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Article ; Online: Phylogenetic relatedness of methicillin-resistant

Rasheed, Narin A / Abdulrahman, Rezheen F / Hussein, Nawfal R

IJID Regions (Online)

2022 Volume 4, Page(s) 42–46

Abstract: Objectives: The aim of the study was to investigate the genetic relatedness between methicillin-resistant : Methods: Thirty MRSA isolates that had previously been detected and characterized were included. PCR was used for SCC: Results: The MRSA ... ...

Abstract	Objectives: The aim of the study was to investigate the genetic relatedness between methicillin-resistant Methods: Thirty MRSA isolates that had previously been detected and characterized were included. PCR was used for SCC Results: The MRSA isolates were identical and highly similar to globally published Conclusions: The close relationship between MRSA strains in the two study groups could be due to the geographical location of neighboring countries, which enhances the spread of MRSA strains between them.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-06
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2772-7076
ISSN (online)	2772-7076
DOI	10.1016/j.ijregi.2022.06.003
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Characterization of different virulent factors in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates recovered from Iraqis and Syrian refugees in Duhok city, Iraq.

Rasheed, Narin A / Hussein, Nawfal R

PloS one

2020 Volume 15, Issue 8, Page(s) e0237714

Abstract: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a serious public health problem. There is limited information regarding the genetics of MRSA strains among the native Iraqi and incoming Syrian refugee communities. We aimed to characterize the ... ...

Abstract	Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a serious public health problem. There is limited information regarding the genetics of MRSA strains among the native Iraqi and incoming Syrian refugee communities. We aimed to characterize the genotypes and different virulence factors of MRSA in strains isolated from these two communities. Frozen MRSA strains (125) isolated from the native Iraqi and Syrian refugee communities were used in this study. PCR (singleplex and multiplex) and agr typing was used for the genotypic analysis of different virulence genes. We tested for the presence of virulence genes including pvl, arcA, tst, lukE/lukD, hla, hlb, eta, etb and agr. Prevalence of arcA MRSA in the Iraqi community (56.58%) was significantly higher (p = 0.008) than that in the Syrian refugee community (32.66%). Prevalence of lukE-lukD was also significantly higher (p = 0.001) in the Iraqi (82.89%) compared to that in the Syrian refugee community (57.14%). Further, prevalence of hla MRSA in the Iraqi community was (93.4%) and in the Syrian refugee community was (71.4%); (p = 0.0008). No significant differences were observed in the prevalence of pvl, tst, eta, etb and hlb. The most dominant agr types in both Iraqi (76.1% and 10.5%) and Syrian refugee (44.9% and 18.37%) communities were I and III. To sum up, no significant differences were observed between the groups for a majority of virulence factors. This is the first investigation of MRSA genotypes and virulence in both these communities. These results could be useful for further studies that assess the genetic relatedness of strains in the region for epidemiological and monitoring purposes, which would be crucial to limiting the spread of MRSA.
MeSH term(s)	Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; Bacterial Proteins/isolation & purification ; Cities/epidemiology ; Exotoxins/genetics ; Exotoxins/isolation & purification ; Genes, Bacterial/genetics ; Genotyping Techniques ; Humans ; Iraq/epidemiology ; Methicillin/pharmacology ; Methicillin/therapeutic use ; Methicillin Resistance/genetics ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/genetics ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/isolation & purification ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/pathogenicity ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Prevalence ; Refugees ; Staphylococcal Infections/drug therapy ; Staphylococcal Infections/epidemiology ; Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology ; Syria ; Trans-Activators/genetics ; Trans-Activators/isolation & purification ; Virulence Factors/genetics ; Virulence Factors/isolation & purification
Chemical Substances	Bacterial Proteins ; Exotoxins ; Trans-Activators ; Virulence Factors ; Methicillin (Q91FH1328A)
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-08-17
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0237714
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Article ; Online: A study of long COVID-19 in Duhok, Kurdistan region, Iraq.

