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  1. Article ; Online: Could Perturbation of Gut Microbiota Possibly Exacerbate the Severity of COVID-19

    Vignesh, Ramachandran / Swathirajan, Chinnambedu Ravichandran / Tun, Zaw Htet / Rameshkumar, Marimuthu Ragavan / Solomon, Sunil Suhas / Balakrishnan, Pachamuthu

    Frontiers in immunology

    2021  Volume 11, Page(s) 607734

    MeSH term(s) Age Factors ; Animals ; COVID-19/immunology ; COVID-19/microbiology ; COVID-19/virology ; Cytokine Release Syndrome/immunology ; Cytokine Release Syndrome/microbiology ; Cytokine Release Syndrome/virology ; Cytokines/immunology ; Dysbiosis ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Humans ; Inflammation Mediators/immunology ; Intestines/immunology ; Intestines/microbiology ; Intestines/virology ; Risk Factors ; SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity ; Severity of Illness Index
    Chemical Substances Cytokines ; Inflammation Mediators
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-01-25
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2606827-8
    ISSN 1664-3224 ; 1664-3224
    ISSN (online) 1664-3224
    ISSN 1664-3224
    DOI 10.3389/fimmu.2020.607734
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article: Computational selection of flavonoid compounds as inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 main protease, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and spike proteins: A molecular docking study.

    Rameshkumar, Marimuthu Ragavan / Indu, Purushothaman / Arunagirinathan, Narasingam / Venkatadri, Babu / El-Serehy, Hamed A / Ahmad, Ajaz

    Saudi journal of biological sciences

    2020  Volume 28, Issue 1, Page(s) 448–458

    Abstract: An outbreak of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 has been recognized as a global health concern. Since, no specific antiviral drug is proven effective for treatment against COVID-19, identification of new therapeutics is an urgent ... ...

    Abstract An outbreak of Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 has been recognized as a global health concern. Since, no specific antiviral drug is proven effective for treatment against COVID-19, identification of new therapeutics is an urgent need. In this study, flavonoid compounds were analyzed for its inhibitory potential against important protein targets of SARS-CoV-2 using computational approaches. Virtual docking was performed for screening of flavonoid compounds retrieved from PubChem against the main protease of SARS-CoV-2 using COVID-19 docking server. The cut off of dock score was set to >-9 kcal/mol and screened compounds were individually docked against main protease, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, and spike proteins using AutoDock 4.1 software. Finally, lead flavonoid compounds were subjected to ADMET analysis. A total of 458 flavonoid compounds were virtually screened against main protease target and 36 compounds were selected based on the interaction energy value >-9 kcal/mol. Furthermore, these compounds were individually docked against protein targets and top 10 lead compounds were identified. Among the lead compounds, agathisflavone showed highest binding energy value of -8.4 kcal/mol against main protease, Albireodelphin showed highest dock score of -9.8 kcal/mol and -11.2 kcal/mol against RdRp, and spike proteins, respectively. Based on the high dock score and ADMET properties, top 5 lead molecules such as Albireodelphin, Apigenin 7-(6″-malonylglucoside), Cyanidin-3-(p-coumaroyl)-rutinoside-5-glucoside, Delphinidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside 5-O-(6-coumaroyl-beta-D-glucoside) and (-)-Maackiain-3-O-glucosyl-6″-O-malonate were identified as potent inhibitors against main protease, RdRp, and spike protein targets of SARS-CoV-2. These all compounds are having non-carcinogenic and non-mutagenic properties. This study finding suggests that the screened compounds include Albireodelphin, Apigenin 7-(6″-malonylglucoside), Cyanidin-3-(p-coumaroyl)-rutinoside-5-glucoside, Delphinidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside 5-O-(6-coumaroyl-beta-D-glucoside) and (-)-Maackiain-3-O-glucosyl-6″-O-malonate could be the potent inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 targets.
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-10-22
    Publishing country Saudi Arabia
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2515206-3
    ISSN 2213-7106 ; 1319-562X
    ISSN (online) 2213-7106
    ISSN 1319-562X
    DOI 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.10.028
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Antiviral activity of astragaloside II, astragaloside III and astragaloside IV compounds against dengue virus: Computational docking and in vitro studies.

