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Article ; Online: Warmer temperatures increase disease transmission and outbreak intensity in a host-pathogen system.

Elderd, Bret D / Reilly, James R

2014 Volume 83, Issue 4, Page(s) 838–849

Abstract: While rising global temperatures are increasingly affecting both species and their biotic interactions, the debate about whether global warming will increase or decrease disease transmission between individuals remains far from resolved. This may stem ... ...

Abstract	While rising global temperatures are increasingly affecting both species and their biotic interactions, the debate about whether global warming will increase or decrease disease transmission between individuals remains far from resolved. This may stem from the lack of empirical data. Using a tractable and easily manipulated insect host-pathogen system, we conducted a series of field and laboratory experiments to examine how increased temperatures affect disease transmission using the crop-defoliating pest, the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) and its species-specific baculovirus, which causes a fatal infection. To examine the effects of temperature on disease transmission in the field, we manipulated baculovirus density and temperature. As infection occurs when a host consumes leaf tissue on which the pathogen resides, baculovirus density was controlled by placing varying numbers of infected neonate larvae on experimental plants. Temperature was manipulated by using open-top chambers (OTCs). The laboratory experiments examined how increased temperatures affect fall armyworm feeding and development rates, which provide insight into how host feeding behaviour and physiology may affect transmission. Disease transmission and outbreak intensity, measured as the cumulative fraction infected during an epizootic, increased at higher temperatures. However, there was no appreciable change in the mean transmission rate of the disease, which is often the focus of empirical and theoretical research. Instead, the coefficient of variation (CV) associated with the transmission rate shrunk. As the CV decreased, heterogeneity in disease risk across individuals declined, which resulted in an increase in outbreak intensity. In the laboratory, increased temperatures increased feeding rates and decreased developmental times. As the host consumes the virus along with the leaf tissue on which it resides, increased feeding rate is likely to increase the probability of an individual consuming virus-infected leaf tissue. On the other hand, decreased developmental time increases the sloughing of midgut cells, which is predicted to hinder viral infection. Increases in outbreak intensity or epizootic severity, as the climate warms, may lead to changes in the long-term dynamics of pests whose populations are strongly affected by host-pathogen interactions. Overall, this work demonstrates that the usual assumptions governing these effects, via changes in the mean transmission rate alone, may not be correct.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Climate Change ; Female ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Hot Temperature ; Larva/growth & development ; Larva/physiology ; Male ; Nucleopolyhedrovirus/growth & development ; Nucleopolyhedrovirus/physiology ; Random Allocation ; Spodoptera/virology
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-07
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	3024-7
ISSN	1365-2656 ; 0021-8790
ISSN (online)	1365-2656
ISSN	0021-8790
DOI	10.1111/1365-2656.12180
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Article ; Online: Species turnover promotes the importance of bee diversity for crop pollination at regional scales.

Winfree, Rachael / Reilly, James R / Bartomeus, Ignasi / Cariveau, Daniel P / Williams, Neal M / Gibbs, Jason

Science (New York, N.Y.)

2018 Volume 359, Issue 6377, Page(s) 791–793

Abstract: Ecologists have shown through hundreds of experiments that ecological communities with more species produce higher levels of essential ecosystem functions such as biomass production, nutrient cycling, and pollination, but whether this finding holds in ... ...

Abstract	Ecologists have shown through hundreds of experiments that ecological communities with more species produce higher levels of essential ecosystem functions such as biomass production, nutrient cycling, and pollination, but whether this finding holds in nature (that is, in large-scale and unmanipulated systems) is controversial. This knowledge gap is troubling because ecosystem services have been widely adopted as a justification for global biodiversity conservation. Here we show that, to provide crop pollination in natural systems, the number of bee species must increase by at least one order of magnitude compared with that in field experiments. This increase is driven by species turnover and its interaction with functional dominance, mechanisms that emerge only at large scales. Our results show that maintaining ecosystem services in nature requires many species, including relatively rare ones.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Bees ; Biota ; Crops, Agricultural ; Pollination
Language	English
Publishing date	2018--16
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	128410-1
ISSN	1095-9203 ; 0036-8075
ISSN (online)	1095-9203
ISSN	0036-8075
DOI	10.1126/science.aao2117
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Article: Effects of biological control on long‐term population dynamics: identifying unexpected outcomes