Ahmed, Salmas S / Adil, Pawan I / Rasheed, Narin A / Hussein, Nawfal R / Dhama, Kuldeep

Journal of infection in developing countries

2023 Volume 17, Issue 6, Page(s) 805–811

Abstract: Introduction: Long COVID-19 refers to a range of symptoms and complications that persist after being infected with COVID-19 or develop some time after recovery. Our study aimed at assessing the prevalence of long COVID-19 in Duhok city, Iraq and its ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: Long COVID-19 refers to a range of symptoms and complications that persist after being infected with COVID-19 or develop some time after recovery. Our study aimed at assessing the prevalence of long COVID-19 in Duhok city, Iraq and its correlation with epidemiological and clinical variables. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was conducted between March and August 2022. A questionnaire was used for data collection from participants aged 18 and older. The questionnaire included demographic information and clinical data. Results: Among the 1039 participants, (49.7%) were male with a mean age of 34.048 ± 13 years. Total infected volunteers were 492 (47.4%), out of which 20.7% did not have long COVID-19 and 26.7% had long COVID-19. The most common long COVID-19 manifestations were fatigue (57%), hair loss (39%) and loss/change in the sense of smell or taste (35%). Correlation between the variables gender, comorbidities, age, and duration of infection, and long COVID-19 were significant (p values = 0.016, 0.018, 0.001, and 0.001 respectively). Conclusions: There was a significant correlation between long COVID-19 cases and age, gender, comorbidities, and duration of infection. The data of this report can be used as a baseline for studies that may help further understand long COVID-19 sequelae.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Male ; Young Adult ; Adult ; Middle Aged ; Female ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome ; Iraq/epidemiology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Surveys and Questionnaires
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-30
Publishing country	Italy
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2394024-4
ISSN	1972-2680 ; 2036-6590
ISSN (online)	1972-2680
ISSN	2036-6590
DOI	10.3855/jidc.17468
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Article ; Online: A study of HBV infection and its risk factors in pregnant women in Zakho city, Iraq.

Khalid, Fatima K / Rasheed, Narin A / Hussein, Nawfal R / Naqid, Ibrahim A

PloS one

2022 Volume 17, Issue 8, Page(s) e0273362

Abstract: Background: Despite vaccine and antiviral treatment availability, hepatitis B virus (HBV) continues to circulate among pregnant women in Iraq. HBV spread is due to many factors. This study evaluated HBV prevalence among pregnant women and Syrian ... ...

Abstract	Background: Despite vaccine and antiviral treatment availability, hepatitis B virus (HBV) continues to circulate among pregnant women in Iraq. HBV spread is due to many factors. This study evaluated HBV prevalence among pregnant women and Syrian refugees residing in Zakho city, Iraq, and identified risk factors associated with infection. Materials and methods: Demographic data were collected from 2,054 pregnant women via a questionnaire assessing risk factors associated with HBV infection. Blood samples were collected for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and were screened using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Tests revealed that 1.1% of pregnant women in Zakho and 11.3% of Syrian refugees (p = 0.001) were positive for HBsAg. The average age of HBsAg-positive patients was 31.4286 ± 6.6746 years (p = 0.002). Average rates of parity and abortion in HBV-infected subjects were 3.5 ± 2.6874 and 0.1785 ± 0.5479, respectively (p = 0.044 and 0.012, respectively). The following were identified as associated risk factors for HBV infection: nationality, (Zakho versus the city centre), tattoos, and polygamy (p = 0.001, 0.03, 0.007, and 0.001, respectively). No significant associations between HBV prevalence and blood transfusion, prior injection history, dental procedures, or surgical procedures were found. Conclusion: The prevalence of HBV infection among Syrian refugees was higher than that of indigenous participants. Several risk factors were significantly associated with HBV positivity, which may facilitate effective preventive program implementation and decrease mother-to-child transmission risk. This will likely reduce infant and childhood HBV chronicity, and mortality rates.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Female ; Hepatitis B/complications ; Hepatitis B Surface Antigens ; Hepatitis B virus ; Humans ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical/prevention & control ; Iraq/epidemiology ; Pregnancy ; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious ; Pregnant Women ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors ; Young Adult
Chemical Substances	Hepatitis B Surface Antigens
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-23
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0273362
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Article ; Online: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriage rate and molecular characterization of the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec among Syrian refugees in Iraq.

Rasheed, Narin A / Hussein, Nawfal R

International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases

2019 Volume 91, Page(s) 218–222

Abstract: Objectives: The aim was to investigate methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) carriage rates and to characterize the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) among Syrian refugees and the host community in Duhok, Iraq.: Methods: A ... ...

