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Article ; Online: Meta-analysis in a digitalized world: A step-by-step primer.

Kaufmann, Esther / Reips, Ulf-Dietrich

2024

Abstract: In recent years, much research and many data sources have become digital. Some advantages of digital or Internet-based research, compared to traditional lab research (e.g., comprehensive data collection and storage, availability of data) are ideal for an ...

Abstract	In recent years, much research and many data sources have become digital. Some advantages of digital or Internet-based research, compared to traditional lab research (e.g., comprehensive data collection and storage, availability of data) are ideal for an improved meta-analyses approach.In the meantime, in meta-analyses research, different types of meta-analyses have been developed to provide research syntheses with accurate quantitative estimations. Due to its rich and unique palette of corrections, we recommend to using the Schmidt and Hunter approach for meta-analyses in a digitalized world. Our primer shows in a step-by-step fashion how to conduct a high quality meta-analysis considering digital data and highlights the most obvious pitfalls (e.g., using only a bare-bones meta-analysis, no data comparison) not only in aggregation of the data, but also in the literature search and coding procedure which are essential steps in any meta-analysis. Thus, this primer of meta-analyses is especially suited for a situation where much of future research is headed to: digital research. To map Internet-based research and to reveal any research gap, we further synthesize meta-analyses on Internet-based research (15 articles containing 24 different meta-analyses, on 745 studies, with 1,601 effect sizes), resulting in the first mega meta-analysis of the field. We found a lack of individual participant data (e.g., age and nationality). Hence, we provide a primer for high-quality meta-analyses and mega meta-analyses that applies to much of coming research and also basic hands-on knowledge to conduct or judge the quality of a meta-analyses in a digitalized world.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-04
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	231560-9
ISSN	1554-3528 ; 0743-3808 ; 1554-351X
ISSN (online)	1554-3528
ISSN	0743-3808 ; 1554-351X
DOI	10.3758/s13428-024-02374-8
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Geofencing in location-based behavioral research: Methodology, challenges, and implementation.

Shevchenko, Yury / Reips, Ulf-Dietrich

Behavior research methods

2023

Abstract: This manuscript presents a novel geofencing method in behavioral research. Geofencing, built upon geolocation technology, constitutes virtual fences around specific locations. Every time a participant crosses the virtual border around the geofenced area, ...

Abstract	This manuscript presents a novel geofencing method in behavioral research. Geofencing, built upon geolocation technology, constitutes virtual fences around specific locations. Every time a participant crosses the virtual border around the geofenced area, an event can be triggered on a smartphone, e.g., the participant may be asked to complete a survey. The geofencing method can alleviate the problems of constant location tracking, such as recording sensitive geolocation information and battery drain. In scenarios where locations for geofencing are determined by participants (e.g., home, workplace), no location data need to be transferred to the researcher, so this method can ensure privacy and anonymity. Given the widespread use of smartphones and mobile Internet, geofencing has become a feasible tool in studying human behavior and cognition outside of the laboratory. The method can help advance theoretical and applied psychological science at a new frontier of context-aware research. At the same time, there is a lack of guidance on how and when geofencing can be applied in research. This manuscript aims to fill the gap and ease the adoption of the geofencing method. We describe the current challenges and implementations in geofencing and present three empirical studies in which we evaluated the geofencing method using the Samply application, a tool for mobile experience sampling research. The studies show that sensitivity and precision of geofencing were affected by the type of event, location radius, environment, operating system, and user behavior. Potential implications and recommendations for behavioral research are discussed.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-25
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	231560-9
ISSN	1554-3528 ; 0743-3808 ; 1554-351X
ISSN (online)	1554-3528
ISSN	0743-3808 ; 1554-351X
DOI	10.3758/s13428-023-02213-2
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: The Late Responding Phenomenon in Web versus Mail Surveys

Ellen Laupper / Esther Kaufmann / Reips Ulf-Dietrich

Survey Research Methods, Vol 17, Iss

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2023 Volume 4

Abstract: With the rise of web surveys to the currently most widely used mode in the survey method, a need to systematically review and aggregate the myriad of detailed insights produced by web survey research has developed. Considering the identified ... ...

