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Article ; Online: Mycorrhizas and nutrient cycling in ecosystems - a journey towards relevance?

Read, D J / Perez-Moreno, J

2020 Volume 157, Issue 3, Page(s) 475–492

Abstract: Progress towards understanding the extent to which mycorrhizal fungi are involved in the mobilization of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from natural substrates is reviewed here. While mycorrhiza research has emphasized the role of the symbiosis in ... ...

Abstract	Progress towards understanding the extent to which mycorrhizal fungi are involved in the mobilization of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) from natural substrates is reviewed here. While mycorrhiza research has emphasized the role of the symbiosis in facilitation of capture of these nutrients in ionic form, attention has shifted since the mid-1980s to analysing the mycorrhizal fungal abilities to release N and P from the detrital materials of microbial faunal and plant origins, which are the primary sources of these elements in terrestrial ecosystems. Ericoid, and some ectomycorrhizal fungi have the potential to be directly involved in attack both on structural polymers, which may render nutrients inaccessible, and in mobilization of N and P from the organic polymers in which they are sequestered. The advantages to the plant of achieving intervention in the microbial mobilization-immobilization cycles are stressed. While the new approaches may initially lack the precision achieved in studies of readily characterized ionic forms of N and P, they do provide insights of greater ecological relevance. The results support the hypothesis that selection has favoured ericoid and ectomycorrhizal systems with well developed saprotrophic capabilities in those ecosystems characterized by retention of N and P as organic complexes in the soil. The need for further investigation of the abilities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to intervene in nutrient mobilization processes is stressed.
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-10-16
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	208885-x
ISSN	1469-8137 ; 0028-646X
ISSN (online)	1469-8137
ISSN	0028-646X
DOI	10.1046/j.1469-8137.2003.00704.x
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Article ; Online: Symbiotic germination and development of myco-heterotrophic plants in nature: transfer of carbon from ectomycorrhizal Salix repens and Betula pendula to the orchid Corallorhiza trifida through shared hyphal connections.

McKENDRICK, S L / Leake, J R / Read, D J

The New phytologist

2021 Volume 145, Issue 3, Page(s) 539–548

Abstract: Seedlings of the myco-heterotrophic orchid Corallorhiza trifida which had been germinated in the field in mesh bags developed hyphal links and mycorrhizas with Betula pendula and Salix repens, but not with Pinus sylvestris, when transplanted into soil ... ...

Abstract	Seedlings of the myco-heterotrophic orchid Corallorhiza trifida which had been germinated in the field in mesh bags developed hyphal links and mycorrhizas with Betula pendula and Salix repens, but not with Pinus sylvestris, when transplanted into soil microcosms. The fungus connecting the myco-heterotroph to Betula and Salix formed endomycorrhiza in the orchid with typical pelotons, but formed ectomycorrhizas with the autotrophs. The orchid plants, when linked to Betula and Salix by fungal hyphae, gained 6-14% in weight over 25-28 wk. In microcosms supporting P. sylvestris, and in control microcosms which lacked autotrophs, the Corallorhiza plants lost 13% of their weight over the same period. In the course of the 28-wk experimental period new Corallorhiza seedlings, in addition to those added as part of the experiment, appeared in the microcosms containing Salix and Betula but not in the Pinus microcosms. Shoots of Betula and Salix plants grown in association with Corallorhiza were fed with
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-09
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	208885-x
ISSN	1469-8137 ; 0028-646X
ISSN (online)	1469-8137
ISSN	0028-646X
DOI	10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00592.x
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Symbiotic germination and development of myco-heterotrophic plants in nature: ontogeny of Corallorhiza trifida and characterization of its mycorrhizal fungi.

McKENDRICK, S L / Leake, J R / Taylor, D L / Read, D J

The New phytologist

2021 Volume 145, Issue 3, Page(s) 523–537

Abstract: The processes of symbiotic germination and seedling development were analysed in the myco-heterotrophic orchid Corallorhiza trifida, seeds of which were buried in 'packets' either adjacent to or at varying distances from adult plants in defined ... ...

