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Conference proceedings ; Online: The impact of stochastic mesoscale weather systems on the Atlantic Ocean

Zhou, S. / Renfrew, I. / Zhai, X.

XXVIII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG)

2023

Abstract: The ocean is forced by the atmosphere on a range of spatial and temporal scales. In numerical models the atmospheric resolution sets a limit on these scales and for typical climate models mesoscale (<500 km) atmospheric forcing is absent or ... ...

Abstract	The ocean is forced by the atmosphere on a range of spatial and temporal scales. In numerical models the atmospheric resolution sets a limit on these scales and for typical climate models mesoscale (<500 km) atmospheric forcing is absent or misrepresented. Previous studies have demonstrated that mesoscale forcing significantly affects key ocean circulation systems such as the North Atlantic sub-polar gyre (SPG) and the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC). Here we present ocean model simulations that demonstrate that the addition of realistic mesoscale atmospheric forcing leads to coherent patterns of change: a cooler sea surface in the tropical and subtropical Atlantic Ocean and deeper mixed layers in the sub-polar North Atlantic in autumn, winter, and spring. These lead to robust statistically significant increases in the volume transport of the North Atlantic SPG by 10% and the AMOC by up to 10%. Our simulations use a novel stochastic parameterisation—based on a cellular automata algorithm—to represent spatially coherent weather systems realistically over a range of scales, including down to the smallest resolvable by the ocean grid (∼10 km). Convection-permitting atmospheric models predict changes in the intensity and frequency of mesoscale weather systems due to climate change, so representing them in coupled climate models would bring higher fidelity to future climate projections.
Subject code	551
Language	English
Publishing country	de
Document type	Conference proceedings ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Conference proceedings ; Online: Projected changes to wintertime air-sea turbulent heat fluxes over the subpolar North Atlantic Ocean

Barrell, C. / Renfrew, I. / King, J. / Abel, S. / Elvidge, A.

XXVIII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG)

2023

Abstract: In wintertime over the subpolar North Atlantic Ocean (SPNA), the strongest surface sensible and latent heat fluxes typically occur just downstream of the ice edge. The recent retreat in Arctic wintertime sea ice is changing the distribution of these ... ...

Abstract	In wintertime over the subpolar North Atlantic Ocean (SPNA), the strongest surface sensible and latent heat fluxes typically occur just downstream of the ice edge. The recent retreat in Arctic wintertime sea ice is changing the distribution of these turbulent heat fluxes, with consequences for the formation of the dense waters that feed into the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. Projections of turbulent heat flux over the SPNA are investigated using output from the HadGEM3-GC3.1 climate model, produced as part of the 6th phase of the Coupled Model Inter-Comparison Project. Comparison of two model resolutions (MM: 60 km atmosphere - 1/4° ocean and HH: 25 km – 1/12°) shows that the HH configuration more accurately simulates historic sea ice and turbulent heat flux distributions. The MM configuration tends to produce too much sea ice in the SPNA, affecting the turbulent heat flux distribution; however, it displays improved performance during winters with less sea ice, increasing confidence in future projections when less sea ice is predicted. Future projections are presented for low (SSP1-2.6) and high (SSP5-8.5) emissions pathways. The simulations agree in predicting that with climate change the SPNA will see significant reductions in wintertime sea ice and air-sea turbulent fluxes later in the 21st century, particularly in the Labrador and Irminger Seas and the interior of the Nordic Seas, and a notable reduction in their decadal variability. These effects are more severe under the SSP5-8.5 pathway. The implications for SPNA ocean circulation are discussed.
Subject code	551
Language	English
Publishing country	de
Document type	Conference proceedings ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Conference proceedings ; Online: Analysis of magma flux and eruption intensity during the 2021 explosive activity at the Soufrière of St Vincent, West Indies

Sparks, S. / Aspinall, W. / Barclay, J. / Renfrew, I. / Contreras-Arratia, R. / Stewart, R.

XXVIII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG)

2023

Abstract: Seismic RSAM signals and eruption cloud height measurements were used to estimate peak intensities of 40 explosive events during the 8-22 April 2021 activity of the Soufrière volcano. We estimated magma supply rates and erupted volumes in each explosion, ...

