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Article: Emotional environments retune the valence of appetitive versus fearful functions in nucleus accumbens.

Reynolds, Sheila M / Berridge, Kent C

2008 Volume 11, Issue 4, Page(s) 423–425

Abstract: The nucleus accumbens mediates both appetitive motivation for rewards and fearful motivation toward threats, which are generated in part by glutamate-related circuits organized in a keyboard fashion. At rostral sites of the medial shell, localized ... ...

Abstract	The nucleus accumbens mediates both appetitive motivation for rewards and fearful motivation toward threats, which are generated in part by glutamate-related circuits organized in a keyboard fashion. At rostral sites of the medial shell, localized glutamate disruptions typically generate intense appetitive behaviors in rats, but the disruption incrementally generates fearful behaviors as microinjection sites move more caudally. We found that exposure to stressful environments caused caudal fear-generating zones to expand rostrally, filling approximately 90% of the shell. Conversely, a preferred home environment caused fear-generating zones to shrink and appetitive-generating zones to expand caudally, filling approximately 90% of the shell. Thus, the emotional environments retuned the generation of motivation in corticolimbic circuits.
MeSH term(s)	Adaptation, Physiological/physiology ; Animals ; Appetitive Behavior/physiology ; Brain Mapping ; Choice Behavior ; Emotions/physiology ; Environment ; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/pharmacology ; Fear/physiology ; Microinjections ; Motivation ; Neural Pathways/drug effects ; Neural Pathways/metabolism ; Nucleus Accumbens/anatomy & histology ; Nucleus Accumbens/drug effects ; Nucleus Accumbens/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/metabolism ; Quinoxalines/pharmacology ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Receptors, Glutamate/drug effects ; Receptors, Glutamate/metabolism ; Reward ; Stress, Psychological/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos ; Quinoxalines ; Receptors, Glutamate ; FG 9041 (62T278S1MX)
Language	English
Publishing date	2008-03-16
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Comparative Study ; Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	1420596-8
ISSN	1546-1726 ; 1097-6256
ISSN (online)	1546-1726
ISSN	1097-6256
DOI	10.1038/nn2061
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Zs.A 4891: Show issues			Location: Je nach Verfügbarkeit (siehe Angabe bei Bestand) bis Jg. 1994: Bestellungen von Artikeln über das Online-Bestellformular Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (2.OG) ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)
Zs.MG 67: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Learning a weighted sequence model of the nucleosome core and linker yields more accurate predictions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Homo sapiens.

Reynolds, Sheila M / Bilmes, Jeff A / Noble, William Stafford

PLoS computational biology

2010 Volume 6, Issue 7, Page(s) e1000834

Abstract: DNA in eukaryotes is packaged into a chromatin complex, the most basic element of which is the nucleosome. The precise positioning of the nucleosome cores allows for selective access to the DNA, and the mechanisms that control this positioning are ... ...