Abstract	With the rise of web surveys to the currently most widely used mode in the survey method, a need to systematically review and aggregate the myriad of detailed insights produced by web survey research has developed. Considering the identified representative and response rate differences for web surveys compared to other modes and given the differences in survey practices between modes, a relevant topic, which we do not know whether it is more or less pronounced for the web survey mode, is “late responding.” There is a fundamental concern that respondents who complete the survey with a certain delay only after one or more additional contact attempts are less motivated to provide survey data of high quality. This poses a threat to the accuracy of survey estimates. With a systematic review and a meta-analytic approach, we address the questions of whether and to what extent late responding is different for web surveys compared to other self-administered survey modes, e.g., mail surveys. As there is a broad range of definitions of late responding in the reviewed 74 studies, a categorization attempt identified three distinct categories. With a meta-analytical approach, a mean share of 27% (CI: 23%–31%) of late respondents across modes was quantified, and no mode difference was found. An additional moderator analysis with 18 sample and survey characteristics did not identify a robust moderator across modes. In addition, this research provides a detailed overview of the different survey practices used in web and mail surveys.
Keywords	late respondents ; systematic review ; meta-analysis ; survey research ; web survey ; mode effect ; Social sciences (General) ; H1-99
Subject code	310
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	European Survey Research Association
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Psychological well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic: Combining a web survey with experience sampling methodology.

Shevchenko, Yury / Huber, Noemi / Reips, Ulf-Dietrich

PloS one

2023 Volume 18, Issue 3, Page(s) e0282649

Abstract: COVID-19-related regulations have impacted the economy and people's well-being, highlighting the long-standing problem of inequality. This research explored how COVID-19-related restrictive policies, such as a lockdown or social distancing, affected ... ...

Abstract	COVID-19-related regulations have impacted the economy and people's well-being, highlighting the long-standing problem of inequality. This research explored how COVID-19-related restrictive policies, such as a lockdown or social distancing, affected people's well-being. In Study 1, a cross-sectional online survey (N = 685), we examined the associations between socio-economic characteristics, the number of resources, their relative change, people's stress levels, and their support of restrictive policies. We found that financial loss due to COVID-19, the number of children at home, and the intensity of restrictive measures were associated with higher stress by restrictive measures. The lower support for restrictive measures was observed among those who experienced financial loss due to COVID-19, had more children at home, less frequently accessed COVID-19-related information in the media, and did not perform self-isolation. Men were generally less supportive of restrictions than women, and the number of new COVID-19 cases was negatively related to the support. Lower stress and higher support for restrictive measures were positively associated with life satisfaction. In Study 2, an experience-sampling survey (Nparticipants = 46, Nresponses = 1112), the participants rated their well-being and level of available resources daily for one month. We observed that daily increases in well-being, characterized by higher life satisfaction and lower levels of stress and boredom, were positively associated with more social communication and being outdoors. In summary, the findings support the resource and demand framework, which states that people with access to resources can better cope with the demands of restrictive policies. Implications for policies and interventions to improve well-being are discussed.
MeSH term(s)	Male ; Child ; Humans ; Female ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; COVID-19/psychology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Psychological Well-Being ; Pandemics ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Ecological Momentary Assessment ; Communicable Disease Control
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-24
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0282649
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Increasing digitalization is associated with anxiety and depression: A Google Ngram analysis.

Teepe, Gisbert Wilhelm / Glase, Edda Magareta / Reips, Ulf-Dietrich

PloS one

2023 Volume 18, Issue 4, Page(s) e0284091

Abstract: The prevalence of anxiety disorders and depression are rising worldwide. Studies investigating risk factors on a societal level leading to these rises are so far limited to social-economic status, social capital, and unemployment, while most such studies ...