Abstract	Seismic RSAM signals and eruption cloud height measurements were used to estimate peak intensities of 40 explosive events during the 8-22 April 2021 activity of the Soufrière volcano. We estimated magma supply rates and erupted volumes in each explosion, characterized uncertainty by stochastic modelling and identified four eruptive stages. Stage 1 included an intense period of 9.5 hours with 11 explosive events with peak eruption intensity between 2000 and 4000 m 3 /s and magma supply rate reaching 828 m 3 /s. 12 high intensity explosions (~4000 m 3 /s) occurred in Stage 2 with average magma supply rate of 251 m 3 /s. Stage 3 involved declining intensity, magma supply rate and lengthening repose periods between explosions. Stage 4 involved 3 much weaker explosions. The total erupted volume of magma is estimated at 38.5 x 10 6 m 3 (90% credible interval: [22.0 . 61.9] x 10 6 m 3 ) consistent with independent estimates from analysis of tephra deposits and volcano subsidence sourced at ~6 km depth. The 150-fold increase in magma supply rate, from the preceding effusive phase to Stage 1 of the explosive phase, is attributed to replacement of very high viscosity degassed magma occupying the shallow conduit system with new lower viscosity volatile-rich magma from the magma chamber.
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing country	de
Document type	Conference proceedings ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Sea-ice retreat suggests re-organization of water mass transformation in the Nordic and Barents Seas.

Moore, G W K / Våge, K / Renfrew, I A / Pickart, R S

Nature communications

2022 Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) 67

Abstract: Water mass transformation in the Nordic and Barents Seas, triggered by air-sea heat fluxes, is an integral component of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). These regions are undergoing rapid warming, associated with a retreat in ice ... ...

Abstract	Water mass transformation in the Nordic and Barents Seas, triggered by air-sea heat fluxes, is an integral component of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). These regions are undergoing rapid warming, associated with a retreat in ice cover. Here we present an analysis covering 1950-2020 of the spatiotemporal variability of the air-sea heat fluxes along the region's boundary currents, where water mass transformation impacts are large. We find there is an increase in the air-sea heat fluxes along these currents that is a function of the currents' orientation relative to the axis of sea-ice change suggesting enhanced water mass transformation is occurring. Previous work has shown a reduction in heat fluxes in the interior of the Nordic Seas. As a result, a reorganization seems to be underway in where water mass transformation occurs, that needs to be considered when ascertaining how the AMOC will respond to a warming climate.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-10
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	2553671-0
ISSN	2041-1723 ; 2041-1723
ISSN (online)	2041-1723
ISSN	2041-1723
DOI	10.1038/s41467-021-27641-6
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Endovascular management of renal artery aneurysm rupture in pregnancy - A case report.

Maughan, E / Webster, C / Konig, T / Renfrew, I

International journal of surgery case reports

2015 Volume 12, Page(s) 41–43

Abstract: Introduction: Renal artery aneurysm rupture is an extremely rare cause of acute abdominal pain and haemodynamic instability in pregnancy. Due to its rarity, the diagnosis may not be immediately considered, and therefore there is a high associated ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: Renal artery aneurysm rupture is an extremely rare cause of acute abdominal pain and haemodynamic instability in pregnancy. Due to its rarity, the diagnosis may not be immediately considered, and therefore there is a high associated mortality rate for both mother and fetus. Presentation of case: We present a case of a 41-year old primigravida who presented to the obstetricians at 22 weeks' gestation with severe abdominal pain, shock and fetal loss. A bleeding renal artery aneurysm was discovered at laparotomy and radiologically coiled with sacrifice of the left kidney. Treatment of a contralateral aneurysm by autotransplantation of the remaining kidney allowed for preservation of residual renal function. Discussion: Surgical acute abdominal presentations can be difficult to interpret in pregnant patients. Pregnancy is known to be a contributing risk factor for spontaneous rupture of renal artery aneurysms, an otherwise rare mode of aneurysm presentation. Prompt use of imaging to diagnose and treat non-obstetric causes of the acute abdomen should not be delayed because of perceived risks to the fetus. Endovascular arrest of aneurysmal haemorrhage may be more effect in the context of a gravid uterus than surgical management. Conclusion: In the shocked pregnant patient with an acute abdominal presentation, visceral artery aneurysm rupture may be comparatively more common, and should be considered in the absence of other localizing symptoms. Prompt interventional radiological treatment may be lifesaving in such cases.
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-05-07
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2210-2612
ISSN	2210-2612
DOI	10.1016/j.ijscr.2015.05.011
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Article ; Online: Minimising exposure to droplet and aerosolised pathogens: a computational fluid dynamics study.

Perella, Paolo / Tabarra, Mohammad / Hataysal, Ertan / Pournasr, Amir / Renfrew, Ian

British journal of anaesthesia

2020 Volume 126, Issue 2, Page(s) 544–549

Abstract: Background: Hazardous pathogens are spread in either droplets or aerosols produced during aerosol-generating procedures (AGP). Adjuncts minimising exposure of healthcare workers to hazardous pathogens released during AGP may be beneficial. We used state- ...