Reilly, James R / Elderd, Bret D / Matthiopoulos, Jason

Journal of applied ecology. 2014 Feb., v. 51, no. 1

2014

Abstract: Attempts to control natural systems through management have often met with success but have also led to unexpected and often undesirable outcomes. Unfortunately, the ultimate result of such management programmes may not be apparent until long after the ... ...

Abstract	Attempts to control natural systems through management have often met with success but have also led to unexpected and often undesirable outcomes. Unfortunately, the ultimate result of such management programmes may not be apparent until long after the control efforts have begun. This is particularly true for forest‐defoliating species that exhibit long‐period cycles such as the invasive gypsy moth Lymantria dispar, which causes widespread damage in some years but is rare in other years. We studied the effects of two commonly employed biocontrol agents on gypsy moth dynamics using a series of field‐tested and empirically parameterized mathematical models, which allowed us to examine various potential control strategies and assess long‐term effects. In a non‐spatial model, addition of either a manufactured version of the same baculovirus involved in natural epizootics, or a general bioinsecticide Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Btk), which directly kills a fraction of the population, decreases the amplitude between boom and bust portions of the cycle. However, ill‐planned biocontrol applications can result in increased gypsy moth densities over the long term. Thus, control efforts may maintain pest populations at unexpectedly high numbers, which could result in constant forest defoliation. In a spatial two‐patch model, where one patch is sprayed and the other is left untreated, there is also considerable danger that migration between patches may drive the unsprayed population to levels that could result in constant forest defoliation. Synthesis and applications: Perturbations to host–pathogen systems may have unexpected results, driving and maintaining populations at multiple levels including those far from desired management goals. It is often assumed that any control strategy that decreases pest populations in the short term is beneficial, but our results show that undesirable outcomes may often occur. The mechanisms we describe apply to many systems that undergo population cycles or outbreaks regulated by density‐dependent processes, and in which disease or pesticide application is used for pest control. We suggest that successful management strategies should closely monitor population responses immediately following the control application to ensure that pest populations are not being maintained at artificially high levels compared with historic data.
Keywords	Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki ; Lymantria dispar ; biological control ; biological control agents ; defoliation ; forests ; mathematical models ; pest control ; pesticide application ; pests ; population dynamics
Language	English
Dates of publication	2014-02
Size	p. 90-101.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	410405-5
ISSN	1365-2664 ; 0021-8901
ISSN (online)	1365-2664
ISSN	0021-8901
DOI	10.1111/1365-2664.12181
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Article: Warmer temperatures increase disease transmission and outbreak intensity in a host–pathogen system