Abstract	DNA in eukaryotes is packaged into a chromatin complex, the most basic element of which is the nucleosome. The precise positioning of the nucleosome cores allows for selective access to the DNA, and the mechanisms that control this positioning are important pieces of the gene expression puzzle. We describe a large-scale nucleosome pattern that jointly characterizes the nucleosome core and the adjacent linkers and is predominantly characterized by long-range oscillations in the mono, di- and tri-nucleotide content of the DNA sequence, and we show that this pattern can be used to predict nucleosome positions in both Homo sapiens and Saccharomyces cerevisiae more accurately than previously published methods. Surprisingly, in both H. sapiens and S. cerevisiae, the most informative individual features are the mono-nucleotide patterns, although the inclusion of di- and tri-nucleotide features results in improved performance. Our approach combines a much longer pattern than has been previously used to predict nucleosome positioning from sequence-301 base pairs, centered at the position to be scored-with a novel discriminative classification approach that selectively weights the contributions from each of the input features. The resulting scores are relatively insensitive to local AT-content and can be used to accurately discriminate putative dyad positions from adjacent linker regions without requiring an additional dynamic programming step and without the attendant edge effects and assumptions about linker length modeling and overall nucleosome density. Our approach produces the best dyad-linker classification results published to date in H. sapiens, and outperforms two recently published models on a large set of S. cerevisiae nucleosome positions. Our results suggest that in both genomes, a comparable and relatively small fraction of nucleosomes are well-positioned and that these positions are predictable based on sequence alone. We believe that the bulk of the remaining nucleosomes follow a statistical positioning model.
MeSH term(s)	Alu Elements/genetics ; Base Composition/genetics ; Base Sequence/genetics ; CCCTC-Binding Factor ; DNA/chemistry ; DNA, Fungal/chemistry ; Humans ; Nucleic Acid Conformation ; Nucleosomes/genetics ; ROC Curve ; Repressor Proteins/genetics ; Reproducibility of Results ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics ; Sequence Alignment ; Sequence Analysis, DNA
Chemical Substances	CCCTC-Binding Factor ; CTCF protein, human ; DNA, Fungal ; Nucleosomes ; Repressor Proteins ; DNA (9007-49-2)
Language	English
Publishing date	2010-07-08
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	2193340-6
ISSN	1553-7358 ; 1553-734X
ISSN (online)	1553-7358
ISSN	1553-734X
DOI	10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000834
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Article ; Online: Specificity in the projections of prefrontal and insular cortex to ventral striatopallidum and the extended amygdala.

Reynolds, Sheila M / Zahm, Daniel S

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience

2005 Volume 25, Issue 50, Page(s) 11757–11767

Abstract: The basal forebrain functional-anatomical macrosystems, ventral striatopallidum, and extended amygdala are innervated by substantially coextensive distributions of neurons in the prefrontal and insular cortex. This suggests two alternative organizational ...

Abstract	The basal forebrain functional-anatomical macrosystems, ventral striatopallidum, and extended amygdala are innervated by substantially coextensive distributions of neurons in the prefrontal and insular cortex. This suggests two alternative organizational schemes: convergent, in which a given cortical area projects exclusively to only one of these macrosystems and divergent, in which a given cortical area innervates both forebrain macrosystems. To examine the underlying organization and possibly discriminate between these alternatives, rats were injected with two retrograde tracers in different parts of ventral striatopallidum or extended amygdala (homotypic injection pairs) or with one tracer in each macrosystem (heterotypic). The prefrontal and insular cortex was evaluated microscopically for overlap of retrograde labeling and double labeling of neurons. Homotypic injection pairs in the ventral striatum and extended amygdala produced extensive overlap of retrogradely labeled neurons and significant double labeling, suggesting that cortical projections spread broadly within macrosystems. In contrast, heterotypic injection pairs produced significant overlap of retrograde labeling but negligible double labeling, indicating that ventral striatopallidum and extended amygdala receive inputs from separate sets of prefronto- and insular cortical neurons. The caudomedial shell of the nucleus accumbens, a supposed "transition" zone between striatopallidum and extended amygdala, had extended amygdala-like afferents but produced few double-labeled neurons and these only when paired with ventral striatopallidum. The data suggest that a modular organization of the basal forebrain, with postulated independent information processing by the ventral striatopallidal and extended amygdala macrosystems, is reflected in a corresponding segregation of output neurons in the prefrontal and insular cortices.
MeSH term(s)	Amygdala/chemistry ; Amygdala/physiology ; Animals ; Cerebral Cortex/chemistry ; Cerebral Cortex/physiology ; Corpus Striatum/chemistry ; Corpus Striatum/physiology ; Globus Pallidus/chemistry ; Globus Pallidus/physiology ; Male ; Neural Pathways/chemistry ; Neural Pathways/physiology ; Prefrontal Cortex/chemistry ; Prefrontal Cortex/physiology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Language	English
Publishing date	2005-12-07
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Comparative Study ; Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	604637-x
ISSN	1529-2401 ; 0270-6474
ISSN (online)	1529-2401
ISSN	0270-6474
DOI	10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3432-05.2005
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Article: Glutamate motivational ensembles in nucleus accumbens: rostrocaudal shell gradients of fear and feeding.