Abstract	Objectives: The aim was to investigate methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) carriage rates and to characterize the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) among Syrian refugees and the host community in Duhok, Iraq. Methods: A total of 492 host community and 355 Syrian refugee subjects were recruited. Participant bio-information was collected using a study questionnaire. MRSA carriage was identified as recommended in the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. PCR was performed for typing the mecA gene and SCCmec groups. Results: In the host community, 76/492 (15.4%) carried MRSA, whereas 49/355 (13.8%) Syrian refugees carried MRSA (p = 0.505). Refugees were classified according to their arrival date; 36/278 (13%) existing refugees and 13/77 (16.9%) new refugee arrivals were identified as MRSA carriers (p = 0.375). Regarding the risk factors influencing MRSA spread, no association was found between MRSA prevalence and risk factors. The most common types of SCCmec in both communities were types IVa and V: 67.1% and 5.26%, and 49% and 2.04%, respectively. Conclusions: It is inferred that the effect of MRSA in refugees on the host community will be negligible. However, the refugee carriage rate is higher than that found in Western countries, the final destination of refugees. Therefore, screening for MRSA is mandated and the rapid detection of carriers would prevent its spread.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Carrier State ; Chromosomes, Bacterial ; Female ; Humans ; Iraq ; Male ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/genetics ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/isolation & purification ; Refugees ; Syria/ethnology ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-12-13
Publishing country	Canada
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1331197-9
ISSN	1878-3511 ; 1201-9712
ISSN (online)	1878-3511
ISSN	1201-9712
DOI	10.1016/j.ijid.2019.12.006
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Article ; Online: A study of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody positivity in Duhok City, Iraq.

Hussein, Nawfal R / Shahab, Guleer H / Rasheed, Narin A / Ahmed, Alind N / Salih, Reving S / Mahdi, Ahmed S / Mansour, Sabeeha A / Mahdi, Shaveen / Naqid, Ibrahim A / Ibrahim, Nawshan / Musa, Dildar H / Saleem, Zana Sm

Journal of infection in developing countries

2023 Volume 17, Issue 7, Page(s) 937–943

Abstract: Introduction: The study aimed to investigate the positivity rate of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and associated factors.: Methodology: Data and blood samples were collected between January 10th and December 30th, 2021 based on COVID-19 infection by ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: The study aimed to investigate the positivity rate of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and associated factors. Methodology: Data and blood samples were collected between January 10th and December 30th, 2021 based on COVID-19 infection by using a designated questionnaire. The blood samples were used for the detection of total SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Results: 743 participants were recruited and 62.58% of them were positive for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Among these, 56.34% denied any symptoms of COVID-19. A higher positivity rate was found among females than men (OR = 1.5, CI = 1.1-2.0, p = 0.0073). Participants that had been diagnosed with COVID-19 in the past had a significantly higher prevalence of antibodies, and were nearly four times more likely to develop antibodies (OR = 4.0, CI = 2.4-6.8, p < 0.0001). Interestingly, only 3% of the participants with previous COVID-19 were seronegative while 46.54% were positive for antibodies without having a history of COVID-19 infection. Participants that reported symptoms were 2.6 times more likely to develop antibodies (OR = 2.6, CI = 1.9-3.6, p < 0.0001). Lastly, we found age to be significantly associated with the production of antibodies (CI = 13.3-14.7, p < 0.0001). Conclusions: The information from this study can be used to mitigate and develop tailored vaccination efforts and plan evidence-based strategies to better mitigate the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic in Kurdistan-Iraq.
MeSH term(s)	Female ; Male ; Humans ; Iraq/epidemiology ; Pandemics ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Antibodies, Viral
Chemical Substances	Antibodies, Viral
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-27
Publishing country	Italy
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2394024-4
ISSN	1972-2680 ; 2036-6590
ISSN (online)	1972-2680
ISSN	2036-6590
DOI	10.3855/jidc.17518
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Article ; Online: COVID-19 antibody seroprevalence in Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Iraq: A population-based study

Hussein, Nawfal R / Balatay, Amer / Naqid, Ibrahim A / Jamal, Shakir A / Rasheed, Narin A / Ahmed, Alind N / Salih, Reving S / Mahdi, Ahmed S / Mansour, Sabeeha A / Mahdi, Shaveen / Ibrahim, Nashwan / Musa, Dildar H / Saleem, Zana SM