Elderd, Bret D / Reilly, James R / Wilson, Ken

journal of animal ecology. 2014 July, v. 83, no. 4

2014

Abstract	While rising global temperatures are increasingly affecting both species and their biotic interactions, the debate about whether global warming will increase or decrease disease transmission between individuals remains far from resolved. This may stem from the lack of empirical data. Using a tractable and easily manipulated insect host–pathogen system, we conducted a series of field and laboratory experiments to examine how increased temperatures affect disease transmission using the crop‐defoliating pest, the fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) and its species‐specific baculovirus, which causes a fatal infection. To examine the effects of temperature on disease transmission in the field, we manipulated baculovirus density and temperature. As infection occurs when a host consumes leaf tissue on which the pathogen resides, baculovirus density was controlled by placing varying numbers of infected neonate larvae on experimental plants. Temperature was manipulated by using open‐top chambers (OTCs). The laboratory experiments examined how increased temperatures affect fall armyworm feeding and development rates, which provide insight into how host feeding behaviour and physiology may affect transmission. Disease transmission and outbreak intensity, measured as the cumulative fraction infected during an epizootic, increased at higher temperatures. However, there was no appreciable change in the mean transmission rate of the disease, which is often the focus of empirical and theoretical research. Instead, the coefficient of variation (CV) associated with the transmission rate shrunk. As the CV decreased, heterogeneity in disease risk across individuals declined, which resulted in an increase in outbreak intensity. In the laboratory, increased temperatures increased feeding rates and decreased developmental times. As the host consumes the virus along with the leaf tissue on which it resides, increased feeding rate is likely to increase the probability of an individual consuming virus‐infected leaf tissue. On the other hand, decreased developmental time increases the sloughing of midgut cells, which is predicted to hinder viral infection. Increases in outbreak intensity or epizootic severity, as the climate warms, may lead to changes in the long‐term dynamics of pests whose populations are strongly affected by host–pathogen interactions. Overall, this work demonstrates that the usual assumptions governing these effects, via changes in the mean transmission rate alone, may not be correct.
Keywords	Baculoviridae ; Spodoptera frugiperda ; climate ; disease transmission ; epizootic diseases ; feeding behavior ; global warming ; insects ; laboratory experimentation ; larvae ; leaves ; midgut ; neonates ; pathogens ; pests ; risk ; temperature ; viruses
Language	English
Dates of publication	2014-07
Size	p. 838-849.
Publishing place	University Press
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	3024-7
ISSN	1365-2656 ; 0021-8790
ISSN (online)	1365-2656
ISSN	0021-8790
DOI	10.1111/1365-2656.12180
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Article ; Online: Bet-hedging and the orientation of juvenile passerines in fall migration.

Reilly, James R / Reilly, Robert J

The Journal of animal ecology

2009 Volume 78, Issue 5, Page(s) 990–1001

Abstract: 1. Bet-hedging of innate migratory orientation of juvenile passerines may be a fitness-enhancing strategy for fall migration. Experimental studies support the view that juvenile passerines on their first migration to unknown winter grounds orient on a ... ...

Abstract	1. Bet-hedging of innate migratory orientation of juvenile passerines may be a fitness-enhancing strategy for fall migration. Experimental studies support the view that juvenile passerines on their first migration to unknown winter grounds orient on a predetermined vector programme and make little or no adjustment for wind displacement. This trait, coupled with the unpredictable profile of wind speed and direction that the juvenile will encounter during migration, suggests that the fitness of a parent's juvenile offspring will be highly variable from year to year. Under these circumstances, within-clutch phenotypic variation in migratory orientation may be evolutionarily favoured. 2. To explore this hypothesis, a migration model is developed for a small passerine with breeding grounds in New England and winter grounds in the Caribbean. Parameterization is based on life history data of the neotropical migrant Dendroica caerulescens, the black-throated blue warbler. The model is simulated for the offspring of 20 000 adult females under each of a wide range of potential orientation programmes, incorporating stochastic wind profiles along potential migratory routes, based on 7 years of wind data for eastern North America. 3. Under these simulations, bet-hedging in the form of within-clutch variation of migratory orientation strongly dominates within-clutch homogeneity, yielding higher geometric mean fitness in all vector programmes considered. 4. The simulation results provide a potential explanation for the variation observed in the tracks of juvenile passerines. Bet-hedging also explains the extensively-documented 'coastal effect' in which fall banding stations along the Atlantic coast of the United States consistently capture a much higher percentage of juvenile birds than do more inland stations. 5. Bet-hedging is consistent with the published finding that slower flying birds exhibit greater variation in their migratory orientation than faster flying birds. 6. The bet-hedging model of migratory orientation presented in this paper provides a theoretical structure capable of organizing a diverse collection of field and laboratory observations as predictable consequences of an evolutionarily favoured strategy. This theory may constitute a major advance in our understanding of bird migration and thus justifies the design and execution of new laboratory and field experiments to assess its power and predictive reach.
MeSH term(s)	Animal Migration/physiology ; Animals ; Computer Simulation ; Female ; Male ; Models, Biological ; Songbirds/physiology ; United States
Language	English
Publishing date	2009-09
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	3024-7
ISSN	1365-2656 ; 0021-8790
ISSN (online)	1365-2656
ISSN	0021-8790
DOI	10.1111/j.1365-2656.2009.01576.x
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Article ; Online: Comparing two methods for quantifying soil-borne Entomophaga maimaiga resting spores.