Reynolds, Sheila M / Berridge, Kent C

The European journal of neuroscience

2003 Volume 17, Issue 10, Page(s) 2187–2200

Abstract: This study demonstrates that microinjection of an AMPA/kainate glutamate antagonist elicits motivated fear and feeding behaviour mapped along rostrocaudal gradients of positive-to-negative valence in nucleus accumbens shell (similar to rostrocaudal shell ...

Abstract	This study demonstrates that microinjection of an AMPA/kainate glutamate antagonist elicits motivated fear and feeding behaviour mapped along rostrocaudal gradients of positive-to-negative valence in nucleus accumbens shell (similar to rostrocaudal shell gradients recently reported for GABA agonist microinjections). Rats received rostral or caudal microinjections of the glutamate AMPA/kainate receptor antagonist DNQX (0, 50, 450 or 850 ng in 0.5 micro L) or the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 (0, 0.5, 1 or 2 micro g in 0.5 micro L), into medial accumbens shell prior to behavioural tests for fear, feeding or conditioning of place preference or avoidance. Another group received rostral or caudal microinjections of DNQX in nucleus accumbens core. Rostral shell DNQX microinjections potently increased appetitive food intake and established only weak conditioned place avoidance. Caudal shell DNQX microinjections elicited defensive treading behaviour, caused rats to defensively bite the experimenter and emit fearful distress vocalizations when handled, and established strong conditioned place avoidance. By contrast, no rostrocaudal gradients of motivational bivalence were produced by microinjections of the glutamate AMPA/kainate receptor antagonist DNQX into the core, or by microinjections of the NMDA antagonist MK-801 into the shell. Our results indicate that appetitive and aversive motivation is carried in anatomically differentiated channels by mesocorticolimbic glutamate signals to microcircuits in the medial shell. Hyperpolarization of local shell ensembles by AMPA/kainate glutamate receptor blockade elicits fear and feeding behaviours mapped along distinct positive-to-negative rostrocaudal gradients.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Avoidance Learning/drug effects ; Avoidance Learning/physiology ; Conditioning (Psychology)/drug effects ; Conditioning (Psychology)/physiology ; Dizocilpine Maleate/pharmacology ; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/pharmacology ; Fear/drug effects ; Fear/physiology ; Feeding Behavior/drug effects ; Feeding Behavior/physiology ; Female ; Glutamic Acid/metabolism ; Male ; Nucleus Accumbens/physiology ; Quinoxalines/pharmacology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, AMPA/antagonists & inhibitors ; Receptors, Kainic Acid/antagonists & inhibitors ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/antagonists & inhibitors ; Vocalization, Animal/drug effects ; Vocalization, Animal/physiology
Chemical Substances	Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists ; Quinoxalines ; Receptors, AMPA ; Receptors, Kainic Acid ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate ; Glutamic Acid (3KX376GY7L) ; FG 9041 (62T278S1MX) ; Dizocilpine Maleate (6LR8C1B66Q)
Language	English
Publishing date	2003-04-16
Publishing country	France
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	645180-9
ISSN	1460-9568 ; 0953-816X
ISSN (online)	1460-9568
ISSN	0953-816X
DOI	10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02642.x
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Article: Tests of the kin selection model of mate choice and inbreeding avoidance in satin bowerbirds

Reynolds, Sheila M / J. Albert C. Uy / Gail L. Patricelli / Seth W. Coleman / Michael J. Braun / Gerald Borgia

Behavioral ecology. 2014 July, v. 25, no. 4

2014

Abstract: In typically outbreeding species, females can avoid a reduction in offspring fitness by choosing unrelated sires. However, the kin selection model of mate choice suggests that it may be adaptive to mate with relatives to gain inclusive fitness benefits, ... ...