Abstract	The prevalence of anxiety disorders and depression are rising worldwide. Studies investigating risk factors on a societal level leading to these rises are so far limited to social-economic status, social capital, and unemployment, while most such studies rely on self-reports to investigate these factors. Therefore, our study aims to evaluate the impact of an additional factor on a societal level, namely digitalization, by using a linguistic big data approach. We extend related work by using the Google Books Ngram Viewer (Google Ngram) to retrieve and adjust word frequencies from a large corpus of books (8 million books or 6 percent of all books ever published) and to subsequently investigate word changes in terms of anxiety disorders, depression, and digitalization. Our analyses comprise and compare data from six languages, British English, German, Spanish, Russian, French, and Italian. We also retrieved word frequencies for the control construct "religion". Our results show an increase in word frequency for anxiety, depression, and digitalization over the last 50 years (r = .79 to .89, p < .001), a significant correlation between the frequency of anxiety and depression words (r = .98, p < .001), a significant correlation between the frequency of anxiety and digitalization words (r = .81, p < .001), and a significant correlation between the frequency of depression and anxiety words (r = .81, p < .001). For the control construct religion, we found no significant correlations for word frequency over the last 50 years and no significant correlation between the frequency of anxiety and depression words. Our results showed a negative correlation between the frequency of depression and religion words (r = -.25, p < .05). We also improved the method by excluding terms with double meanings detected by 73 independent native speakers. Implications for future research and professional and clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Search Engine ; Depression/epidemiology ; Language ; Anxiety/epidemiology ; Anxiety Disorders/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-07
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0284091
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Illustrating psychometric tests, scales, and constructs: An R package for Item Pool Visualization.

Petras, Nils / Dantlgraber, Michael / Reips, Ulf-Dietrich

Behavior research methods

2023 Volume 56, Issue 2, Page(s) 639–650

Abstract: Researchers assessing psychological constructs have to understand and choose between several competing measures. Item Pool Visualization (IPV, Dantlgraber et al., 2019) was developed to offer a systematic and detailed portrayal of the actual content and ... ...

Abstract	Researchers assessing psychological constructs have to understand and choose between several competing measures. Item Pool Visualization (IPV, Dantlgraber et al., 2019) was developed to offer a systematic and detailed portrayal of the actual content and internal balance of competing measures. To enable the use of IPV, we developed and present here the IPV R package. Its aim is to allow researchers to add IPV to their repertoire with minimal effort. Creating IPV charts from raw data requires two simple function calls, because the package streamlines model specification, model estimation, and chart creation. It improves IPV conceptually by introducing the aggregate center distance and the item overview chart. It provides many customization options and generates high-quality, vector-based PDF output. The workflow of the package is explained using a reproducible open data example from a personality assessment.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Psychometrics ; Reproducibility of Results
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-07
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	231560-9
ISSN	1554-3528 ; 0743-3808 ; 1554-351X
ISSN (online)	1554-3528
ISSN	0743-3808 ; 1554-351X
DOI	10.3758/s13428-022-02052-7
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Guideline for improving the reliability of Google Ngram studies: Evidence from religious terms.

Younes, Nadja / Reips, Ulf-Dietrich

PloS one

2019 Volume 14, Issue 3, Page(s) e0213554

Abstract: The Google Books Ngram Viewer (Google Ngram) is a search engine that charts word frequencies from a large corpus of books and thereby allows for the examination of cultural change as it is reflected in books. While the tool's massive corpus of data ( ... ...