medRxiv

Abstract: Abstract Objective This population-based study aimed to evaluate the seroprevalence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in Duhok City, Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Methods We analyzed the national COVID-19 database that contains data regarding COVID-19 testing, ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Objective This population-based study aimed to evaluate the seroprevalence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in Duhok City, Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Methods We analyzed the national COVID-19 database that contains data regarding COVID-19 testing, management, and clinical outcomes in Duhok. For this study, different subdistricts within each district of Duhok were considered distinct clusters. Blood samples were collected from and questionnaires were administered to eligible and consenting participants who were members of different families from the subdistricts. Immunoassays were conducted to detect antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, and the associations between certain variables were investigated. Results The average number cases of COVID-19 before November 2020 was 23141 ± 4364, which was significantly higher than the average number of cases between November 2020 and February 2021 (3737 ± 2634; P = 0.001). A total of 743 individuals agreed to participate and were enrolled in the study. Among the participants, 465/743 (62.58%) were found to have antibodies against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Among the participants with antibodies, 262/465 (56.34%) denied having any history of COVID-19-related symptoms. The most common symptom was fever (81.77%), followed by myalgia (81.28%). We found that antibody levels increased steadily with age (Pearson correlation coefficient = 0.117; P = 0.012). A significant association was found between antibody levels and the presence of symptoms (P = 0.023; odds ratio = 1.0023; 95% confidence interval = 1.0002-1.0061). Conclusions A significant reduction in the number of COVID-19 cases was observed. This might be due to the high prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in Duhok. However, infection-prevention measures should be followed as it remains unclear whether acquired immunity is protective against reinfection. It expected that the infection rates during the next wave will not be as high as the first wave due to the high infection rate in the society.
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-26
Publisher	Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press
Document type	Article ; Online
DOI	10.1101/2021.03.23.21254169
Database	COVID19

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Article ; Online: A comprehensive health effects assessment of the use of sanitizers and disinfectants during COVID-19 pandemic: a global survey.

Hashemi, Fallah / Hoepner, Lori / Hamidinejad, Farahnaz Soleimani / Haluza, Daniela / Afrashteh, Sima / Abbasi, Alireza / Omeragić, Elma / Imamović, Belma / Rasheed, Narin A / Taher, Taqi M J / Kurniasari, Fitri / Wazqar, Dhuha Youssef / Apalı, Özge Ceren / Yildirim, Ayca Demir / Zhao, Bo / Kalikyan, Zaruhi / Guo, Cui / Valbuena, Andrea Chong / Mititelu, Magdalena /

Pando, Carolina Martínez / Saridi, Maria / Toska, Aikaterini / Cuba, Magalys Lopez / Kwadzokpui, Precious Kwablah / Tadele, Niguse / Nasibova, Tohfa / Harsch, Stefanie / Munkh-Erdene, Luvsan / Menawi, Wafaa / Evangelou, Efi / Dimova, Antoniya / Marinov, Dimitar / Dimitrova, Teodora / Shalimova, Anna / Fouly, Howieda / Suraya, Anna / da Silva Faquim, Juliana Pereira / Oumayma, Bouadil / Annunziato, Maria Antonieta / Lalo, Rezarta / Papastavrou, Evridiki / Ade, Anju D / Caminada, Susanna / Stojkov, Svetlana / Narvaez, Carmen Gloria / Mudau, Lutendo Sylvia / Rassas, Ines / Michel, Daphnee / Kaynar, Nur Sema / Iqbal, Sehar / Elshwekh, Halla / Hossain, Irin / Al-Fayyadh, Sadeq / Sydorchuk, Aniuta / Alnusairat, Dua'a M H / Abdullahi, Asli Mohamed / Iqbal, Neelam / Pandey, Apsara / Gómez-Gómez, Brenda / Akyildiz, Aysenur Gunaydin / Morosan, Elena / Dwarica, Daniella / Dorj, Gantuya / Hasan, Sumaya Yusuf / Al-Shdayfat, Noha M / Knezevic, Bojana / Valladares, Wendy / Severi, Cecilia / Fuentes, Sofia Cuba / Augusto, Sofia / Sidorova, Elizaveta / Moelyaningrum, Anita Dewi / Alawad, Tafaul / Khalid, Atiqa / Elehamer, Nafisa M K / Mihaylova, Anna / Tsigengagel, Oxana / Menouni, Aziza / Wojtecka, Agnieszka / Hod, Rozita / Idayat, Yusuf Banke / Othman, Khadija / Harfouch, Rim M / Paunov, Tsonco / Omar, Meruyert / Benderli, Nana Christine / Nurika, Globila / Amjad, Sana / Elnoamany, Salma / Elesrigy, Fatma / Shaban, Marwa Mamdouh / Acevedo-López, Doménica / Kartashova, Maria / Khalaf, Atika / Jaafar, Sabah Abdullah / Kadhim, Taisir A / Hweissa, Nada Ab / Teng, Yulong / Mohammed, Fatima E / Sasikumar, Thayahlini / Hikaambo, Christabel Nangandu / Kharat, Aditi / Lyamtseva, Ulyana / Aldeeb, Maya Arfan / Pawlas, Natalia / Khorolsuren, Lkhagvasuren / Koonjul, Roopeshwaree Pallavi / Maïnassara, Halima Boubacar / Chahal, Priyanka / Wangeci, Rose W / Kumar, Ainur B / Zamora-Corrales, Irina / Gracy, Stella / Mahamat, Maimouna / Adamczyk, Jakub / Rahman, Haliza Abdul / Matiashova, Lolita / Elsherif, Omneya Ezzat / Alkhateeb, Nazdar E / Aleaga, Yamilé / Bahrami, Shima / Al-Salihy, Shaimaa Rahem / Cabrera-Galeana, Paula / Lalic-Popovic, Mladena / Brown-Myrie, Eugenie / Bhandari, Divya / Mayaboti, Cinderella Akbar / Stanišić, Svetlana / Pestic, Sanda Kreitmayer / Bektay, Muhammed Yunus / Al Sabbah, Haleama / Hashemi, Saber / Assia, Bouchetara / Merritt, Anne-Sophie / Ramzi, Zhian / Baboolal, Himawatee / Isstaif, Juman / Shami, Rula / Saad, Rahma / Nyirongo, Temwanani / Hoseini, Mohammad