Abstract	In typically outbreeding species, females can avoid a reduction in offspring fitness by choosing unrelated sires. However, the kin selection model of mate choice suggests that it may be adaptive to mate with relatives to gain inclusive fitness benefits, especially in lekking species. Several studies have shown that females tend to mate with relatives, but the detailed behavioral data necessary to determine whether this reflects an active preference is difficult to acquire. We test the hypotheses that females actively preferred or avoided relatives in mate choice in satin bowerbirds (Ptilonorhynchus violaceus), a lekking species in which comprehensive observations of natural mate choice were obtained using automated video cameras positioned at bowers. We identified specific males that were sampled by individual females and assessed whether relatedness influenced their acceptance or rejection as mates. We found no consistent effect of relatedness on mate choice across years or among multiple stages of mate choice. In 2 of 6 years, females copulated with relatives at or above the half-sibling level significantly more often than expected, but this was attributed to females searching for mates in areas populated by relatives, and not to an active preference for relatives. Furthermore, we found no evidence for inbreeding avoidance through mate choice discrimination or sex-biased dispersal.
Keywords	females ; inbreeding ; kin selection ; lekking ; males ; models ; outbreeding ; progeny ; sires ; video cameras
Language	English
Dates of publication	2014-07
Size	p. 1005-1014.
Publishing place	Oxford University Press
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	1496189-1
ISSN	1465-7279 ; 1045-2249
ISSN (online)	1465-7279
ISSN	1045-2249
DOI	10.1093/beheco/aru065
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Positive and negative motivation in nucleus accumbens shell: bivalent rostrocaudal gradients for GABA-elicited eating, taste "liking"/"disliking" reactions, place preference/avoidance, and fear.

Reynolds, Sheila M / Berridge, Kent C

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience

2002 Volume 22, Issue 16, Page(s) 7308–7320

Abstract: Microinjection of the GABA(A) agonist muscimol in the rostral medial accumbens shell in rats elicits appetitive eating behavior, but in the caudal shell instead elicits fearful defensive treading behavior. To further test the hypothesis that rostral ... ...

Abstract	Microinjection of the GABA(A) agonist muscimol in the rostral medial accumbens shell in rats elicits appetitive eating behavior, but in the caudal shell instead elicits fearful defensive treading behavior. To further test the hypothesis that rostral shell muscimol microinjections produce positive motivational states, whereas caudal shell muscimol produces negative states, we measured behavioral place preference/avoidance conditioning and affective hedonic and aversive orofacial expressions of taste-elicited "liking" and "disliking" (gapes, etc.) in addition to fear and feeding behaviors. Farthest rostral muscimol microinjections (75 ng) caused increased eating behavior and also caused positive conditioned place preferences and increased positive hedonic reactions to the taste of sucrose. By contrast, caudal shell microinjections elicited negative defensive treading and caused robust negative conditioned place avoidance and negative aversive reactions to sucrose or quinine tastes. Intermediate rostral microinjections elicited effects of mixed positive/negative valence (positive appetitive eating behavior but negative place avoidance and negative taste reactions at mid-rostral sites, and sometimes positive eating simultaneously with fearful defensive treading more caudally). These results indicate that GABAergic neurotransmission in local microcircuits in nucleus accumbens mediates motivated/affective behavior that is bivalently organized along rostrocaudal gradients.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Behavior, Animal/drug effects ; Behavior, Animal/physiology ; Conditioning (Psychology)/drug effects ; Eating/drug effects ; Fear/drug effects ; Fear/physiology ; Feeding Behavior/drug effects ; Feeding Behavior/physiology ; Female ; GABA Agonists/administration & dosage ; Male ; Microinjections ; Motivation ; Muscimol/administration & dosage ; Nucleus Accumbens/drug effects ; Nucleus Accumbens/physiology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Spatial Behavior/drug effects ; Spatial Behavior/physiology ; Taste/drug effects ; Taste/physiology ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/administration & dosage ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/pharmacology
Chemical Substances	GABA Agonists ; Muscimol (2763-96-4) ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (56-12-2)
Language	English
Publishing date	2002-06-13
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	604637-x
ISSN	1529-2401 ; 0270-6474
ISSN (online)	1529-2401
ISSN	0270-6474
DOI	20026734
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Article ; Online: Mesolimbic dopamine in desire and dread: enabling motivation to be generated by localized glutamate disruptions in nucleus accumbens.

