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  1. Article: Viewpoint - Handwashing and COVID-19: Simple, right there…?

    Ray, Isha

    World development

    2020  Volume 135, Page(s) 105086

    Abstract: COVID-19 is a disease with no proven pharmaceutical intervention and no proven vaccine. In such circumstances, prevention is all we have. The role of handwashing in the prevention of communicable diseases has been known for over a century, yet it remains ...

    Abstract COVID-19 is a disease with no proven pharmaceutical intervention and no proven vaccine. In such circumstances, prevention is all we have. The role of handwashing in the prevention of communicable diseases has been known for over a century, yet it remains severely neglected as a public health investment, to be periodically re-discovered during pandemic-scale infections. Over 26% of the global population has no access to a handwashing station in the home; for many low-income countries this proportion rises to over 50%. In other instances, the water is unaffordable or the supply has been shut off on account of unpaid bills. But when there is no water in the home or yard, or no mechanism for delivering enough water, good hand-washing is extremely difficult. Well before COVID-19, global cost-benefit analyses of water and sanitation investments, with benefits measured in time-savings as well as health, showed significant net benefits in all sub-regions of the developing world. This Viewpoint paper argues that, in the current crisis and its aftermath, it is imperative for governments and donors to prioritize and generously fund affordable, reliable, and accessible water services in underserved regions of the world. More than ever before, this is a foundational investment for health, dignity and development.
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-07-14
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1500836-8
    ISSN 0305-750X
    ISSN 0305-750X
    DOI 10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105086
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article: Viewpoint – Handwashing and COVID-19: Simple, right there…?

    Ray, Isha

    World Dev.

    Abstract: COVID-19 is a disease with no proven pharmaceutical intervention and no proven vaccine. In such circumstances, prevention is all we have. The role of handwashing in the prevention of communicable diseases has been known for over a century, yet it remains ...

    Abstract COVID-19 is a disease with no proven pharmaceutical intervention and no proven vaccine. In such circumstances, prevention is all we have. The role of handwashing in the prevention of communicable diseases has been known for over a century, yet it remains severely neglected as a public health investment, to be periodically re-discovered during pandemic-scale infections. Over 26% of the global population has no access to a handwashing station in the home; for many low-income countries this proportion rises to over 50%. In other instances, the water is unaffordable or the supply has been shut off on account of unpaid bills. But when there is no water in the home or yard, or no mechanism for delivering enough water, good hand-washing is extremely difficult. Well before COVID-19, global cost-benefit analyses of water and sanitation investments, with benefits measured in time-savings as well as health, showed significant net benefits in all sub-regions of the developing world. This Viewpoint paper argues that, in the current crisis and its aftermath, it is imperative for governments and donors to prioritize and generously fund affordable, reliable, and accessible water services in underserved regions of the world. More than ever before, this is a foundational investment for health, dignity and development.
    Keywords covid19
    Publisher WHO
    Document type Article
    Note WHO #Covidence: #644434
    Database COVID19

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  3. Article ; Online: Viewpoint – Handwashing and COVID-19

    Ray, Isha

    World Development

    Simple, right there…?

    2020  Volume 135, Page(s) 105086

    Keywords Geography, Planning and Development ; Economics and Econometrics ; Development ; Sociology and Political Science ; covid19
    Language English
    Publisher Elsevier BV
    Publishing country us
    Document type Article ; Online
    ZDB-ID 1500836-8
    ISSN 0305-750X
    ISSN 0305-750X
    DOI 10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105086
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  4. Article: Access for sale? Overlying rights, land transactions, and groundwater in California.

    Rempel, Jenny Linder / Belfer, Ella / Ray, Isha / Morello-Frosch, Rachel

    Environmental research letters : ERL [Web site

    2024  Volume 19, Issue 2, Page(s) 24017

    Abstract: Climate change intensifies longstanding tensions over groundwater sustainability and equity of access among users. Though private land ownership is a primary mechanism for accessing groundwater in many regions, few studies have systematically examined ... ...

    Abstract Climate change intensifies longstanding tensions over groundwater sustainability and equity of access among users. Though private land ownership is a primary mechanism for accessing groundwater in many regions, few studies have systematically examined the extent to which farmland markets transform groundwater access patterns over time. This study begins to fill this gap by examining farmland transactions overlying groundwater from 2003-17 in California. We construct a novel dataset that downscales well construction behavior to the parcel level, and we use it to characterize changes in groundwater access patterns by buyer type on newly transacted parcels in the San Joaquin Valley groundwater basin during the 2011-17 drought. Our results demonstrate large-scale transitions in farmland ownership, with 21.1% of overlying agricultural acreage statewide sold at least once during the study period and with the highest rates of turnover occurring in critically overdrafted basins. By 2017, annual individual farmland acquisitions had halved, while acquisitions by limited liability companies increased to one-third of all overlying acres purchased. Together, these trends signal increasing corporate farmland acquisitions; new corporate farmland owners are associated with the construction, on comparable parcels, of agricultural wells 77-81 feet deeper than those drilled by new individual landowners. We discuss the implications of our findings for near-term governance of groundwater, and their relevance for understanding structural inequities in exposure to future groundwater level declines.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-01-23
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2255379-4
    ISSN 1748-9326
    ISSN 1748-9326
    DOI 10.1088/1748-9326/ad0f71
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  5. Article ; Online: Response to "Comment on 'Adoption of Point-of-Use Chlorination for Household Drinking Water Treatment: A Systematic Review'".

