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Book: Interventions for autism

Reed, Phil

evidence for educational and clinical practice

2016

Author's details	Phil Reed
Keywords	Autistic Disorder / therapy ; Behavior Therapy / methods ; Autismus ; Educational & School Psychology ; Erziehungs- u. Schulpsychologie ; Psychologie ; Psychology ; PS60: Erziehungs- u. Schulpsychologie
Language	English
Size	360 S. : Ill., zahlr. graph. Darst.
Publisher	Wiley Blackwell
Publishing place	Chichester, West Sussex
Publishing country	Great Britain
Document type	Book
HBZ-ID	HT018891872
ISBN	978-0-470-66991-4 ; 978-0-470-66992-1 ; 0-470-66991-8 ; 0-470-66992-6
Database	Catalogue ZB MED Medicine, Health

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2016 A 482	available for loan (reading room)	Lesesaal EG

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Book: Behavioral theories and interventions for autism

Reed, Phil

(Neurodevelopmental diseases laboratory and clinial research series)

2009

Author's details	Phil Reed, ed
Series title	Neurodevelopmental diseases laboratory and clinial research series
Keywords	Autistic Disorder / therapy ; Behavior Therapy / methods
Language	English
Size	X, 351 S. : Ill., graph. Darst.
Publisher	Nova Science Publ
Publishing place	New York
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Book
HBZ-ID	HT015910121
ISBN	978-1-60741-165-9 ; 1-60741-165-2
Database	Catalogue ZB MED Medicine, Health

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Shelf mark	Loan status	Location
2010 A 2387	order for loan	Magazin

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Article ; Online: Stimulus control and delayed outcomes in a human causality judgment task.

Reed, Phil

Journal of experimental psychology. Animal learning and cognition

2023 Volume 49, Issue 3, Page(s) 179–193

Abstract: Three experiments examined the impact of delayed outcomes on stimulus control of causal judgments using an interdimensional generalization procedure. Human participants rated the causal effectiveness of responses on multiple schedules, and then underwent ...

Abstract	Three experiments examined the impact of delayed outcomes on stimulus control of causal judgments using an interdimensional generalization procedure. Human participants rated the causal effectiveness of responses on multiple schedules, and then underwent a generalization test. In Experiment 1, a 3 s unsignaled outcome delay reduced ratings of causal effectiveness, relative to an immediate outcome, but had higher ratings compared to a component lacking outcomes. In a generalization test, incremental generalization gradients, indicating inhibitory control, were found for the stimulus associated with delayed outcomes when comparison was with immediate outcomes; but decremental gradients, indicating excitatory control, were found when the comparator lacked outcomes. In Experiment 2, signaled 3 s outcome delays produced higher causal ratings than unsignaled delays; with unsignaled delays producing incremental (inhibitory) and signaled delays producing decremental (excitatory), generalization gradients when compared against each other. In Experiment 3, relative to immediate outcomes, unsignaled delays produced incremental (inhibitory) gradients and signaled delays produced no gradient. These findings suggest similar factors may control judgments of causality as control conditioned responding. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Judgment ; Generalization, Psychological
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-10
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2329-8464
ISSN (online)	2329-8464
DOI	10.1037/xan0000356
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Focused-attention mindfulness increases sensitivity to current schedules of reinforcement.

Reed, Phil

Journal of experimental psychology. Animal learning and cognition

2023 Volume 49, Issue 2, Page(s) 127–137

Abstract: Four experiments explored the impact of focused-attention mindfulness training on human performance on free-operant schedules of reinforcement. In each experiment, human participants responded on a multiple random ratio (RR), random interval (RI) ... ...

Abstract	Four experiments explored the impact of focused-attention mindfulness training on human performance on free-operant schedules of reinforcement. In each experiment, human participants responded on a multiple random ratio (RR), random interval (RI) schedule. In all experiments, responding was higher on RR than RI schedules, despite equated rates of reinforcement. A 10-min focused-attention mindfulness intervention (focused attention) produced greater differentiation between schedules than relaxation training (Experiments 1, 2, and 4), or no intervention (Experiment 3). Focused-attention mindfulness improved learning when the schedules associated with components of the multiple schedule were reversed. This occurred irrespective of whether the focused-attention mindfulness was before (Experiment 2) or after (Experiments 3 and 4) initial training, or whether compared to relaxation (Experiments 2 and 4) or no intervention (Experiment 3). In Experiment 4, following multiple RR, RI training, focused-attention mindfulness increased sensitivity to contingency reversal and did not interfere with previous training in a group that did not receive a contingency reversal. In contrast, relaxation training did not facilitate reversal learning and interfered with previous learning. The results suggest that focused-attention mindfulness improves awareness of operative contingencies by focusing participants on the present, rather than reducing interference from previous learning. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Conditioning, Operant ; Mindfulness ; Reinforcement Schedule ; Reinforcement, Psychology ; Attention
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-20
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2329-8464
ISSN (online)	2329-8464
DOI	10.1037/xan0000352
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Individuals with autism spectrum disorder are differentially sensitive to interference from previous verbal feedback.