    Indu, Purushothaman / Arunagirinathan, Narasingam / Rameshkumar, Marimuthu Ragavan / Sangeetha, Kodhandan / Divyadarshini, Angamuthu / Rajarajan, Swaminathan

    Microbial pathogenesis

    2020  Volume 152, Page(s) 104563

    Abstract: This study was aimed to identify the phytocompounds possessing anti-dengue virus activity using in silico and in vitro approaches. A total of 7000 phytocompounds were virtually screened against protein targets (envelope, NS2b/NS3, and NS5) of dengue ... ...

    Abstract This study was aimed to identify the phytocompounds possessing anti-dengue virus activity using in silico and in vitro approaches. A total of 7000 phytocompounds were virtually screened against protein targets (envelope, NS2b/NS3, and NS5) of dengue virus using iGEMDOCK and individually docked using Maestro 10.7 module of Schrödinger software. In vitro cytotoxicity and antiviral studies were performed using vero cell line. Finally, three phytocompounds namely astragaloside II, astragaloside III, and astragaloside IV were screened based on their highest binding energy values against protein targets. Astragaloside III exhibited the highest interaction energy value of -8.718 kcal/mol and -8.447 kcal/mol against envelope, and NS2b/NS3 targets, respectively. Astragaloside IV exhibited -7.244 kcal/mol against SAM site, and -9.179 kcal/mol against RNA cap site of NS5 targets. In silico ADMET analysis revealed that astragaloside II, III, and IV were non-mutagenic and non-carcinogenic in nature and these compounds were also non-toxic to vero cells upto 1000 μg/mL. Against dengue virus serotype 3, astragaloside II exhibited substantial antiviral activity at the concentration of 1.56 μg/mL followed by astragaloside III at 6.25 μg/mL and astragaloside IV at 12.5 μg/mL. Also, against dengue serotype 1, astragaloside II showed the maximum antiviral activity at 1.56 μg/mL followed by astragaloside III and IV at 3.125 μg/mL. This study concludes that astragaloside II, III, and IV compounds had potential in vitro anti-dengue virus activity.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Antiviral Agents/pharmacology ; Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use ; Chlorocebus aethiops ; Dengue/drug therapy ; Dengue Virus ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; Saponins ; Triterpenes ; Vero Cells ; Viral Nonstructural Proteins
    Chemical Substances Antiviral Agents ; Saponins ; Triterpenes ; Viral Nonstructural Proteins ; astragaloside II ; astragaloside A (3A592W8XKE) ; astragaloside III (WVP53009FC)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-10-22
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 632772-2
    ISSN 1096-1208 ; 0882-4010
    ISSN (online) 1096-1208
    ISSN 0882-4010
    DOI 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104563
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article: Retrospective Analysis of Antibiotic Resistance in

    Swathirajan, Chinnambedu Ravichandran / Rameshkumar, Marimuthu Ragavan / Solomon, Sunil Suhas / Vignesh, Ramachandran / Balakrishnan, Pachamuthu

    Advanced biomedical research

    2019  Volume 8, Page(s) 1

    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-01-21
    Publishing country India
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2672524-1
    ISSN 2277-9175
    ISSN 2277-9175
    DOI 10.4103/abr.abr_185_18
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Raltegravir, Indinavir, Tipranavir, Dolutegravir, and Etravirine against main protease and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of SARS-CoV-2: A molecular docking and drug repurposing approach.