Hajek, Ann E / Plymale, Ruth C / Reilly, James R

Journal of invertebrate pathology

2012 Volume 111, Issue 2, Page(s) 193–195

Abstract: To improve usability of methods for quantifying environmentally persistent entomophthoralean resting spores in soil, we modified and tested two methods using resting spores (azygospores) of the gypsy moth pathogen Entomophaga maimaiga. Both methods were ... ...

Abstract	To improve usability of methods for quantifying environmentally persistent entomophthoralean resting spores in soil, we modified and tested two methods using resting spores (azygospores) of the gypsy moth pathogen Entomophaga maimaiga. Both methods were effective for recovering resting spores at concentrations >100 resting spores/g dry soil. While a modification of a method originally described by Weseloh and Andreadis (2002) recovered more resting spores than a modified method based on Percoll density gradients, the ability to estimate true densities from counts was similar for both methods. Regression equations are provided for predicting true resting spore densities from counts, with R(2) values for both methods ≥0.90.
MeSH term(s)	Entomophthorales/physiology ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; Soil Microbiology ; Spores, Fungal
Language	English
Publishing date	2012-10
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Comparative Study ; Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	390885-9
ISSN	1096-0805 ; 0022-2011
ISSN (online)	1096-0805
ISSN	0022-2011
DOI	10.1016/j.jip.2012.07.021
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Article ; Online: The risk of maternal obesity to the long-term health of the offspring.

O'Reilly, James R / Reynolds, Rebecca M

Clinical endocrinology

2012 Volume 78, Issue 1, Page(s) 9–16

Abstract: The prevalence of maternal obesity has risen dramatically in recent years, with approximately one in five pregnant women in the UK now classed as obese (body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m(2) ) at antenatal booking. Obesity during pregnancy has been hypothesized ... ...

Abstract	The prevalence of maternal obesity has risen dramatically in recent years, with approximately one in five pregnant women in the UK now classed as obese (body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m(2) ) at antenatal booking. Obesity during pregnancy has been hypothesized to exert long-term health effects on the developing child through 'early life programming'. While this phenomenon has been well studied in a maternal undernutrition paradigm, the processes by which the programming effects of maternal obesity are mediated are less well understood. In humans, maternal obesity has been associated with a number of long-term adverse health outcomes in the offspring, including lifelong risk of obesity and metabolic dysregulation with increased insulin resistance, hypertension and dyslipidaemia, as well as behavioural problems and risk of asthma. The complex relationships between the maternal metabolic milieu and the developing foetus, as well as the potential influence of postnatal lifestyle and environment, have complicated efforts to study the programming effects of maternal overnutrition in humans. This review will examine the emerging evidence from human studies linking maternal obesity to adverse offspring outcomes.
MeSH term(s)	Female ; Fetal Development/physiology ; Humans ; Insulin Resistance/physiology ; Obesity/complications ; Pregnancy ; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/physiopathology
Language	English
Publishing date	2012-10-04
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
ZDB-ID	121745-8
ISSN	1365-2265 ; 0300-0664
ISSN (online)	1365-2265
ISSN	0300-0664
DOI	10.1111/cen.12055
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Article ; Online: Impact of Entomophaga maimaiga (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae) on outbreak gypsy moth populations (Lepidoptera: Erebidae): the role of weather.

