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Article ; Online: Estimating time-varying treatment effects in longitudinal studies.

Loh, Wen Wei / Ren, Dongning

2023

Abstract: Longitudinal study designs are frequently used to investigate the effects of a naturally observed predictor (treatment) on an outcome over time. Because the treatment at each time point or wave is not randomly assigned, valid inferences of its causal ... ...

Abstract	Longitudinal study designs are frequently used to investigate the effects of a naturally observed predictor (treatment) on an outcome over time. Because the treatment at each time point or wave is not randomly assigned, valid inferences of its causal effects require adjusting for covariates that confound each treatment-outcome association. But adjusting for covariates which are inevitably time-varying is fraught with difficulties. On the one hand, standard regression adjustment for variables affected by treatment can lead to severe bias. On the other hand, omitting time-varying covariates from confounding adjustment precipitates spurious associations that can lead to severe bias. Thus, either including or omitting time-varying covariates for confounding adjustment can lead to incorrect inferences. In this article, we introduce an estimation strategy from the causal inference literature for evaluating the causal effects of time-varying treatments in the presence of time-varying confounding. G-estimation of the treatment effect at a particular wave proceeds by carefully adjusting for only pre-treatment instances of all variables while dispensing with any post-treatment instances. The introduced approach has various appealing features. Effect modification by time-varying covariates can be investigated using covariate-treatment interactions. Treatment may be either continuous or noncontinuous with any mean model permitted. Unbiased estimation requires correctly specifying a mean model for either the treatment or the outcome, but not necessarily both. The treatment and outcome models can be fitted with standard regression functions. In summary, g-estimation is effective, flexible, robust, and relatively straightforward to implement. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-11
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2103345-6
ISSN	1939-1463 ; 1082-989X
ISSN (online)	1939-1463
ISSN	1082-989X
DOI	10.1037/met0000574
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Adjusting for Baseline Measurements of the Mediators and Outcome as a First Step Toward Eliminating Confounding Biases in Mediation Analysis.

Loh, Wen Wei / Ren, Dongning

Perspectives on psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science

2023 Volume 18, Issue 5, Page(s) 1254–1266

Abstract: Mediation analysis prevails for researchers probing the etiological mechanisms through which treatment affects an outcome. A central challenge of mediation analysis is justifying sufficient baseline covariates that meet the causal assumption of no ... ...

Abstract	Mediation analysis prevails for researchers probing the etiological mechanisms through which treatment affects an outcome. A central challenge of mediation analysis is justifying sufficient baseline covariates that meet the causal assumption of no unmeasured confounding. But current practices routinely overlook this assumption. In this article, we suggest a relatively easy way to mitigate the risks of incorrect inferences resulting from unmeasured confounding: include pretreatment measurements of the mediator(s) and the outcome as baseline covariates. We explain why adjusting for pretreatment baseline measurements is a necessary first step toward eliminating confounding biases. We hope that such a practice can encourage explication, justification, and reflection of the causal assumptions underpinning mediation analysis toward improving the validity of causal inferences in psychology research.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Mediation Analysis ; Confounding Factors, Epidemiologic ; Causality ; Bias ; Models, Statistical
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-07
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2224911-4
ISSN	1745-6924 ; 1745-6916
ISSN (online)	1745-6924
ISSN	1745-6916
DOI	10.1177/17456916221134573
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Article ; Online: Data-driven covariate selection for confounding adjustment by focusing on the stability of the effect estimator.

Loh, Wen Wei / Ren, Dongning

Psychological methods

2023

Abstract: Valid inference of cause-and-effect relations in observational studies necessitates adjusting for common causes of the focal predictor (i.e., treatment) and the outcome. When such common causes, henceforth termed confounders, remain unadjusted for, they ... ...