Abstract	The processes of symbiotic germination and seedling development were analysed in the myco-heterotrophic orchid Corallorhiza trifida, seeds of which were buried in 'packets' either adjacent to or at varying distances from adult plants in defined communities of ectomycorrhizal tree species. Germination occurred within eight months of burial under Betula-Alnus and within seven months under Salix repens. It was always associated with penetration of the suspensor by a clamp-forming mycorrhizal fungus. Four distinct developmental stages were defined and the rates of transition through these stages were plotted. There was no evidence of a relationship between extent of germination or rate of development and the presence of naturally distributed plants of C. trifida at the spatial scale of 1 m. The best germination and the most rapid rate of development of C. trifida seedlings occurred in a Salix repens community located at a considerable distance from any extant C. trifida population. Determination of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) RFLPs and of gene sequences of the fungi involved in symbiotic germination and growth of C. trifida, revealed them to belong exclusively to the Thelephora-Tomentella complex of the Thelephoraceae. These fungi are known also to be ectomycorrhizal associates of trees. It is hypothesized that the rate of growth of the C. trifida seedlings is determined by the ability of the fungal symbionts to transfer carbon from their ectomycorrhizal co-associates.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-09
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	208885-x
ISSN	1469-8137 ; 0028-646X
ISSN (online)	1469-8137
ISSN	0028-646X
DOI	10.1046/j.1469-8137.2000.00603.x
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Book: Combating climate change

Read, D. J

a role for UK forests : an assessment of the potential of the UK's trees and woodlands to mitigate and adapt to climate change

2009

Title variant	Role for UK forests : ; Role for United Kingdom forests
Institution	National Assessment of UK Forestry and Climate Change Steering Group
Author's details	[D.J. Read ... et al.]
Keywords	Trees/Effect of global warming on ; Forest ecology ; Forests and forestry ; Climatic changes
Language	English
Size	xviii, 222 p. :, ill. (some col.), col. maps;, 30 cm.
Publisher	TSO
Publishing place	Edinburgh
Document type	Book
ISBN	9780114973513 ; 0114973512
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: THE BIOLOGY OF MYCORRHIZA IN THE RICACEAE: IX. PEPTIDES AS NITROGEN SOURCES FOR THE ERICOID ENDOPHYTE AND FOR MYCORRHIZAL AND NON-MYCORRHIZAL PLANTS.

Bajwa, R / Read, D J

The New phytologist

2013 Volume 101, Issue 3, Page(s) 459–467

Abstract: The ericoid mycorrhizal endophyte Hymenoscyphus ericae (Read) Korf &Kernan was grown both in pure culture and in mycorrhizal association with the host plant Vaccinium corymbosum L. on media containing peptides of differing chain length as sole nitrogen ... ...

Abstract	The ericoid mycorrhizal endophyte Hymenoscyphus ericae (Read) Korf &Kernan was grown both in pure culture and in mycorrhizal association with the host plant Vaccinium corymbosum L. on media containing peptides of differing chain length as sole nitrogen sources. The ability to utilize the peptide nitrogen was assessed in terms of growth of the fungus and of growth and nitrogen content of the plants. The tripeptide, glutathione, and alanine units of 1-6 amino acid residues in length were all readily utilized by the endophyte, though assimilation was less rapid in the case of the longer chain lengths. Mycorrhizal seedlings showed significantly higher yields and had higher nitrogen contents than non-mycorrhizal seedlings in almost all cases. The physiological and ecological implications of these results are discussed.
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-08-23
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	208885-x
ISSN	1469-8137 ; 0028-646X
ISSN (online)	1469-8137
ISSN	0028-646X
DOI	10.1111/j.1469-8137.1985.tb02852.x
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Proteinase activity in mycorrhizal fungi: I. The effect of extracellular pH on the production and activity of proteinase by ericoid endophytes from soils of contrasted pH.

Leake, J R / Read, D J

The New phytologist

2013 Volume 115, Issue 2, Page(s) 243–250

Abstract: The effect of pH on the production and specific activity of the extracellular proteinase enzymes of two ecologically distinct ericoid mycorrhizal fungi is described. The proteinase of Hymenoscyphus ericae (Read), Korf & Kernan, isolated from roots of ... ...