Abstract	Background: Hazardous pathogens are spread in either droplets or aerosols produced during aerosol-generating procedures (AGP). Adjuncts minimising exposure of healthcare workers to hazardous pathogens released during AGP may be beneficial. We used state-of-the-art computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling to optimise the performance of a custom-designed shield. Methods: We modelled airflow patterns and trajectories of particles (size range 1-500 μm) emitted during a typical cough using CFD (ANSYS Fluent software, Canonsburg, PA, USA), in the presence and absence of a protective shield enclosing the head of a patient. We modelled the effect of different shield designs, suction tube position, and suction flow rate on particle escape from the shield. Results: Use of the shield prevented escape of 99.1-100% of particles, which were either trapped on the shield walls (16-21%) or extracted via suction (79-82%). At most, 0.9% particles remained floating inside the shield. Suction flow rates (40-160 L min Conclusion: CFD modelling provides information to guide optimisation of the efficient removal of hazardous pathogens released during AGP from a custom-designed shield. These data are essential to establish before clinical use, pragmatic clinical trials, or both.
MeSH term(s)	Aerosols ; COVID-19/transmission ; Cough/virology ; Equipment Design ; Health Personnel ; Humans ; Hydrodynamics ; Infectious Disease Transmission, Patient-to-Professional/prevention & control ; Models, Theoretical ; Occupational Exposure/prevention & control ; Personal Protective Equipment
Chemical Substances	Aerosols
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-11-16
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	80074-0
ISSN	1471-6771 ; 0007-0912
ISSN (online)	1471-6771
ISSN	0007-0912
DOI	10.1016/j.bja.2020.09.047
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Conference proceedings ; Online: Coupled atmosphere–ocean observations of a cold-air outbreak and its impact on the Iceland Sea

Renfrew, I. / Huang, J. / Semper, S. / Barrell, C. / Terpstra, A. / Pickart, R. / Vage, K. / Elvidge, A. / Spengler, T. / Strehl, A. / Weiss, A.

XXVIII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG)

2023

Abstract: Marine cold-air outbreaks (CAO) are vigorous equatorward excursions of cold air over the ocean, responsible for the majority of wintertime oceanic heat loss from the subpolar seas of the North Atlantic. However, the impact of individual CAO events on the ...

Abstract	Marine cold-air outbreaks (CAO) are vigorous equatorward excursions of cold air over the ocean, responsible for the majority of wintertime oceanic heat loss from the subpolar seas of the North Atlantic. However, the impact of individual CAO events on the ocean is poorly understood. Here we present the first coupled observations of the atmosphere and ocean during a wintertime CAO event, between 28 February and 13 March 2018, in the subpolar North Atlantic region. Comprehensive observations are presented from five aircraft flights, a research vessel, a meteorological buoy, a subsurface mooring, an ocean glider, and an Argo float. The CAO event starts abruptly with substantial changes in temperature, humidity and wind throughout the atmospheric boundary layer. The CAO iswell mixed vertically and, away from the sea-ice edge, relatively homogeneous spatially. During the CAO peak, higher sensible heat fluxes occupy at least the lowest 200m of the atmospheric boundary layer, while higher latent heat fluxes are confined to the surface layer. The response of the ocean to the CAO is spatially dependent. In the interior of the Iceland Sea the mixed layer cools, while in the boundary current region itwarms. In both locations, the mixed layer deepens and becomes more saline. Combining our observations with one-dimensional mixed-layer modelling, we show that in the interior of the Iceland Sea, atmospheric forcing dominates the ocean response. In contrast, in the boundary current region lateral advection and mixing counteract the short-term impact of the atmospheric forcing. Timeseries observations of the late-winter period illustrate a highly variable ocean mixed layer, with lateral advection and mixing often masking the ocean’s general cooling and deepening response to individual CAO events.
Subject code	551
Language	English
Publishing country	de
Document type	Conference proceedings ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: The Annual Salinity Cycle of the Denmark Strait Overflow

Opher, J. G. / Brearley, J. A. / Dye, S. R. / Pickart, R. S. / Renfrew, I. A. / Harden, B. E. / Meredith, M. P.

Journal of geophysical research. 2022 Apr., v. 127, no. 4

2022

Abstract: The Denmark Strait Overflow (DSO) is an important source of dense water input to the deep limb of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). It is fed by separate currents from the north that advect dense water masses formed in the Nordic ... ...