Abstract	Valid inference of cause-and-effect relations in observational studies necessitates adjusting for common causes of the focal predictor (i.e., treatment) and the outcome. When such common causes, henceforth termed confounders, remain unadjusted for, they generate spurious correlations that lead to biased causal effect estimates. But routine adjustment for all available covariates, when only a subset are truly confounders, is known to yield potentially inefficient and unstable estimators. In this article, we introduce a data-driven confounder selection strategy that focuses on stable estimation of the treatment effect. The approach exploits the causal knowledge that after adjusting for confounders to eliminate all confounding biases, adding any remaining non-confounding covariates associated with only treatment or outcome, but not both, should not systematically change the effect estimator. The strategy proceeds in two steps. First, we prioritize covariates for adjustment by probing how strongly each covariate is associated with treatment and outcome. Next, we gauge the stability of the effect estimator by evaluating its trajectory adjusting for different covariate subsets. The smallest subset that yields a stable effect estimate is then selected. Thus, the strategy offers direct insight into the (in)sensitivity of the effect estimator to the chosen covariates for adjustment. The ability to correctly select confounders and yield valid causal inferences following data-driven covariate selection is evaluated empirically using extensive simulation studies. Furthermore, we compare the introduced method empirically with routine variable selection methods. Finally, we demonstrate the procedure using two publicly available real-world datasets. A step-by-step practical guide with user-friendly R functions is included. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-27
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2103345-6
ISSN	1939-1463 ; 1082-989X
ISSN (online)	1939-1463
ISSN	1082-989X
DOI	10.1037/met0000564
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Article ; Online: Understated gender disparities due to outcome-dependent selection: Commentary on Mackelprang et al. (2023).

Loh, Wen Wei / Ren, Dongning

The American psychologist

2023 Volume 78, Issue 6, Page(s) 811–813

Abstract: What is the gender gap in invited publications in high-impact psychology journals? To answer this critical question, Mackelprang et al. (2023) examined invited publications in five high-impact psychology journals. They first calculated the share of women ...

Abstract	What is the gender gap in invited publications in high-impact psychology journals? To answer this critical question, Mackelprang et al. (2023) examined invited publications in five high-impact psychology journals. They first calculated the share of women among authors of the invited publications (35.6%), then compared it with a "base rate" (42.3%; the share of women among associate and full psychology professors at R1 institutions). This comparison was presented as empirical evidence of women being underrepresented in the authorship of publications in these high-impact journals. In this commentary, we show that comparing these two descriptives-either using a difference or a ratio-provides little insight into the actual gender disparity of interest. A fundamental shortcoming of such a comparison is due to outcome-dependent selection. We explain what outcome-dependent selection is and why it is inappropriate. Crucially, we explain why, following such outcome-dependent selection, comparing the share of women in the selected sample with a "base rate" rules out drawing valid inferences about the actual gender gap. We urge researchers to recognize the perils of, and thus avoid, outcome-dependent selection. Finally, we suggest an alternative approach that permits a more accurate understanding of gender disparities in academia. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
MeSH term(s)	Female ; Humans ; Research Personnel ; Gender Equity
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-22
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	209464-2
ISSN	1935-990X ; 0003-066X
ISSN (online)	1935-990X
ISSN	0003-066X
DOI	10.1037/amp0001167
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Article: Alone in a Crowd: Is Social Contact Associated with Less Psychological Pain of Loneliness in Everyday Life?

Stavrova, Olga / Ren, Dongning

Journal of happiness studies

2023 Volume 24, Issue 5, Page(s) 1841–1860

Abstract: People are often advised to engage in social contact to cope with the experience of loneliness and improve well-being. But are the moments of loneliness actually more bearable when spent in other people's company? In this research, we proposed and tested ...

Abstract	People are often advised to engage in social contact to cope with the experience of loneliness and improve well-being. But are the moments of loneliness actually more bearable when spent in other people's company? In this research, we proposed and tested two conflicting theoretical accounts regarding the role of social contact: social contact is associated with a stronger (the amplifying account) or with a weaker (the buffering account) negative effect of loneliness on psychological well-being. Analyses of three datasets collected using ecological momentary assessments ( Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10902-023-00661-3.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-04
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2016901-2
ISSN	1573-7780 ; 1389-4978
ISSN (online)	1573-7780
ISSN	1389-4978
DOI	10.1007/s10902-023-00661-3
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Article ; Online: Does a pandemic context attenuate people's negative perception and meta-perception of solitude?