Abstract	The Google Books Ngram Viewer (Google Ngram) is a search engine that charts word frequencies from a large corpus of books and thereby allows for the examination of cultural change as it is reflected in books. While the tool's massive corpus of data (about 8 million books or 6% of all books ever published) has been used in various scientific studies, concerns about the accuracy of results have simultaneously emerged. This paper reviews the literature and serves as a guideline for improving Google Ngram studies by suggesting five methodological procedures suited to increase the reliability of results. In particular, we recommend the use of (I) different language corpora, (II) cross-checks on different corpora from the same language, (III) word inflections, (IV) synonyms, and (V) a standardization procedure that accounts for both the influx of data and unequal weights of word frequencies. Further, we outline how to combine these procedures and address the risk of potential biases arising from censorship and propaganda. As an example of the proposed procedures, we examine the cross-cultural expression of religion via religious terms for the years 1900 to 2000. Special emphasis is placed on the situation during World War II. In line with the strand of literature that emphasizes the decline of collectivistic values, our results suggest an overall decrease of religion's importance. However, religion re-gains importance during times of crisis such as World War II. By comparing the results obtained through the different methods, we illustrate that applying and particularly combining our suggested procedures increase the reliability of results and prevents authors from deriving wrong assumptions.
MeSH term(s)	Books ; Data Mining ; Guidelines as Topic ; Language ; Religion ; Search Engine
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-03-22
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0213554
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Samply: A user-friendly smartphone app and web-based means of scheduling and sending mobile notifications for experience-sampling research.

Shevchenko, Yury / Kuhlmann, Tim / Reips, Ulf-Dietrich

Behavior research methods

2021 Volume 53, Issue 4, Page(s) 1710–1730

Abstract: Undertaking an experience-sampling study via smartphones is complex. Scheduling and sending mobile notifications often requires the use of proprietary software that imposes limits on participants' operating systems (whether iOS or Android) or the types ... ...

Abstract	Undertaking an experience-sampling study via smartphones is complex. Scheduling and sending mobile notifications often requires the use of proprietary software that imposes limits on participants' operating systems (whether iOS or Android) or the types of questions that can be asked via the application. We have developed an open-source platform-Samply-which overcomes these limitations. Researchers can access the entire interface via a browser, manage studies, schedule and send notifications linking to online surveys or experiments created in any Internet-based service or software, and monitor participants' responses-all without the coding skills usually needed to program a native mobile application. Participants can download the Samply Research mobile application for free from Google Play or the App Store, join a specific study, receive notifications and web links to surveys or experiments, and track their involvement. The mobile application leverages the power of the React Native JavaScript library, which allows it to be rendered in the native code of Android and iOS mobile operating systems. We describe Samply, provide a step-by-step example of conducting an experience-sampling study, and present the results of two validation studies. Study 1 demonstrates how we improved the website's usability for researchers. Study 2 validates the mobile application's data recording ability by analyzing a survey's participation rate. The application's possible limitations and how mobile device settings might affect its reliability are discussed.
MeSH term(s)	Computers, Handheld ; Humans ; Internet ; Mobile Applications ; Reproducibility of Results ; Smartphone
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-02-02
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	231560-9
ISSN	1554-3528 ; 0743-3808 ; 1554-351X
ISSN (online)	1554-3528
ISSN	0743-3808 ; 1554-351X
DOI	10.3758/s13428-020-01527-9
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Increasing digitalization is associated with anxiety and depression