Reilly, James R / Hajek, Ann E / Liebhold, Andrew M / Plymale, Ruth

Environmental entomology

2014 Volume 43, Issue 3, Page(s) 632–641

Abstract: The fungal pathogen Entomophaga maimaiga Humber, Shimazu, and Soper is prevalent in gypsy moth [Lymantria dispar (L.)] populations throughout North America. To understand how weather-related variables influence gypsy moth-E. maimaiga interactions in the ... ...

Abstract	The fungal pathogen Entomophaga maimaiga Humber, Shimazu, and Soper is prevalent in gypsy moth [Lymantria dispar (L.)] populations throughout North America. To understand how weather-related variables influence gypsy moth-E. maimaiga interactions in the field, we measured fungal infection rates at 12 sites in central Pennsylvania over 3 yr, concurrently measuring rainfall, soil moisture, humidity, and temperature. Fungal mortality was assessed using both field-collected larvae and laboratory-reared larvae caged on the forest floor. We found significant positive effects of moisture-related variables (rainfall, soil moisture, and relative humidity) on mortality due to fungal infection in both data sets, and significant negative effects of temperature on the mortality of field-collected larvae. Lack of a clear temperature relationship with the mortality of caged larvae may be attributable to differential initiation of infection by resting spores and conidia or to microclimate effects. These relationships may be helpful in understanding how gypsy moth dynamics vary across space and time, and in forecasting how the gypsy moth and fungus will interact as they move into warmer or drier areas, or new weather conditions occur due to climate change.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Entomophthorales/physiology ; Larva/microbiology ; Moths/growth & development ; Moths/microbiology ; Pennsylvania ; Pest Control, Biological ; Population Dynamics ; Seasons ; Weather
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-06
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	120799-4
ISSN	1938-2936 ; 0046-2268 ; 0046-225X
ISSN (online)	1938-2936
ISSN	0046-2268 ; 0046-225X
DOI	10.1603/EN13194
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Article: Prey‐processing by avian predators enhances virus transmission in the gypsy moth

Reilly, James R / Hajek, Ann E

Oikos. 2012 Aug., v. 121, no. 8

2012

Abstract: The Lymantria dispar nucleopolyhedrovirus (LdNPV) is one of the most important regulators of gypsy moth populations, but some aspects of its transmission remain poorly understood, particularly its high rate of spatial spread and ability to persist in low‐ ...

Abstract	The Lymantria dispar nucleopolyhedrovirus (LdNPV) is one of the most important regulators of gypsy moth populations, but some aspects of its transmission remain poorly understood, particularly its high rate of spatial spread and ability to persist in low‐density populations. We tested the role of predatory birds in the transmission of this virus using experimental gypsy moth populations in an aviary. Predatory birds captured virus‐infected caterpillars and facilitated viral dispersal via two processes: 1) by ingesting infected caterpillars and passing viral occlusion bodies (OBs) through their guts, and 2) by scattering OBs during predator‐specific processing behaviors, a mechanism documented here for the first time. The relative importance of both pathways differed by predator species. After eating virus‐infected gypsy moth larvae, red‐eyed vireos and black‐capped chickadees passed more gypsy moth nucleopolyhedrovirus in feces than did gray catbirds. During prey‐processing, the repetitive beating of caterpillars by red‐eyed vireos, a behavior that was rarely utilized by chickadees and catbirds, resulted in the scattering of infectious virus. Due to the combination of efficient gut passage and virus spread from prey beating, higher rates of transmission occurred in experimental gypsy moth populations exposed to red‐eyed vireos than those exposed to catbirds or chickadees. Our results show that effective virus transmission was achieved when virus was vectored by predatory birds through a combination of both behavioral and physiological traits.
Keywords	Lymantria dispar ; Nucleopolyhedrovirus ; aviaries ; birds of prey ; digestive system ; feces ; ingestion ; insect larvae ; virus transmission ; viruses
Language	English
Dates of publication	2012-08
Size	p. 1311-1316.
Publishing place	Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	207359-6
ISSN	0030-1299
ISSN	0030-1299
DOI	10.1111/j.1600-0706.2011.19752.x
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Article ; Online: Synthesis of highbush blueberry pollination research reveals region‐specific differences in the contributions of honeybees and wild bees