Ren, Dongning / Stavrova, Olga

International journal of psychology : Journal international de psychologie

2022 Volume 58, Issue 2, Page(s) 134–142

Abstract: Solitude-the state of being alone without social interactions-is a common experience in everyday life. Despite that spending time alone can be enjoyable and functional, solitude is often stigmatised: People who engage in solitary activities are perceived ...

Abstract	Solitude-the state of being alone without social interactions-is a common experience in everyday life. Despite that spending time alone can be enjoyable and functional, solitude is often stigmatised: People who engage in solitary activities are perceived negatively (negative perceptions of solitude) and anticipate a negative judgement from others (negative meta-perceptions of solitude). Using the COVID-19 pandemic as a backdrop, we examined whether a pandemic context, in which solitary behaviours were easily attributable to external reasons, would reduce people's negative perceptions and meta-perceptions of solitude. Across three preregistered experiments (total N = 767) conducted during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, we found that the presence (vs. absence) of a pandemic context attenuated both the negative meta-perceptions and the negative perceptions of solitude. Yet, people believed that the pandemic context produced a stronger shift away from the stigmatisation of solitude than it actually did. These findings revealed the limits of contextual cues in mitigating the negative perceptions of being alone-even when these cues were explicit and readily available. The current research sheds light on the potential challenges of destigmatising solitude.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Pandemics ; COVID-19 ; Social Perception ; Social Interaction ; Cues
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-10-28
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1480995-3
ISSN	1464-066X ; 0020-7594
ISSN (online)	1464-066X
ISSN	0020-7594
DOI	10.1002/ijop.12885
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Article ; Online: Person-specific priorities in solitude.

Ren, Dongning / Loh, Wen Wei / Chung, Joanne M / Brandt, Mark J

Journal of personality

2024

Abstract: Objective: People value solitude in varying degrees. Theories and studies suggest that people's appreciation of solitude varies considerably across persons (e.g., an introverted person may value solitude more than an extraverted person), and solitude ... ...

Abstract	Objective: People value solitude in varying degrees. Theories and studies suggest that people's appreciation of solitude varies considerably across persons (e.g., an introverted person may value solitude more than an extraverted person), and solitude experiences (i.e., on average, people may value some functions of solitude, e.g., privacy, more than other functions, e.g., self-discovery). What are the unique contributions of these two sources? Method: We surveyed a quota-based sample of 501 US residents about their perceived importance of a diverse set of 22 solitude functions. Results: Variance component analysis reveals that both sources contributed to the variability of perceived importance of solitude (person: 22%; solitude function: 15%). Crucially, individual idiosyncratic preferences (person-by-solitude function interaction) had a substantial impact (46%). Further analyses explored the role of personality traits, showing that different functions of solitude hold varying importance for different people. For example, neurotic individuals prioritize emotion regulation, introverted individuals value relaxation, and conscientious individuals find solitude important for productivity. Conclusions: People value solitude for idiosyncratic reasons. Scientific inquiries on solitude must consider the fit between a person's characteristics and the specific functions a solitary experience affords. This research suggests that crafting or enhancing positive solitude experiences requires a personalized approach.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-27
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	420745-2
ISSN	1467-6494 ; 0022-3506
ISSN (online)	1467-6494
ISSN	0022-3506
DOI	10.1111/jopy.12916
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Article ; Online: Cynical people desire power but rarely acquire it: Exploring the role of cynicism in leadership attainment.

Stavrova, Olga / Ehlebracht, Daniel / Ren, Dongning

British journal of psychology (London, England : 1953)

2023 Volume 115, Issue 2, Page(s) 226–252

Abstract: Do cynical individuals have a stronger desire for power and are they more likely to acquire power at work? The negative consequences of cynicism-for cynics themselves and the people around them-render the examination of these questions particularly ... ...