Faure, Alexis / Reynolds, Sheila M / Richard, Jocelyn M / Berridge, Kent C

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience

2008 Volume 28, Issue 28, Page(s) 7184–7192

Abstract: An important issue in affective neuroscience concerns the role of mesocorticolimbic dopamine systems in positive-valenced motivation (e.g., reward) versus negative-valenced motivation (e.g., fear). Here, we assessed whether endogenous dopamine receptor ... ...

Abstract	An important issue in affective neuroscience concerns the role of mesocorticolimbic dopamine systems in positive-valenced motivation (e.g., reward) versus negative-valenced motivation (e.g., fear). Here, we assessed whether endogenous dopamine receptor stimulation in nucleus accumbens contributes to both appetitive behavior and fearful behavior that is generated in keyboard manner by local glutamate disruptions at different sites in medial shell. 6,7-Dinitroquinoxaline-2,3(1H,4H)-dione (DNQX) microinjections (450 ng) locally disrupt glutamate signals in <4 mm(3) of nucleus accumbens, and generate either desire or fear (or both) depending on precise rostrocaudal location in medial shell. At rostral shell sites, local AMPA/kainate blockade generates positive ingestive behavior, but the elicited motivated behavior becomes incrementally more fearful as the same microinjection is moved caudally. A dopamine-blocking mixture of D(1) and D(2) antagonists (raclopride and SCH-23390 [R(+)-7-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-phenyl-2,3,4,5,-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine hydrochloride]) was combined here in the same microinjection with DNQX to assess the role of endogenous local dopamine in mediating the DNQX-motivated behaviors. We report that local dopamine blockade prevented DNQX microinjections from generating appetitive behavior (eating) in rostral shell, and equally prevented DNQX from generating fearful behavior (defensive treading) in caudal shell. We conclude that local dopamine is needed to enable disruptions of corticolimbic glutamate signals in shell to generate either positive incentive salience or negative fearful salience (valence depending on site and other conditions). Thus, dopamine interacts with localization of valence-biased glutamate circuits in medial shell to facilitate keyboard stimulation of both appetitive and fearful motivations.
MeSH term(s)	Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal/drug effects ; Dopamine/metabolism ; Dopamine Agents/pharmacology ; Drug Interactions ; Excitatory Amino Acid Agents/pharmacology ; Fear/physiology ; Feeding Behavior/drug effects ; Gene Expression/drug effects ; Glutamic Acid/metabolism ; Limbic System/drug effects ; Limbic System/metabolism ; Male ; Microinjections/methods ; Motivation ; Nucleus Accumbens/drug effects ; Nucleus Accumbens/metabolism ; Oncogene Proteins v-fos/metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Chemical Substances	Dopamine Agents ; Excitatory Amino Acid Agents ; Oncogene Proteins v-fos ; Glutamic Acid (3KX376GY7L) ; Dopamine (VTD58H1Z2X)
Language	English
Publishing date	2008-07-09
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	604637-x
ISSN	1529-2401 ; 0270-6474
ISSN (online)	1529-2401
ISSN	0270-6474
DOI	10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4961-07.2008
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Article ; Online: The ISB Cancer Genomics Cloud: A Flexible Cloud-Based Platform for Cancer Genomics Research.

Reynolds, Sheila M / Miller, Michael / Lee, Phyliss / Leinonen, Kalle / Paquette, Suzanne M / Rodebaugh, Zack / Hahn, Abigail / Gibbs, David L / Slagel, Joseph / Longabaugh, William J / Dhankani, Varsha / Reyes, Madelyn / Pihl, Todd / Backus, Mark / Bookman, Matthew / Deflaux, Nicole / Bingham, Jonathan / Pot, David / Shmulevich, Ilya

Cancer research

2018 Volume 77, Issue 21, Page(s) e7–e10

Abstract: The ISB Cancer Genomics Cloud (ISB-CGC) is one of three pilot projects funded by the National Cancer Institute to explore new approaches to computing on large cancer datasets in a cloud environment. With a focus on Data as a Service, the ISB-CGC offers ... ...