Abstract	The effect of pH on the production and specific activity of the extracellular proteinase enzymes of two ecologically distinct ericoid mycorrhizal fungi is described. The proteinase of Hymenoscyphus ericae (Read), Korf & Kernan, isolated from roots of Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull growing in soil of pH 35, was compared with a similar enzyme from an endophyte of the calcicolous alpine shrub Rhodothamnus chamaecistus (L.) Reichenb. growing in soil of pH 6.5. The fungi were grown in liquid culture at pH values ranging from 3.0 to 8.0 with pure protein, bovine serum albumin, as sole source of N. Both fungi yielded an extracellular acid proteinase with pH optimum for activity between 20 and 30. The production and activity of these enzymes was strongly affected by pH of the culture medium. Maximum enzyme production during exponential growth occurred in both fungi at a culture pH of 4.0-5.0, whereas higher pH treatments severely inhibited enzyme production. The acid proteinase of H. ericae was tolerant of extreme acidity and retained near-optimal activity in solutions of pH 2.0. In contrast, the activity of the enzyme from the Rhodothamnus endophyte was almost completely inhibited at this pH. However, proteinase from the Rhodothamnus endophyte retained activity at much higher pH values than did the proteinase from H. ericae. Unlike H. ericae, the isolated endophyte of Rhodothamnus was able to grow and use protein as sole source of N at pH 7.0 and 8.0. The effects of pH on enzyme production and upon growth of the fungi are discussed in relation to the characteristics of the environments of their host plants.
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-08-23
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	208885-x
ISSN	1469-8137 ; 0028-646X
ISSN (online)	1469-8137
ISSN	0028-646X
DOI	10.1111/j.1469-8137.1990.tb00449.x
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Novel in-growth core system enables functional studies of grassland mycorrhizal mycelial networks.

Johnson, D / Leake, J R / Read, D J

The New phytologist

2014 Volume 152, Issue 3, Page(s) 555–562

Abstract: A novel in-growth core system, enabling functional studies of natural communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) mycelia in soil is described and tested. • The cores have windows covered with nylon mesh of 35 µm pore size that prevent in-growth of ... ...

Abstract	• A novel in-growth core system, enabling functional studies of natural communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) mycelia in soil is described and tested. • The cores have windows covered with nylon mesh of 35 µm pore size that prevent in-growth of roots but permit penetration of AM hyphae. They were inserted into grassland turf and contained either sterilized sand and a 'bait' seedling of Trifolium repens or nonsterile natural soil without bait plants. The impacts of hyphal severance, achieved by periodic rotation of some of the cores, upon AM colonization of bait plants (experiment 1) and transfer of
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-01-13
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	208885-x
ISSN	1469-8137 ; 0028-646X
ISSN (online)	1469-8137
ISSN	0028-646X
DOI	10.1046/j.0028-646X.2001.00273.x
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: VESICULAR-ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZA IN NATURAL VEGETATION SYSTEMS: IV. TRANSFER OF NUTRIENTS IN INTER- AND INTRA-SPECIFIC COMBINATIONS OF HOST PLANTS.

Francis, R / Finlay, R D / Read, D J

The New phytologist

2013 Volume 102, Issue 1, Page(s) 103–111

Abstract: The role of inter-plant hyphal bridges formed by vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal mycelia was investigated using double pots in which donor plants were grown in the mycorrhizal (M) or non-mycorrhizal (NM) condition with root systems split so that ... ...