Abstract	Do cynical individuals have a stronger desire for power and are they more likely to acquire power at work? The negative consequences of cynicism-for cynics themselves and the people around them-render the examination of these questions particularly important. We first examined the role of cynicism in power motives. Results showed that more cynical individuals have a greater desire for power to avoid exploitation by others (and less so to exploit others; Study 1) and score higher on dominance (but not prestige or leadership) motives (Study 2). The subsequent two studies examined the role of cynicism in power attainment at work. A study of virtual teams (Study 3) showed that more cynical individuals were less likely to emerge as group leaders, and a prospective study of ~9000 employees followed for up to 10 years (Study 4) showed that cynicism predicted a lower likelihood of attaining a leadership position in organizations. Taken together, more (vs. less) cynical individuals have a stronger power-in particular, dominance-motive but they are not more successful at power acquisition. These findings inform the literature on cynicism and power and highlight the importance of cynical worldviews for leadership attainment.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Leadership ; Prospective Studies ; Motivation
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-01
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	220659-6
ISSN	2044-8295
ISSN (online)	2044-8295
DOI	10.1111/bjop.12685
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Article ; Online: Does dispositional preference for solitude predict better psychological outcomes during times of social distancing? Beliefs and reality.

Ren, Dongning / Stavrova, Olga / Evans, Anthony M

Journal of personality

2023 Volume 91, Issue 6, Page(s) 1442–1460

Abstract: Objective: People value solitude for themselves. Yet little is known about how people perceive dispositional preference for solitude in others. Does dispositional preference for solitude represent a protective factor from psychological distress during ... ...

Abstract	Objective: People value solitude for themselves. Yet little is known about how people perceive dispositional preference for solitude in others. Does dispositional preference for solitude represent a protective factor from psychological distress during times of social distancing? And do laypeople have accurate beliefs about the role of preference for solitude? Method: To answer these questions, we conducted four studies (three preregistered, N Results: People expected targets with a higher solitude preference to be more resilient (e.g., less lonely, more satisfied with life) during social distancing, and consequently prioritize them less when allocating supportive resources for maintaining social connections (Studies 1 and 2). Compared to these beliefs, the actual difference between individuals with higher versus lower solitude preference was smaller (Study 2) or even negligible (Study 3). Did people form more calibrated beliefs two years into the pandemic? Study 4 suggested no. Conclusions: Together, these studies show that people overestimate the role of preference for solitude in predicting others' psychological experience. As a result, solitude-seeking individuals may miss out on supportive resources, leading to higher risks for mental health issues.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Physical Distancing ; Pandemics ; Loneliness/psychology ; Personality ; COVID-19
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-16
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	420745-2
ISSN	1467-6494 ; 0022-3506
ISSN (online)	1467-6494
ISSN	0022-3506
DOI	10.1111/jopy.12821
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Article ; Online: Leaving the Loners Alone: Dispositional Preference for Solitude Evokes Ostracism.

Ren, Dongning / Evans, Anthony M

Personality & social psychology bulletin

2020 Volume 47, Issue 8, Page(s) 1294–1308

Abstract: What are the interpersonal consequences of seeking solitude? Leading theories in developmental research have proposed that having a general preference for solitude may incur significant interpersonal costs, but empirical studies are still lacking. In ... ...

Abstract	What are the interpersonal consequences of seeking solitude? Leading theories in developmental research have proposed that having a general preference for solitude may incur significant interpersonal costs, but empirical studies are still lacking. In five studies (total
MeSH term(s)	Affect ; Humans ; Interpersonal Relations ; Personality ; Social Isolation
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-11-02
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2047603-6
ISSN	1552-7433 ; 0146-1672
ISSN (online)	1552-7433
ISSN	0146-1672
DOI	10.1177/0146167220968612
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