    Indu, Purushothaman / Rameshkumar, Marimuthu Ragavan / Arunagirinathan, Narasingam / Al-Dhabi, Naif Abdullah / Valan Arasu, Mariadhas / Ignacimuthu, Savarimuthu

    Journal of infection and public health

    2020  Volume 13, Issue 12, Page(s) 1856–1861

    Abstract: Background: Outbreak of COVID-19 has been recognized as a global health concern since it causes high rates of morbidity and mortality. No specific antiviral drugs are available for the treatment of COVID-19 till date. Drug repurposing strategy helps to ... ...

    Abstract Background: Outbreak of COVID-19 has been recognized as a global health concern since it causes high rates of morbidity and mortality. No specific antiviral drugs are available for the treatment of COVID-19 till date. Drug repurposing strategy helps to find out the drugs for COVID-19 treatment from existing FDA approved antiviral drugs. In this study, FDA approved small molecule antiviral drugs were repurposed against the major viral proteins of SARS-CoV-2.
    Methods: The 3D structures of FDA approved small molecule antiviral drugs were retrieved from PubChem. Virtual screening was performed to find out the lead antiviral drug molecules against main protease (Mpro) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) using COVID-19 Docking Server. Furthermore, lead molecules were individually docked against protein targets using AutoDock 4.0.1 software and their drug-likeness and ADMET properties were evaluated.
    Results: Out of 65 FDA approved small molecule antiviral drugs screened, Raltegravir showed highest interaction energy value of -9 kcal/mol against Mpro of SARS-CoV-2 and Indinavir, Tipranavir, and Pibrentasvir exhibited a binding energy value of ≥-8 kcal/mol. Similarly Indinavir showed the highest binding energy of -11.5 kcal/mol against the target protein RdRp and Dolutegravir, Elbasvir, Tipranavir, Taltegravir, Grazoprevir, Daclatasvir, Glecaprevir, Ledipasvir, Pibrentasvir and Velpatasvir showed a binding energy value in range from -8 to -11.2 kcal/mol. The antiviral drugs Raltegravir, Indinavir, Tipranavir, Dolutegravir, and Etravirine also exhibited good bioavailability and drug-likeness properties.
    Conclusion: This study suggests that the screened small molecule antiviral drugs Raltegravir, Indinavir, Tipranavir, Dolutegravir, and Etravirine could serve as potential drugs for the treatment of COVID-19 with further validation studies.
    MeSH term(s) Antiviral Agents/pharmacology ; COVID-19/drug therapy ; Coronavirus Protease Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Drug Repositioning ; Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring/pharmacology ; Humans ; Indinavir/pharmacology ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; Nitriles/pharmacology ; Oxazines/pharmacology ; Piperazines/pharmacology ; Pyridines/pharmacology ; Pyridones/pharmacology ; Pyrimidines/pharmacology ; Pyrones/pharmacology ; RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase/antagonists & inhibitors ; Raltegravir Potassium/pharmacology ; SARS-CoV-2/drug effects ; SARS-CoV-2/enzymology ; Sulfonamides/pharmacology
    Chemical Substances Antiviral Agents ; Coronavirus Protease Inhibitors ; Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring ; Nitriles ; Oxazines ; Piperazines ; Pyridines ; Pyridones ; Pyrimidines ; Pyrones ; Sulfonamides ; etravirine (0C50HW4FO1) ; Raltegravir Potassium (43Y000U234) ; Indinavir (5W6YA9PKKH) ; dolutegravir (DKO1W9H7M1) ; RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase (EC 2.7.7.48) ; tipranavir (ZZT404XD09)
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-10-26
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 1876-035X
    ISSN (online) 1876-035X
    DOI 10.1016/j.jiph.2020.10.015
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article ; Online: Changing drug resistance profile in Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection among HIV patients from 2010-2017: A retrospective study.

    Swathirajan, Chinnambedu Ravichandran / Rameshkumar, Marimuthu Ragavan / Solomon, Sunil Suhas / Vignesh, Ramachandran / Balakrishnan, Pachamuthu

    Journal of global antimicrobial resistance

    2018  Volume 16, Page(s) 274–277

    Abstract: Objectives: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important aetiological agent causing pneumonia, urinary tract infections and bacteraemia. High antibiotic use in nosocomial settings and for immunocompromised conditions results in increasing multidrug resistance. ...