    Crider, Yoshika S / Ray, Isha / Pickering, Amy J

    Environmental health perspectives

    2023  Volume 131, Issue 9, Page(s) 98003

    MeSH term(s) Drinking Water ; Halogenation
    Chemical Substances Drinking Water
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-09-26
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Systematic Review ; Journal Article ; Comment
    ZDB-ID 195189-0
    ISSN 1552-9924 ; 0091-6765 ; 1078-0475
    ISSN (online) 1552-9924
    ISSN 0091-6765 ; 1078-0475
    DOI 10.1289/EHP13870
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    In stock of ZB MED Cologne/Königswinter

    Zs.B 1360: Show issues Location:
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  6. Article ; Online: Towards safe drinking water and clean cooking for all.

    Ray, Isha / Smith, Kirk R

    The Lancet. Global health

    2021  Volume 9, Issue 3, Page(s) e361–e365

    Abstract: The public health community has tried for decades to show, through evidence-based research, that safe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) and clean cooking fuels that reduce household air pollution are essential to safeguard health and save lives in ... ...

    Abstract The public health community has tried for decades to show, through evidence-based research, that safe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) and clean cooking fuels that reduce household air pollution are essential to safeguard health and save lives in low-income and middle-income countries. In the past 40 decades, there have been many innovations in the development of low-cost and efficacious technologies for WASH and household air pollution, but many of these technologies have been associated with disappointing health outcomes, often because low-income households have either not adopted, or inconsistently adopted, these technologies. In this Viewpoint, we argue that public health researchers (ourselves included) have had an oversimplified understanding of poverty; our work has not focused on insights into the lived experience of poverty, with its uncertainties, stresses from constant scarcity, and attendant fears. Such insights are central to understanding why technologies for safe water or clean cooking are unused by so many households that could benefit from them. We argue that, rather than improved versions of household-scale delivery models, transformative investments in safe water and clean cooking for all require utility-scale service models. Until then, research should focus on interim safe water and clean cooking options that are directed towards the utility-scale service model.
    MeSH term(s) Air Pollution, Indoor/prevention & control ; Cooking/methods ; Developing Countries ; Drinking Water ; Humans ; Hygiene/standards ; Sanitation/methods
    Chemical Substances Drinking Water
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-01-11
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2723488-5
    ISSN 2214-109X ; 2214-109X
    ISSN (online) 2214-109X
    ISSN 2214-109X
    DOI 10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30476-9
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  7. Article ; Online: Product preferences and willingness to pay for potable water delivery: Experimental evidence from rural Bihar, India.

    Cameron, Drew B / Ray, Isha / Parida, Manoj / Dow, William H

    PloS one

    2023  Volume 18, Issue 4, Page(s) e0283892

    Abstract: Despite dramatic reductions in global risk exposures to unsafe water sources, lack of access to clean water remains a persistent problem in many rural and last-mile communities. A great deal is known about demand for household water treatment systems; ... ...

    Abstract Despite dramatic reductions in global risk exposures to unsafe water sources, lack of access to clean water remains a persistent problem in many rural and last-mile communities. A great deal is known about demand for household water treatment systems; however, similar evidence for fully treated water products is limited. This study evaluates an NGO-based potable water delivery service in rural Bihar, India, meant to stand-in for more robust municipal treated water supply systems that have yet to reach the area. We use a random price auction and discrete choice experiment to examine willingness to pay (WTP) and stated product preferences, respectively, for this service among 162 households in the region. We seek to determine the impact of short-term price subsidies on demand for water delivery and the extent to which participation in the delivery program leads to changes in stated preferences for service characteristics. We find that mean WTP for the first week of service is roughly 51% of market price and represents only 1.7% of median household income, providing evidence of untapped demand for fully treated water. We also find mixed evidence on the effect of small price subsidies for various parts of the delivery service, and that one week of initial participation leads to significant changes in stated preferences for the taste of the treated water as well as the convenience of the delivery service. While more evidence is needed on the effect of subsidies, our findings suggest that marketing on taste and convenience could help increase uptake of clean water delivery services in rural and last-mile communities that have yet to receive piped water. However, we caution that these services should be seen as a stopgap, not a substitute for piped municipal water systems.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Drinking Water ; Water Purification ; Income ; Rural Population ; India
    Chemical Substances Drinking Water
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-04-06
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2267670-3
    ISSN 1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
    ISSN (online) 1932-6203
    ISSN 1932-6203
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0283892
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  8. Article ; Online: Women, work, and water.