Abstract	The Denmark Strait Overflow (DSO) is an important source of dense water input to the deep limb of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). It is fed by separate currents from the north that advect dense water masses formed in the Nordic Seas and Arctic Ocean which then converge at Denmark Strait. Here we identify an annual salinity cycle of the DSO, characterized by freshening in winter and spring. The freshening is linked to freshening of the Shelfbreak East Greenland Current in the Blosseville Basin north of the Denmark Strait. We demonstrate that the East Greenland Current advects fresh pycnocline water above the recirculating Atlantic Water, which forms a low salinity lid for the overflow in Denmark Strait and in the Irminger Basin. This concept is supported by intensified freshening of the DSO in lighter density classes on the Greenland side of the overflow. The salinity of the DSO in the Irminger Basin is significantly correlated with northerly/northeasterly winds in the Blosseville Basin at a lag of 3–4 months, consistent with estimated transit times. This suggests that wind driven variability of DSO source water exerts an important influence on the salinity variability of the downstream DSO, and hence the composition of the deep limb of the AMOC.
Keywords	basins ; geophysics ; research ; salinity ; spring ; wind ; winter ; Arctic Ocean ; Greenland
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-04
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	161667-5
ISSN	2169-9291 ; 2169-9275 ; 0148-0227 ; 0196-2256
ISSN (online)	2169-9291
ISSN	2169-9275 ; 0148-0227 ; 0196-2256
DOI	10.1029/2021JC018139
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: SIR HELMET (Safety In Radiology HEalthcare Localised Metrological EnviromenT): a low-cost negative-pressure isolation barrier for shielding MRI frontline workers from COVID-19 exposure.

Ong, S J / Renfrew, I / Anil, G / Tan, A P / Sia, S Y / Low, C K / Hoon, H X / Ang, B W L / Quek, S T

Clinical radiology

2020 Volume 75, Issue 9, Page(s) 711.e1–711.e4

MeSH term(s)	Betacoronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control ; Health Personnel ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Pandemics/prevention & control ; Personal Protective Equipment ; Pneumonia, Viral/prevention & control ; Radiology Department, Hospital ; SARS-CoV-2
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-07-01
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	391227-9
ISSN	1365-229X ; 0009-9260
ISSN (online)	1365-229X
ISSN	0009-9260
DOI	10.1016/j.crad.2020.06.015
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Article: SIR Flat CAP (Safety In Radiology - Flat-Packed Compact Airborne Precaution): A Low-Cost, Portable, Negative-Pressure Isolation Barrier Shield for Protecting Frontline Healthcare Workers.

Ong, Shao J / Renfrew, Ian / Khoo, Deborah X / Choong, Denise A / Koh, Hui L / Ng, Deborah S / Teo, Lycia / Lee, Joseph K / Yuen, Linda / Chia, Koon Liang / Chen, Priscilla X / Teo, Yi Ming / Ang, Bertrand / Quek, Swee Tian

Cureus

2023 Volume 15, Issue 10, Page(s) e46345

Abstract: Introduction Multiple barrier shields have been described since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Most of these are bulky and designed for use in the main anesthetic or radiology departments. We developed a portable, negative-pressure barrier shield ... ...

Abstract	Introduction Multiple barrier shields have been described since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Most of these are bulky and designed for use in the main anesthetic or radiology departments. We developed a portable, negative-pressure barrier shield designed specifically for portable ultrasound examinations. A novel supine cough generation model was developed together with a reverse qualitative fit test to simulate real-world aerosol droplet generation and dispersion for evaluating the effectiveness of the barrier shield. We report the technical specifications of this design, named "SIR Flat CAP" from Safety In Radiology - Flat-packed Compact Airborne Precaution, as well as its performance in reducing the spread of droplets and aerosols. Methods The barrier shield was constructed using 1 mm acrylic panels, clear packing tape, foam double-sided tape, and surgical drapes. Negative pressure was provided via hospital wall suction. A supine cough generation model was developed to simulate cough droplet dispersal. A reverse qualitative fit test was used to assess for airborne transmission of microdroplets. Results The supine cough generation model was able to replicate similar results to previously reported supine human cough generation dispersion. The use of the barrier shield with negative-pressure suction prevented the escape of visible droplets, and no airborne microdroplets were detected by reverse qualitative fit testing from the containment area. Conclusions The barrier shield significantly reduces the escape of visible and airborne droplets from the containment area, providing an additional layer of protection to front-line sonographers.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-10-02
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2747273-5
ISSN	2168-8184
ISSN	2168-8184
DOI	10.7759/cureus.46345
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