    Abstract Objectives: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important aetiological agent causing pneumonia, urinary tract infections and bacteraemia. High antibiotic use in nosocomial settings and for immunocompromised conditions results in increasing multidrug resistance. This study analysed the antimicrobial resistance profile of P. aeruginosa isolates in an HIV setting.
    Methods: A total of 7386 clinical specimens were collected from HIV patients attending YRG CARE from 2010-2017. P. aeruginosa isolated from clinical specimens were identified conventionally, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method.
    Results: A total of 260 P. aeruginosa strains were isolated, with 165 P. aeruginosa (63.5%) being isolated from hospitalised patients. A higher incidence of P. aeruginosa infection (25.8%) was observed in 2017, and most of the P. aeruginosa were isolated from sputum specimens (57.3%). A high level of resistance was noted to ceftazidime (49.6%), followed by ticarcillin (41.5%). Imipenem and meropenem resistance was observed in 15.0% and 16.9% of P. aeruginosa isolates, respectively. A high rate of imipenem resistance was noted in 2016 (46.2%) and a high rate of meropenem resistance was noted in 2017 (20.5%). An increasing resistance rate of P. aeruginosa was observed against aztreonam, cefepime, levofloxacin, meropenem, piperacillin, piperacillin/tazobactam, ticarcillin and tobramycin from 2010 to 2017.
    Conclusion: A constant increase in drug-resistant P. aeruginosa isolates from HIV patients was observed from 2010 to 2017. Findings from this study urge the need for periodical monitoring and surveillance of the P. aeruginosa resistance profile, especially in hospitalised and immunocompromised patients in resource-limited settings.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Adult ; Age Factors ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Cross Infection ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Female ; HIV Infections/microbiology ; Humans ; Immunocompromised Host ; Male ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Middle Aged ; Pseudomonas Infections/microbiology ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects ; Retrospective Studies ; Sex Factors ; Young Adult
    Chemical Substances Anti-Bacterial Agents
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-10-30
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2710046-7
    ISSN 2213-7173 ; 2213-7165
    ISSN (online) 2213-7173
    ISSN 2213-7165
    DOI 10.1016/j.jgar.2018.10.019
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article: Do the clonally different

    Rameshkumar, Marimuthu Ragavan / Arunagirinathan, Narasingam / Swathirajan, Chinnambedu Ravichandran / Vignesh, Ramachandran / Balakrishnan, Pachamuthu / Solomon, Sunil Suhas

    The Indian journal of medical research

    2018  Volume 148, Issue 3, Page(s) 341–344

    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/classification ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial/drug effects ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial/genetics ; Escherichia coli/drug effects ; Escherichia coli/genetics ; Escherichia coli/isolation & purification ; Escherichia coli Infections/complications ; Escherichia coli Infections/drug therapy ; Escherichia coli Infections/epidemiology ; Escherichia coli Infections/microbiology ; HIV Seropositivity/complications ; HIV Seropositivity/diagnosis ; HIV Seropositivity/epidemiology ; Humans ; India/epidemiology ; Male ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests/methods ; Patient Selection
    Chemical Substances Anti-Bacterial Agents
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-11-13
    Publishing country India
    Document type Letter
    ZDB-ID 390883-5
    ISSN 0971-5916 ; 0019-5340
    ISSN 0971-5916 ; 0019-5340
    DOI 10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_730_17
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article ; Online: Computational selection of flavonoid compounds as inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 main protease, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and spike proteins

    Rameshkumar, Marimuthu Ragavan / Indu, Purushothaman / Arunagirinathan, Narasingam / Venkatadri, Babu / El-Serehy, Hamed A. / Ahmad, Ajaz

    Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences ; ISSN 1319-562X

    A molecular docking study

    2020  

    Keywords General Agricultural and Biological Sciences ; covid19
    Language English
    Publisher Elsevier BV
    Publishing country us
    Document type Article ; Online
    DOI 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.10.028
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  9. Article ; Online: Occurrence of extended-spectrum β-lactamase, AmpC, and carbapenemase-producing genes in gram-negative bacterial isolates from human immunodeficiency virus infected patients.