Reed, Phil

Autism : the international journal of research and practice

2023 Volume 27, Issue 7, Page(s) 2011–2020

Abstract: Lay abstract: Individuals with autism spectrum disorder can find behavioural flexibility challenging, often exhibited in terms of repetitive behaviours or restricted ranges of interests and activities. An inability to shift efficiently from one ... ...

Abstract	Lay abstract: Individuals with autism spectrum disorder can find behavioural flexibility challenging, often exhibited in terms of repetitive behaviours or restricted ranges of interests and activities. An inability to shift efficiently from one situation to another is connected with problems in daily life, and identifying factors associated with this ability may help develop teaching strategies to improve behavioural flexibility. Some existing findings imply shifting performance for individuals with autism spectrum disorder is better with nonverbal, compared to verbal, feedback - even for those with strong verbal abilities. Unfortunately, there are few behavioural examinations that further explore these findings, which is the aim of this study. In this study, 28 children with a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder and 28 typically developing children matched on cognitive and verbal abilities learned to sort cards according to one out of a possible three dimensions (colour, shape and number), and then had to relearn the sorting rule. One group of typically developing children, and one group of autism spectrum disorder children, received verbal feedback on their performance, and one group received nonverbal feedback. Children with autism spectrum disorder learned an initial categorisation rule as fast as matched typically developing children, and there was little difference in the impact of the type of feedback on acquisition. However, on shifting the classification rule, children with autism spectrum disorder showed slower rates of learning the new rule, which was worse when verbal feedback was used compared to nonverbal feedback. This finding has implications for the interpretations of set-shifting performance and for classroom use of feedback strategies.
MeSH term(s)	Child ; Humans ; Autism Spectrum Disorder/psychology ; Feedback ; Learning
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-26
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1338513-6
ISSN	1461-7005 ; 1362-3613
ISSN (online)	1461-7005
ISSN	1362-3613
DOI	10.1177/13623613221150377
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Effect of signaled reinforcement on response variability.

Reed, Phil

Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior

2023 Volume 119, Issue 2, Page(s) 286–299

Abstract: Three experiments examined the effect of signaling reinforcement on rats' lever pressing on contingencies that reinforced variable responding to extend the exploration of signaled reinforcement to a schedule that has previously not been examined in this ... ...

Abstract	Three experiments examined the effect of signaling reinforcement on rats' lever pressing on contingencies that reinforced variable responding to extend the exploration of signaled reinforcement to a schedule that has previously not been examined in this respect. In Experiment 1, rats responding on a lag-8 variability schedule with signaled reinforcement displayed greater levels of variability (U values) than rats on the same schedule lacking a reinforcement signal. In Experiment 2, rats responding on a differential reinforcement of least frequent responses schedule also displayed greater operant variability with a signal for reinforcement compared with rats without a reinforcement signal. In Experiment 3, a reinforcement signal decreased the variability of a response sequence when there was no variability requirement. These results offer empirical corroboration that operant variability responds to manipulations in the same manner as do other forms of operant response and that a reinforcement signal facilitates the emission of the required operant.
MeSH term(s)	Rats ; Animals ; Conditioning, Operant ; Reinforcement Schedule ; Reinforcement, Psychology
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-27
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	219405-3
ISSN	1938-3711 ; 0022-5002
ISSN (online)	1938-3711
ISSN	0022-5002
DOI	10.1002/jeab.825
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Human free-operant performance varies with a concurrent task: Probability learning without a task, and schedule-consistent with a task.

Reed, Phil

Learning & behavior

2020 Volume 48, Issue 2, Page(s) 254–273

Abstract: Three experiments examined human rates and patterns of responding during exposure to various schedules of reinforcement with or without a concurrent task. In the presence of the concurrent task, performances were similar to those typically noted for ... ...

Abstract	Three experiments examined human rates and patterns of responding during exposure to various schedules of reinforcement with or without a concurrent task. In the presence of the concurrent task, performances were similar to those typically noted for nonhumans. Overall response rates were higher on medium-sized ratio schedules than on smaller or larger ratio schedules (Experiment 1), on interval schedules with shorter than longer values (Experiment 2), and on ratio compared with interval schedules with the same rate of reinforcement (Experiment 3). Moreover, bout-initiation responses were more susceptible to influence by rates of reinforcement than were within-bout responses across all experiments. In contrast, in the absence of a concurrent task, human schedule performance did not always display characteristics of nonhuman performance, but tended to be related to the relationship between rates of responding and reinforcement (feedback function), irrespective of the schedule of reinforcement employed. This was also true of within-bout responding, but not bout-initiations, which were not affected by the presence of a concurrent task. These data suggest the existence of two strategies for human responding on free-operant schedules, relatively mechanistic ones that apply to bout-initiation, and relatively explicit ones, that tend to apply to within-bout responding, and dominate human performance when other demands are not made on resources.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Cognition ; Conditioning, Operant ; Humans ; Probability Learning ; Reinforcement Schedule ; Reinforcement, Psychology
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-01-02
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2048665-0
ISSN	1543-4508 ; 1543-4494
ISSN (online)	1543-4508
ISSN	1543-4494
DOI	10.3758/s13420-019-00398-1
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Article ; Online: Social Media Use as an Impulsive 'Escape From Freedom'.

