    Harrison C. Bergeron / Matthew R. Hansen / Ralph A. Tripp

    Microorganisms, Vol 11, Iss 2179, p

    2023  Volume 2179

    Abstract: Interferons (IFN) are an assemblage of signaling proteins made and released by various host cells in response to stimuli, including viruses. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza virus, and SARS-CoV-2 are major causes of respiratory disease that ... ...

    Abstract Interferons (IFN) are an assemblage of signaling proteins made and released by various host cells in response to stimuli, including viruses. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza virus, and SARS-CoV-2 are major causes of respiratory disease that induce or antagonize IFN responses depending on various factors. In this review, the role and function of type I, II, and III IFN responses to respiratory virus infections are considered. In addition, the role of the viral proteins in modifying anti-viral immunity is noted, as are the specific IFN responses that underly the correlates of immunity and protection from disease.
    Keywords respiratory syncytial virus ; RSV ; influenza ; SARS-CoV-2 ; COVID-19 ; interferons ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-08-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher MDPI AG
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  4. Article ; Online: Pathobiology of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

    Ralph A. Tripp / Paul S. McNamara

    Vaccines, Vol 8, Iss 367, p

    2020  Volume 367

    Abstract: Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract illness in infants and affects the elderly and the immune-compromised [.] ...

    Abstract Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract illness in infants and affects the elderly and the immune-compromised [.]
    Keywords n/a ; Medicine ; R
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-07-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher MDPI AG
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  5. Article ; Online: Exosome-mediated human norovirus infection.

    Kyle V Todd / Ralph A Tripp

    PLoS ONE, Vol 15, Iss 8, p e

    2020  Volume 0237044

    Abstract: Human norovirus (HuNoV) is a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis. Outbreaks normally occur via the fecal-oral route. HuNoV infection is thought to occur by viral particle transmission, but increasing evidence suggests a function for exosomes in HuNoV ... ...

    Abstract Human norovirus (HuNoV) is a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis. Outbreaks normally occur via the fecal-oral route. HuNoV infection is thought to occur by viral particle transmission, but increasing evidence suggests a function for exosomes in HuNoV infection. HuNoV is contained within stool-derived exosomes, and exosome-associated HuNoV has been shown to replicate in human intestinal enteroids. In this study, we examine exosome-associated HuNoV infection of Vero cells and show that exosomes containing HuNoV may attach, infect, and be passaged in Vero cells. These findings support earlier findings and have implications for developing HuNoV disease intervention strategies.
    Keywords Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Public Library of Science (PLoS)
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  6. Article ; Online: Reversible disruption of XPO1-mediated nuclear export inhibits respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) replication

    Cynthia Mathew / Sharon Tamir / Ralph A. Tripp / Reena Ghildyal

    Scientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-

    2021  Volume 15

    Abstract: Abstract Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the primary cause of serious lower respiratory tract disease in infants, young children, the elderly and immunocompromised individuals. Therapy for RSV infections is limited to high risk infants and there are ...

    Abstract Abstract Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the primary cause of serious lower respiratory tract disease in infants, young children, the elderly and immunocompromised individuals. Therapy for RSV infections is limited to high risk infants and there are no safe and efficacious vaccines. Matrix (M) protein is a major RSV structural protein with a key role in virus assembly. Interestingly, M is localised to the nucleus early in infection and its export into the cytoplasm by the nuclear exporter, exportin-1 (XPO1) is essential for RSV assembly. We have shown previously that chemical inhibition of XPO1 function results in reduced RSV replication. In this study, we have investigated the anti-RSV efficacy of Selective Inhibitor of Nuclear Export (SINE) compounds, KPT-335 and KPT-185. Our data shows that therapeutic administration of the SINE compounds results in reduced RSV titre in human respiratory epithelial cell culture. Within 24 h of treatment, RSV replication and XPO1 expression was reduced, M protein was partially retained in the nucleus, and cell cycle progression was delayed. Notably, the effect of SINE compounds was reversible within 24 h after their removal. Our data show that reversible inhibition of XPO1 can disrupt RSV replication by affecting downstream pathways regulated by the nuclear exporter.
    Keywords Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
    Subject code 570
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-09-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Nature Portfolio
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  7. Article ; Online: Isothermal amplification using sequence-specific fluorescence detection of SARS coronavirus 2 and variants in nasal swabs

    Les Jones / Hemant K Naikare / Yung-Yi C Mosley / Ralph A Tripp

    BioTechniques, Vol 72, Iss 6, Pp 263-

    2022  Volume 272

    Abstract: Coronavirus disease 2019 is a public health challenge requiring rapid testing for the detection of infections and transmission. Nucleic acid amplification tests targeting SARS coronavirus 2 (CoV2) are used to detect CoV2 in clinical samples. Real-time ... ...