Abstract	The ISB Cancer Genomics Cloud (ISB-CGC) is one of three pilot projects funded by the National Cancer Institute to explore new approaches to computing on large cancer datasets in a cloud environment. With a focus on Data as a Service, the ISB-CGC offers multiple avenues for accessing and analyzing The Cancer Genome Atlas, TARGET, and other important references such as GENCODE and COSMIC using the Google Cloud Platform. The open approach allows researchers to choose approaches best suited to the task at hand: from analyzing terabytes of data using complex workflows to developing new analysis methods in common languages such as Python, R, and SQL; to using an interactive web application to create synthetic patient cohorts and to explore the wealth of available genomic data. Links to resources and documentation can be found at www.isb-cgc.org
MeSH term(s)	Cloud Computing ; Computational Biology ; Datasets as Topic ; Genome, Human ; Genomics ; Humans ; Internet ; National Cancer Institute (U.S.) ; Neoplasms/genetics ; Research/trends ; Software ; United States
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-01-03
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	1432-1
ISSN	1538-7445 ; 0008-5472
ISSN (online)	1538-7445
ISSN	0008-5472
DOI	10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-17-0617
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Article: Neurotensin antagonist acutely and robustly attenuates locomotion that accompanies stimulation of a neurotensin-containing pathway from rostrobasal forebrain to the ventral tegmental area.

Reynolds, Sheila M / Geisler, Stefanie / Bérod, Anne / Zahm, Daniel S

The European journal of neuroscience

2006 Volume 24, Issue 1, Page(s) 188–196

Abstract: Neurotensin exerts complex effects on the mesolimbic dopamine system that alter motivation and contribute to neuroadaptations associated with psychostimulant drug administration. Activation of abundant neurotensin receptors in the ventral tegmental area ( ...

Abstract	Neurotensin exerts complex effects on the mesolimbic dopamine system that alter motivation and contribute to neuroadaptations associated with psychostimulant drug administration. Activation of abundant neurotensin receptors in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) enhances dopamine neuron activity and associated release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens (Acb) and cortex. In view of recent anatomical studies demonstrating that 70% of all neurotensin-containing neurons projecting to the VTA occupy the lateral preoptic area-rostral lateral hypothalamus (LPH) and lateral part of the medial preoptic area (MPOA), the present study examined functionality in the LPH-MPOA neurotensinergic pathway in the rat. Disinhibition (resulting ultimately in stimulation-like effects) of LPH-MPOA neurons with microinjected bicuculline (50 or 100 ng in 0.25 microL) produced locomotor activation that was considerably attenuated by systemic administration of the neurotensin antagonist SR 142948 A (0.03 and 0.1 mg/kg). In contrast, locomotion elicited in this manner was completely blocked by SR 142948 A infused directly into the VTA (5.0 and 15.0 ng in 0.25 microL). Baseline locomotion was unaffected by systemic or intra-VTA administration of SR 142948 A and LPH-MPOA-elicited locomotion was unaffected by infusion of SR 142948 A into the substantia nigra pars compacta and sites rostral and dorsal to the VTA. Locomotion was not elicited by infusions of bicuculline into the lateral hypothalamus at sites caudal to the LPH-MPOA, where neurotensin neurons projecting to the VTA are fewer. The results demonstrate the capacity of a neurotensin-containing pathway from LPH-MPOA to VTA to modulate locomotion. This pathway may be important in linking hippocampal and mesolimbic mechanisms in normal behaviour and drug addiction.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Bicuculline/pharmacology ; Hypothalamic Area, Lateral/drug effects ; Hypothalamic Area, Lateral/physiology ; Locomotion/drug effects ; Male ; Microinjections ; Neural Pathways ; Neurotensin/antagonists & inhibitors ; Neurotensin/physiology ; Preoptic Area/drug effects ; Preoptic Area/physiology ; Prosencephalon/anatomy & histology ; Prosencephalon/drug effects ; Prosencephalon/physiology ; Pyrazoles/pharmacology ; Quinolines/pharmacology ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Receptors, Neurotensin/antagonists & inhibitors
Chemical Substances	Ntsr2 protein, rat ; Pyrazoles ; Quinolines ; Receptors, Neurotensin ; SR 142948 ; neurotensin type 1 receptor ; Neurotensin (39379-15-2) ; Bicuculline (Y37615DVKC)
Language	English
Publishing date	2006-07
Publishing country	France
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	645180-9
ISSN	1460-9568 ; 0953-816X
ISSN (online)	1460-9568
ISSN	0953-816X
DOI	10.1111/j.1460-9568.2006.04791.x
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Article: Endogenous opioids are necessary for benzodiazepine palatability enhancement: naltrexone blocks diazepam-induced increase of sucrose-'liking'.