Teepe, Gisbert Wilhelm / Glase, Edda Magareta / Reips, Ulf-Dietrich

PLoS ONE

A Google Ngram analysis

2023 Volume 18, Issue 4, Page(s) No

Title translation	Die zunehmende Digitalisierung wird mit Angst und Depression in Verbindung gebracht: Eine Google Ngram-Analyse. (DeepL)
Abstract	The prevalence of anxiety disorders and depression are rising worldwide. Studies investigating risk factors on a societal level leading to these rises are so far limited to social-economic status, social capital, and unemployment, while most such studies rely on self-reports to investigate these factors. Therefore, our study aims to evaluate the impact of an additional factor on a societal level, namely digitalization, by using a linguistic big data approach. We extend related work by using the Google Books Ngram Viewer (Google Ngram) to retrieve and adjust word frequencies from a large corpus of books (8 million books or 6 percent of all books ever published) and to subsequently investigate word changes in terms of anxiety disorders, depression, and digitalization. Our analyses comprise and compare data from six languages, British English, German, Spanish, Russian, French, and Italian. We also retrieved word frequencies for the control construct "religion". Our results show an increase in word frequency for anxiety, depression, and digitalization over the last 50 years (r = .79 to .89, p < .001), a significant correlation between the frequency of anxiety and depression words (r = .98, p < .001), a significant correlation between the frequency of anxiety and digitalization words (r = .81, p < .001), and a significant correlation between the frequency of depression and anxiety words (r = .81, p < .001). For the control construct religion, we found no significant correlations for word frequency over the last 50 years and no significant correlation between the frequency of anxiety and depression words. Our results showed a negative correlation between the frequency of depression and religion words (r = -.25, p < .05). We also improved the method by excluding terms with double meanings detected by 73 independent native speakers. Implications for future research and professional and clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
Keywords	Angst ; Angststörungen ; Anxiety ; Anxiety Disorders ; Depression (Emotion) ; Depressive Stimmung ; Digital Media ; Digital Technology ; Digitale Medien ; Digitale Technologie ; Major Depression ; Religion ; Word Frequency ; Words (Phonetic Units) ; Worthäufigkeit ; Wörter
Language	English
Document type	Article
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0284091
Database	PSYNDEX

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Article ; Online: Best practices: Two Web-browser-based methods for stimulus presentation in behavioral experiments with high-resolution timing requirements.

Garaizar, Pablo / Reips, Ulf-Dietrich

Behavior research methods

2018 Volume 51, Issue 3, Page(s) 1441–1453

Abstract: The Web is a prominent platform for behavioral experiments, for many reasons (relative simplicity, ubiquity, and accessibility, among others). Over the last few years, many behavioral and social scientists have conducted Internet-based experiments using ... ...

Abstract	The Web is a prominent platform for behavioral experiments, for many reasons (relative simplicity, ubiquity, and accessibility, among others). Over the last few years, many behavioral and social scientists have conducted Internet-based experiments using standard web technologies, both in native JavaScript and using research-oriented frameworks. At the same time, vendors of widely used web browsers have been working hard to improve the performance of their software. However, the goals of browser vendors do not always coincide with behavioral researchers' needs. Whereas vendors want high-performance browsers to respond almost instantly and to trade off accuracy for speed, researchers have the opposite trade-off goal, wanting their browser-based experiments to exactly match the experimental design and procedure. In this article, we review and test some of the best practices suggested by web-browser vendors, based on the features provided by new web standards, in order to optimize animations for browser-based behavioral experiments with high-resolution timing requirements. Using specialized hardware, we conducted four studies to determine the accuracy and precision of two different methods. The results using CSS animations in web browsers (Method 1) with GPU acceleration turned off showed biases that depend on the combination of browser and operating system. The results of tests on the latest versions of GPU-accelerated web browsers showed no frame loss in CSS animations. The same happened in many, but not all, of the tests conducted using requestAnimationFrame (Method 2) instead of CSS animations. Unbeknownst to many researchers, vendors of web browsers implement complex technologies that result in reduced quality of timing. Therefore, behavioral researchers interested in timing-dependent procedures should be cautious when developing browser-based experiments and should test the accuracy and precision of the whole experimental setup (web application, web browser, operating system, and hardware).
MeSH term(s)	Behavioral Research/methods ; Humans ; Internet ; Research Design ; Software ; Web Browser
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-10-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	231560-9
ISSN	1554-3528 ; 0743-3808 ; 1554-351X
ISSN (online)	1554-3528
ISSN	0743-3808 ; 1554-351X
DOI	10.3758/s13428-018-1126-4
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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