    Abstract Coronavirus disease 2019 is a public health challenge requiring rapid testing for the detection of infections and transmission. Nucleic acid amplification tests targeting SARS coronavirus 2 (CoV2) are used to detect CoV2 in clinical samples. Real-time reverse transcription quantitative PCR is the standard nucleic acid amplification test for CoV2, although reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification is used in diagnostics. The authors demonstrate a sequence-specific reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification-based nucleic acid amplification assay that is finished within 30 min using minimally processed clinical nasal swab samples and describe a fluorescence-quenched reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay using labeled primers and a quencher oligonucleotide. This assay can achieve rapid (30 min) and sensitive (1000 plaque-forming units/ml) fluorescence detection of CoV2 (WA1/2020), B.1.1.7 (Alpha) and variants of concern Delta (B.1.617.2) and Omicron (B.1.1.529) in nasal samples.
    Keywords diagnostics ; fluorescence ; FQ-LAMP ; POC ; RT-LAMP ; SARS coronavirus 2 ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-06-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Future Science Ltd
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  8. Article ; Online: Original Antigenic Sin and Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccines

    Ralph A. Tripp / Ultan F. Power

    Vaccines, Vol 7, Iss 3, p

    2019  Volume 107

    Abstract: The original antigenic sin (OAS) theory considers the outcome of the first encounter with an antigen. It favors a memory response to the original antigen upon exposure to a similar or related antigen, and includes both positive and negative impacts of ... ...

    Abstract The original antigenic sin (OAS) theory considers the outcome of the first encounter with an antigen. It favors a memory response to the original antigen upon exposure to a similar or related antigen, and includes both positive and negative impacts of past exposure on the memory response to challenge, and, in particular, on vaccine efficacy. This phenomenon is closely linked with imprinting and the hierarchical nature of immune responses to previously encountered antigens. The focus of this commentary centers on the potential role of OAS or immunological imprinting on respiratory syncytial virus memory responses.
    Keywords original antigenic sin ; OAS ; RSV ; vaccines ; vaccine effectiveness ; VE ; immunological memory ; Medicine ; R
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-09-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher MDPI AG
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  9. Article ; Online: Drug repositioning of Clopidogrel or Triamterene to inhibit influenza virus replication in vitro

    Nichole Orr-Burks / Jackelyn Murray / Kyle V. Todd / Abhijeet Bakre / Ralph A. Tripp

    PLoS ONE, Vol 16, Iss

    2021  Volume 10

    Abstract: Influenza viruses cause respiratory tract infections and substantial health concerns. Infection may result in mild to severe respiratory disease associated with morbidity and some mortality. Several anti-influenza drugs are available, but these agents ... ...

    Abstract Influenza viruses cause respiratory tract infections and substantial health concerns. Infection may result in mild to severe respiratory disease associated with morbidity and some mortality. Several anti-influenza drugs are available, but these agents target viral components and are susceptible to drug resistance. There is a need for new antiviral drug strategies that include repurposing of clinically approved drugs. Drugs that target cellular machinery necessary for influenza virus replication can provide a means for inhibiting influenza virus replication. We used RNA interference screening to identify key host cell genes required for influenza replication, and then FDA-approved drugs that could be repurposed for targeting host genes. We examined the effects of Clopidogrel and Triamterene to inhibit A/WSN/33 (EC50 5.84 uM and 31.48 uM, respectively), A/CA/04/09 (EC50 6.432 uM and 3.32 uM, respectively), and B/Yamagata/16/1988 (EC50 0.28 uM and 0.11 uM, respectively) replication. Clopidogrel and Triamterene provide a druggable approach to influenza treatment across multiple strains and subtypes.
    Keywords Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
    Subject code 570
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Public Library of Science (PLoS)
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  10. Article ; Online: Drug repositioning of Clopidogrel or Triamterene to inhibit influenza virus replication in vitro.

    Nichole Orr-Burks / Jackelyn Murray / Kyle V Todd / Abhijeet Bakre / Ralph A Tripp

    PLoS ONE, Vol 16, Iss 10, p e

    2021  Volume 0259129

    Abstract: Influenza viruses cause respiratory tract infections and substantial health concerns. Infection may result in mild to severe respiratory disease associated with morbidity and some mortality. Several anti-influenza drugs are available, but these agents ... ...

    Abstract Influenza viruses cause respiratory tract infections and substantial health concerns. Infection may result in mild to severe respiratory disease associated with morbidity and some mortality. Several anti-influenza drugs are available, but these agents target viral components and are susceptible to drug resistance. There is a need for new antiviral drug strategies that include repurposing of clinically approved drugs. Drugs that target cellular machinery necessary for influenza virus replication can provide a means for inhibiting influenza virus replication. We used RNA interference screening to identify key host cell genes required for influenza replication, and then FDA-approved drugs that could be repurposed for targeting host genes. We examined the effects of Clopidogrel and Triamterene to inhibit A/WSN/33 (EC50 5.84 uM and 31.48 uM, respectively), A/CA/04/09 (EC50 6.432 uM and 3.32 uM, respectively), and B/Yamagata/16/1988 (EC50 0.28 uM and 0.11 uM, respectively) replication. Clopidogrel and Triamterene provide a druggable approach to influenza treatment across multiple strains and subtypes.
    Keywords Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
    Subject code 570
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-01-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Public Library of Science (PLoS)
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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