Richardson, Derek K / Reynolds, Sheila M / Cooper, Steven J / Berridge, Kent C

Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior

2005 Volume 81, Issue 3, Page(s) 657–663

Abstract: Opioid agonists and benzodiazepine agonists each increase food intake. Both also increase hedonic 'liking' reactions to sweet tastes in rats. Do opioids and benzodiazepines share overlapping mechanisms of hedonic impact? Or are benzodiazepine and opioid ... ...

Abstract	Opioid agonists and benzodiazepine agonists each increase food intake. Both also increase hedonic 'liking' reactions to sweet tastes in rats. Do opioids and benzodiazepines share overlapping mechanisms of hedonic impact? Or are benzodiazepine and opioid effects on hedonic impact mediated by independent mechanisms? The present study examined whether blockade of opioid receptors prevents benzodiazepine-induced enhancement of taste palatability, as assessed by the affective taste reactivity test. Rats were implanted with oral cannulae, and prior to an oral infusion of bittersweet quinine-sucrose solution, all received i.p. injections of either vehicle, or diazepam alone (5 mg/kg diazepam+0 mg/kg naltrexone), naltrexone alone (1 mg/kg naltrexone+0 mg diazepam), or both diazepam plus naltrexone (5 mg/kg diazepam+1mg/kg naltrexone). Videotaped hedonic ('liking') and aversive ('disliking') orofacial reactions elicited by sucrose/quinine taste were compared across drug conditions. Diazepam administration alone more than doubled hedonic 'liking' reactions to the bittersweet taste, while reducing 'disliking' in half, compared to vehicle levels. Naltrexone by itself had little effect on taste-elicited affective reactions, and only marginally increased aversive gapes. However, naltrexone completely blocked diazepam's enhancement of positive hedonic 'liking' reactions, and naltrexone similarly disrupted diazepam-reduction of aversive 'disliking' taste reactions. These results indicate that endogenous opioid neurotransmission may be crucial to benzodiazepine enhancement of hedonic 'liking' for natural taste reward.
MeSH term(s)	Analysis of Variance ; Animals ; Behavior, Animal/drug effects ; Benzodiazepines/pharmacology ; Diazepam/pharmacology ; Food Preferences/drug effects ; Male ; Naltrexone/pharmacology ; Narcotic Antagonists/pharmacology ; Opioid Peptides/antagonists & inhibitors ; Opioid Peptides/physiology ; Quinine/administration & dosage ; Quinine/metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Solutions ; Sucrose/administration & dosage ; Sucrose/metabolism ; Taste/drug effects ; Taste Threshold/drug effects ; Time Factors
Chemical Substances	Narcotic Antagonists ; Opioid Peptides ; Solutions ; Benzodiazepines (12794-10-4) ; Sucrose (57-50-1) ; Naltrexone (5S6W795CQM) ; Quinine (A7V27PHC7A) ; Diazepam (Q3JTX2Q7TU)
Language	English
Publishing date	2005-07
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	191042-5
ISSN	1873-5177 ; 0091-3057
ISSN (online)	1873-5177
ISSN	0091-3057
DOI	10.1016/j.pbb.2005.05.006
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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