Eeraerts, Maxime / DeVetter, Lisa W. / Batáry, Péter / Ternest, John J. / Mallinger, Rachel / Arrington, Matthew / Benjamin, Faye E. / Blaauw, Brett R. / Campbell, Joshua W. / Cavigliasso, Pablo / Daniels, Jaret C. / de Groot, G. Arjen / Ellis, James D. / Gibbs, Jason / Goldstein, Lauren / Hoffman, George D. / Kleijn, David / Melathopoulos, Andony / Miller, Sharron Z. /

Montero‐Castaño, Ana / Naranjo, Shiala M. / Nicholson, Charlie C. / Perkins, Jacquelyn A. / Rao, Sujaya / Raine, Nigel E. / Reilly, James R. / Ricketts, Taylor H. / Rogers, Emma / Isaacs, Rufus

Journal of Applied Ecology. 2023 Dec., v. 60, no. 12, p. 2528-2539

2023 , Page(s) 2528–2539

Abstract: Highbush blueberry production has expanded worldwide in recent decades. To safeguard future yields, it is essential to understand if insect pollination is limiting current blueberry production and which insects contribute to pollination in different ... ...

Abstract	Highbush blueberry production has expanded worldwide in recent decades. To safeguard future yields, it is essential to understand if insect pollination is limiting current blueberry production and which insects contribute to pollination in different production regions. We present a systematic review including a set of meta‐analyses on insect‐mediated pollination in highbush blueberry. We summarize the geographic distribution of research, the abundance of different pollinator taxa and their relative pollination contributions. Using raw data from 21 studies, totalling 496 site replicates, we determine the degree of pollination service and pollen limitation (i.e. combining open pollination levels with experimental bagged and/or hand pollination treatments), as well as the contribution of honeybees and wild bees to pollination (i.e. observational, open pollination). Most studies originate from North America, focusing on only a few cultivars. Honeybees are the dominant pollinator, and wild bees are occasionally abundant. Wild bees are more efficient pollinators on a single‐visit basis compared to honeybees, which increases their relative pollination contribution compared to their relative abundance. Insect‐mediated pollination services increased blueberry fruit set, berry weight and seed set (R² values: 64.8%, 75.9% and 75.2% respectively). We often detected pollen limitation, indicated by an increase in fruit set, berry weight and seed set (R²: 10.1%, 18.2% and 21.5%, respectively), with additional hand pollination. Increasing visitation of honeybees and wild bees contributed to blueberry pollination by increasing fruit set (R²: 5.4% and 3.5%), berry weight (R²: 6.5% and 2.8%) and seed set (R²: 6.4% and 3.8%) respectively. Bee contributions to fruit set and berry weight were variable across regions. Synthesis and application: A diverse community of insects, primarily bees, contributes to highbush blueberry pollination and yield. However, pollination deficits are common. The finding that both honeybees and wild bees enhance pollination highlights the possibility of adopting different management strategies that utilize honeybees, wild bees or both depending on the specific context and region. This further emphasizes the general importance of conserving pollinator health and diversity. Our synthesis highlights data gaps and areas for future research to better understand the pollination contribution of different pollinators to crops that are expanding globally.
Keywords	Vaccinium corymbosum ; applied ecology ; bees ; blueberries ; cultivars ; fruit set ; geographical distribution ; insect pollination ; meta-analysis ; open pollination ; pollen ; pollinators ; seed set ; systematic review ; North America
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-12
Size	p. 2528-2539
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	REVIEW
ZDB-ID	410405-5
ISSN	1365-2664 ; 0021-8901
ISSN (online)	1365-2664
ISSN	0021-8901
DOI	10.1111/1365-2664.14516
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