Abstract	The role of inter-plant hyphal bridges formed by vesicular-arbuscular (VA) mycorrhizal mycelia was investigated using double pots in which donor plants were grown in the mycorrhizal (M) or non-mycorrhizal (NM) condition with root systems split so that they could be supplied with nutrients in the donor pot. Plantago lanceolata L. and Festuca ovina L. were grown in intra-and inter-specific combination as donors and receivers. The normally non-mycorrhizal species Arabis hirsuta L. was included as an additional potential receiver. Nutrient solution or distilled water was applied to the donor pot and the patterns of growth responses, and of nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation were compared in receiver plants with and without mycelial interconnections. Yields of M receivers were significantly higher than those of NM plants in all combinations of plants at the second or third harvest, except in the case of the intra-specific combination of Plantago. A. hirsuta showed no response to nutrient application. Mycorrhizal infection of receivers in the distilled water treatment produced a relatively small response indicating that improved exploitation of sand in the receiver pots was not the cause of growth stimulation in M receivers. Yield increases were associated with higher total N contents of the mycorrhizal receiver plants in three of the species combinations and of P content in all combinations, by the third harvest the gain in P concentration being relatively greater than that of N. The results confirm that VA infection can provide channels for direct inter-plant nutrient transfer and that transfer is sufficient to sustain significant enhancement of both growth and nutrient composition of receivers, in some cases within six weeks of commencement of the treatment. The probable physiological and ecological significance of these observations is discussed.
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-08-23
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	208885-x
ISSN	1469-8137 ; 0028-646X
ISSN (online)	1469-8137
ISSN	0028-646X
DOI	10.1111/j.1469-8137.1986.tb00802.x
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: THE BIOLOGY OF MYCORRHIZA IN THE ERICACEAE: X. THE UTILIZATION OF PROTEINS AND THE PRODUCTION OF PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES BY THE MYCORRHIZAL ENDOPHYTE AND BY MYCORRHIZAL PLANTS.

Bajwa, R / Abuarghub, S / Read, D J

The New phytologist

2013 Volume 101, Issue 3, Page(s) 469–486

Abstract: The ability of the ericoid mycorrhizal endophyte to utilize a range of proteins as substrates for growth is assessed in liquid culture and in mycorrhizal association with host plants. Some aspects of proteolytic enzyme production are also investigated. ... ...

Abstract	The ability of the ericoid mycorrhizal endophyte to utilize a range of proteins as substrates for growth is assessed in liquid culture and in mycorrhizal association with host plants. Some aspects of proteolytic enzyme production are also investigated. The fungus readily utilizes the soluble protein bovine serum albumin (BSA) as sole nitrogen and carbon source, and produces lower yields on less soluble plant and animal proteins. Maximum yields of endophyte on all substrates were obtained in the pH range 3 to 5. Infection provides a significant enhancement of plant growth on agar over this pH range on most of the proteins. Yields and nitrogen contents of mycorrhizal plants grown on cellulose sheets with BSA as sole N source were significantly higher than those of the uninfected controls, which were unable to use protein. Using a chromogenic substrate it was shown that the pH optimum for enzyme activity is comparable with that for utilization of protein in pure culture and in mycorrhizal association. Non-mycorrhizal plants produced negligible proteolytic activity. The significance of these observations is discussed in relation to the nutrition of both host and fungus in the natural environment, and the broader ecological implications of the results are assessed.
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-08-23
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	208885-x
ISSN	1469-8137 ; 0028-646X
ISSN (online)	1469-8137
ISSN	0028-646X
DOI	10.1111/j.1469-8137.1985.tb02853.x
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: The biology of mycorrhiza in the Ericaceae: XVII. The role of mycorrhizal infection in the regulation of iron uptake by ericaceous plants.

Shaw, G / Leake, J R / Baker, A J M / Read, D J

The New phytologist

2013 Volume 115, Issue 2, Page(s) 251–258

Abstract: The role of the ericoid mycorrhizal endophyte Hymenoscyphus ericae (Read) Korf & Kernan in the regulation of iron uptake by ericaceous plants is investigated. Growth of the fungus is not inhibited in solution cultures containing a range (0-144 [ig ... ...

Abstract	The role of the ericoid mycorrhizal endophyte Hymenoscyphus ericae (Read) Korf & Kernan in the regulation of iron uptake by ericaceous plants is investigated. Growth of the fungus is not inhibited in solution cultures containing a range (0-144 [ig ml
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-08-23
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	208885-x
ISSN	1469-8137 ; 0028-646X
ISSN (online)	1469-8137
ISSN	0028-646X
DOI	10.1111/j.1469-8137.1990.tb00450.x
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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