    Caruso, Bethany A / Chipungu, Jenala / Kulkarni, Seema / Ray, Isha

    Lancet (London, England)

    2023  Volume 401, Issue 10383, Page(s) 1139–1141

    MeSH term(s) Female ; Humans ; Water ; Water Supply ; Surveys and Questionnaires
    Chemical Substances Water (059QF0KO0R)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-03-21
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 3306-6
    ISSN 1474-547X ; 0023-7507 ; 0140-6736
    ISSN (online) 1474-547X
    ISSN 0023-7507 ; 0140-6736
    DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(23)00572-X
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    In stock of ZB MED Cologne/Königswinter

    Ua VI Zs.5: Show issues Location:
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  9. Article ; Online: Adoption of Point-of-Use Chlorination for Household Drinking Water Treatment: A Systematic Review.

    Crider, Yoshika S / Tsuchiya, Miki / Mukundwa, Magnifique / Ray, Isha / Pickering, Amy J

    Environmental health perspectives

    2023  Volume 131, Issue 1, Page(s) 16001

    Abstract: Background: Centralized chlorination of urban piped water supplies has historically contributed to major reductions in waterborne illness. In locations without effective centralized water treatment, point-of-use (POU) chlorination for households is ... ...

    Abstract Background: Centralized chlorination of urban piped water supplies has historically contributed to major reductions in waterborne illness. In locations without effective centralized water treatment, point-of-use (POU) chlorination for households is widely promoted to improve drinking water quality and health. Realizing these health benefits requires correct, consistent, and sustained product use, but real-world evaluations have often observed low levels of use. To our knowledge, no prior reviews exist on adoption of chlorine POU products.
    Objectives: Our objectives were to identify which indicators of adoption are most often used in chlorine POU studies, summarize levels of adoption observed, understand how adoption changes over time, and determine how adoption is affected by frequency of contact between participants and study staff.
    Methods: We conducted a systematic review of household POU chlorination interventions or programs from 1990 through 2021 that reported a quantitative measure of adoption, were conducted in low- and middle-income countries, included data collection at households, and reported the intervention start date.
    Results: We identified 36 studies of household drinking water chlorination products that met prespecified eligibility criteria and extracted data from 46 chlorine intervention groups with a variety of chlorine POU products and locations. There was no consensus definition of adoption of household water treatment; the most common indicator was the proportion of household stored water samples with free chlorine residual
    Discussion: Although prior research has shown that POU chlorine products improve health when correctly and consistently used, a reliance on individual adoption for effective treatment is unlikely to lead to the widespread public health benefits historically associated with pressurized, centralized treatment of piped water supplies. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP10839.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Drinking Water ; Halogenation ; Chlorine ; Water Purification ; Water Quality ; Water Supply
    Chemical Substances Drinking Water ; Chlorine (4R7X1O2820)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-01-30
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Systematic Review ; Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 195189-0
    ISSN 1552-9924 ; 0091-6765 ; 1078-0475
    ISSN (online) 1552-9924
    ISSN 0091-6765 ; 1078-0475
    DOI 10.1289/EHP10839
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  10. Article ; Online: Water affordability and human right to water implications in California.

    Goddard, Jessica J / Ray, Isha / Balazs, Carolina

    PloS one

    2021  Volume 16, Issue 1, Page(s) e0245237

    Abstract: Water affordability is central to water access but remains a challenge to measure. California enshrined the human right to safe and affordable water in 2012 but the question remains: how should water affordability be measured across the state? This paper ...

    Abstract Water affordability is central to water access but remains a challenge to measure. California enshrined the human right to safe and affordable water in 2012 but the question remains: how should water affordability be measured across the state? This paper contributes to this question in three steps. First, we identify key dimensions of water affordability measures (including scale, volume of water needed to meet 'basic' needs, and affordability criteria) and a cross-cutting theme (social equity). Second, using these dimensions, we develop three affordability ratios measured at the water system scale for households with median, poverty level, and deep poverty (i.e., half the poverty level) incomes and estimate the corresponding percentage of households at these income levels. Using multiple measures conveys a fuller picture of affordability given the known limitations of specific affordability measures. Third, we analyze our results disaggregated by a key characteristic of water system vulnerability-water system size. We find that water is relatively affordable for median income households. However, we identify high unaffordability for households in poverty in a large fraction of water systems. We identify several scenarios with different policy implications for the human right to water, such as very small systems with high water bills and low-income households within large water systems. We also characterize how data gaps complicate theoretical ideals and present barriers in human right to water monitoring efforts. This paper presents a systematic approach to measuring affordability and represents the first statewide assessment of water affordability within California's community water systems.
    MeSH term(s) California ; Costs and Cost Analysis ; Human Rights ; Humans ; Income ; Poverty ; Water Supply/economics
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-01-20
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2267670-3
    ISSN 1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
    ISSN (online) 1932-6203
    ISSN 1932-6203
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0245237
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