    Rameshkumar, Marimuthu Ragavan / Arunagirinathan, Narasingam / Senthamilselvan, Balasubramanian / Swathirajan, Chinnambedu Ravichandran / Solomon, Sunil Suhas / Vignesh, Ramachandran / Balakrishnan, Pachamuthu / Aljowaie, Reem M / Almaary, Khalid S / Chen, Tse-Wei

    Journal of infection and public health

    2021  Volume 14, Issue 12, Page(s) 1881–1886

    Abstract: Background: Progressive decline of immune response in HIV patients makes them susceptible to frequent bacterial infections. High usage of antibiotics influences the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria and worsens the clinical outcomes. In this ... ...

    Abstract Background: Progressive decline of immune response in HIV patients makes them susceptible to frequent bacterial infections. High usage of antibiotics influences the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria and worsens the clinical outcomes. In this study, the occurrence of drug-resistant genes in Gram-negative bacterial isolates from HIV patients in South India was analyzed.
    Methods: A total of 173 Gram-negative bacterial (GNB) isolates from HIV patients were screened for antibiotic susceptibility profile using the Kirby-Bauer diskdiffusion method. Positivity of drug-resistant genes was analyzed using polymerase chain reaction method.
    Results: In this study, 72.8% of bacterial isolates were obtained from urine specimens, and Escherichia coli (47.4%) was the predominantly isolated bacterium. Overall, 87.3% and 83.2% of GNB were resistant to 3rd generation cephalosporin antibiotics such as cefotaxime and ceftazidime, respectively, 56.6% were resistant to cephamycin (cefoxitin) and 43% to carbapenem (imipenem) antibiotics. Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) production was noted among 79.5% of GNB isolates, followed by AmpC (57.1%) and Metallo β-lactamases (37.3%). Molecular analysis revealed that ESBL genes such as blaTEM (94.1%), blaCTX-M (89.2%), and blaSHV (24.2%) were detected at higher levels among GNB isolates. Carbapenemase-producing genes such as blaOXA-48 (20%), blaOXA-23 (2.6%), and both blaOXA-23 and blaOXA-51 like genes (2.6%) and AmpC producing genes such as blaCIT (26.7%), blaDHA (3.6%), and blaACC (1.8%) were detected at low-level.
    Conclusions: This study concludes that ESBL producing genes are detected at high level among gram-negative bacterial isolates from HIV patients in South India.
    MeSH term(s) Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; HIV ; HIV Infections/complications ; Humans ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; beta-Lactamases/genetics
    Chemical Substances Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Bacterial Proteins ; beta-Lactamases (EC 3.5.2.6) ; carbapenemase (EC 3.5.2.6)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-11-10
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2467587-8
    ISSN 1876-035X ; 1876-0341
    ISSN (online) 1876-035X
    ISSN 1876-0341
    DOI 10.1016/j.jiph.2021.11.008
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article: Bacterial etiology and antibiotic resistance profile of bloodstream infections in human immunodeficiency virus patients from Southern India.

    Swathirajan, Chinnambedu Ravichandran / Rameshkumar, Marimuthu Ragavan / Solomon, Sunil Suhas / Pradeep, Amrose / Chithra, Devaraj Ajay / Balakrishnan, Ramasamy / Vignesh, Ramachandran / Balakrishnan, Pachamuthu

    Journal of research in medical sciences : the official journal of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences

    2019  Volume 24, Page(s) 82

    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-09-30
    Publishing country India
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2513029-8
    ISSN 1735-7136 ; 1735-1995
    ISSN (online) 1735-7136
    ISSN 1735-1995
    DOI 10.4103/jrms.JRMS_55_19
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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