Reed, Phil / Haas, Will

Psychological reports

2023 , Page(s) 332941231171034

Abstract: It has been suggested that avoiding choice represents an anxiety-avoidance strategy, which has not been investigated in the context of social media. To this end, the current study explored the relationship between social media dependency and a preference ...

Abstract	It has been suggested that avoiding choice represents an anxiety-avoidance strategy, which has not been investigated in the context of social media. To this end, the current study explored the relationship between social media dependency and a preference for 'forced' choice, along with its association with anxiety, intolerance of uncertainty, and experiential avoidance. The sample comprised 151 volunteer participants (18-32 years) who completed a psychometric test battery, including: the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale; Spielberger Trait Anxiety Inventory; Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale; and Brief Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire. They also undertook a behavioural assessment based on a paradigm developed for pigeons, in which they selected either a situation with a free choice of alternatives, and one with a forced choice. Intolerance of uncertainty mediated the relationship between social media dependency and anxiety. In addition, those with lower social media dependency preferred being able to choose the contingency they worked on, while those with higher scores exhibited no such preference. This partly confirmed that social media dependency is associated with a reduced preference for freedom, but does not suggest social media dependency actively produced a preference for a lack of freedom. The speed of decision making was also faster in those with high social media dependency scores, in line with previous findings that they show higher levels of impulsive behaviours. The results suggest that anxiety and social media dependency are related, and fear of uncertainty and is linked with digital experiential avoidance.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-27
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	205658-6
ISSN	1558-691X ; 0033-2941
ISSN (online)	1558-691X
ISSN	0033-2941
DOI	10.1177/00332941231171034
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Effect of instructions on the microstructure of human schedule performance.

Chen, Xiaosheng / Reed, Phil

Journal of experimental psychology. Animal learning and cognition

2023 Volume 50, Issue 1, Page(s) 56–68

Abstract: Three experiments examined the effect of instructions on human free-operant performance on random ratio (RR) and random interval (RI) schedules. Both rates of responding, and the microstructure of behavior, were explored to determine whether bout- ... ...

Abstract	Three experiments examined the effect of instructions on human free-operant performance on random ratio (RR) and random interval (RI) schedules. Both rates of responding, and the microstructure of behavior, were explored to determine whether bout-initiation and within-bout responding may be controlled by different processes. The results demonstrated that responding in acquisition (Experiments 1 and 2) and extinction (Experiment 3) was impacted in line with given instructions. During acquisition, rates were higher on RR compared to RI for accurate and minimal instructions. During extinction, rates decreased when there were minimal instructions. However, instructions had a greater impact on within-bout responding, than they did on bout-initiation responding. Overall rates of responding, and within-bout rates, varied in line with the nature of the instructions, but bout-initiation responding did not (Experiments 1 and 2). Resistance to extinction was increased by instructions in terms of overall responding and within-bout rates, but not in terms of bout-initiation rates (Experiment 3). These data are consistent with the hypothesis that bout-initiation responding may be less impacted by instructions than within-bout responding, speculatively, the former is stimulus-driven, automatic/habitual, and less accessible to conscious processing. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Cognition ; Extinction, Psychological ; Reinforcement Schedule
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-10-26
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2329-8464
ISSN (online)	2329-8464
DOI	10.1037/xan0000364
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Behavioral resurgence in individuals varying in depression, anxiety, and autism-associated tendencies.

Reed, Phil

Heliyon

2019 Volume 5, Issue 10, Page(s) e02457

Abstract: Resurgence is the reappearance of a previously reinforced, but then extinguished behavior, when an alternative behavior that has been reinforced to replace it is also extinguished. This phenomenon has been suggested as important in the re-occurrence of ... ...

Abstract	Resurgence is the reappearance of a previously reinforced, but then extinguished behavior, when an alternative behavior that has been reinforced to replace it is also extinguished. This phenomenon has been suggested as important in the re-occurrence of many clinical problems, but little is known currently about the relationship between this process and different psychopathological traits. This experiment addressed this gap by comparing the levels of resurgent behavior in participants scoring lower or higher on depression-, anxiety-, and autism-related characteristics. Sixty participants completed an experimental task of three phases. In the first, they were presented with a concurrent RR-5 ext schedule, in the second with a conc ext RR-5 schedule (each lasting 6min), and finally with a conc ext ext schedule (lasting 2 min). Following this, all participants completed the Beck Depression Inventory, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and Autism Quotient, questionnaires provided. Participants showed a resurgence of responding at test from the response extinguished in Phase 2 that was greater for those with lower levels of depression, but high levels of anxiety. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for understanding individual differences in terms of psychiatric symptomatology, for their treatment, and in terms of theoretical predictions derived for the various psychopathologies.
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-10-15
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2835763-2
ISSN	2405-8440
ISSN	2405-8440
DOI	10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02457
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