Environmental science and pollution research international

2023 Volume 30, Issue 28, Page(s) 72368–72388

Abstract: COVID-19 has affected all aspects of human life so far. From the outset of the pandemic, preventing the spread of COVID-19 through the observance of health protocols, especially the use of sanitizers and disinfectants was given more attention. Despite ... ...

Abstract	COVID-19 has affected all aspects of human life so far. From the outset of the pandemic, preventing the spread of COVID-19 through the observance of health protocols, especially the use of sanitizers and disinfectants was given more attention. Despite the effectiveness of disinfection chemicals in controlling and preventing COVID-19, there are critical concerns about their adverse effects on human health. This study aims to assess the health effects of sanitizers and disinfectants on a global scale. A total of 91,056 participants from 154 countries participated in this cross-sectional study. Information on the use of sanitizers and disinfectants and health was collected using an electronic questionnaire, which was translated into 26 languages via web-based platforms. The findings of this study suggest that detergents, alcohol-based substances, and chlorinated compounds emerged as the most prevalent chemical agents compared to other sanitizers and disinfectants examined. Most frequently reported health issues include skin effects and respiratory effects. The Chi-square test showed a significant association between chlorinated compounds (sodium hypochlorite and per-chlorine) with all possible health effects under investigation (p-value <0.001). Examination of risk factors based on multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that alcohols and alcohols-based materials were associated with skin effects (OR, 1.98; 95%CI, 1.87-2.09), per-chlorine was associated with eye effects (OR, 1.83; 95%CI, 1.74-1.93), and highly likely with itching and throat irritation (OR, 2.00; 95%CI, 1.90-2.11). Furthermore, formaldehyde was associated with a higher prevalence of neurological effects (OR, 2.17; 95%CI, 1.92-2.44). Furthermore, formaldehyde was associated with a higher prevalence of neurological effects (OR, 2.17; 95%CI, 1.92-2.44). The use of sodium hypochlorite and per-chlorine also had a high chance of having respiratory effects. The findings of the current study suggest that health authorities need to implement more awareness programs about the side effects of using sanitizers and disinfectants during viral epidemics especially when they are used or overused.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Disinfectants/chemistry ; Sodium Hypochlorite/chemistry ; COVID-19 ; Pandemics/prevention & control ; Chlorine ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Chlorides/chemistry ; Formaldehyde ; Alcohols ; Surveys and Questionnaires
Chemical Substances	Disinfectants ; Sodium Hypochlorite (DY38VHM5OD) ; Chlorine (4R7X1O2820) ; Chlorides ; Formaldehyde (1HG84L3525) ; Alcohols
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-11
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1178791-0
ISSN	1614-7499 ; 0944-1344
ISSN (online)	1614-7499
ISSN	0944-1344
DOI	10.1007/s11356-023-27197-6
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Article ; Online: Phylogenetic relatedness of methicillin-resistant

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Article ; Online: Characterization of different virulent factors in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates recovered from Iraqis and Syrian refugees in Duhok city, Iraq.

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Article ; Online: A study of long COVID-19 in Duhok, Kurdistan region, Iraq.

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Article ; Online: A study of HBV infection and its risk factors in pregnant women in Zakho city, Iraq.

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Article ; Online: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriage rate and molecular characterization of the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec among Syrian refugees in Iraq.

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Article ; Online: A study of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody positivity in Duhok City, Iraq.

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Article ; Online: COVID-19 antibody seroprevalence in Duhok, Kurdistan Region, Iraq: A population-based study

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Article ; Online: A comprehensive health effects assessment of the use of sanitizers and disinfectants during COVID-19 pandemic: a global survey.

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