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Conference proceedings ; Online: Distributed fiber optic sensing observations at Etna volcano, Italy

Jousset, P. / Currenti, G. / Murphy, S. / Diaz Meza, S. / Napoli, R. / Gutscher, M. / Riccobene, G. / Bonacorso, A. / Leto, G. / Aurnia, S.

XXVIII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG)

An integrated vision

2023

Abstract: Mount Etna (Sicilia, Italy) is one of the most active volcanoes worldwide, located at the boundary between the African and the Eurasian plates. It is characterized by the occurrence of many phenomena such as lava flows, ash eruptions, earthquakes. Its ... ...

Abstract	Mount Etna (Sicilia, Italy) is one of the most active volcanoes worldwide, located at the boundary between the African and the Eurasian plates. It is characterized by the occurrence of many phenomena such as lava flows, ash eruptions, earthquakes. Its eastern flank is also characterized by a complex system of active faults, associated with an eastward flank movement, up until the submarine environment. As Etna flanks are densely inhabited areas, we aim at better understanding the link between these phenomena to better assess associated hazards and risks. Since 2018, we have been measuring several locations with Distributed Fiber Optic Sensing yearly, enabling us to observe strain at meter-scale spatial interval and on a broad frequency range. We show records and present results from selected cables. Close to the summit active craters, we interrogate dedicated cables, and could analyze the ground response in association with explosions and volcanic tremor. In urban areas, we interrogate telecommunication cables and record local earthquakes. In the submarine area, we interrogate a cable which crosses the North Alfeo fault with several different optical techniques. In the southern flank of the volcano, we show volcanic signals from a cable deployed in a borehole. We also demonstrate how simultaneous multi-fiber measurements can help constrain earthquake hypocenter location. We discuss opportunities and challenges of using fiber optic cable in various environments such as the Etna volcano and beyond, for an integrated vision from deep processes, their interaction with the sub-surface dynamics and the volcano-tectonic structures.
Subject code	550
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-11
Publishing country	de
Document type	Conference proceedings ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Detecting strain with a fiber optic cable on the seafloor offshore Mount Etna, Southern Italy

Gutscher, Marc-André / Quetel, Lionel / Murphy, Shane / Riccobene, Giorgio / Royer, Jean-Yves / Barreca, Giovanni / Aurnia, Salvatore / Klingelhoefer, Frauke / Cappelli, Giuseppe / Urlaub, Morelia / Krastel, Sebastian / Gross, Felix / Kopp, Heidrun

2023

Abstract: Highlights • A fiber optic strain cable is used to monitor a fault offshore Catania, Sicily. • Brillouin laser reflectometry detects 2.5 cm of cable elongation on the seafloor. • The cable elongation may be caused by fault slip or by seabottom currents. • ...

Abstract	Highlights • A fiber optic strain cable is used to monitor a fault offshore Catania, Sicily. • Brillouin laser reflectometry detects 2.5 cm of cable elongation on the seafloor. • The cable elongation may be caused by fault slip or by seabottom currents. • Submarine telecom cables are likely suitable to detect deformation on the seafloor. Abstract Oceans cover more than 70 percent of the Earth's surface making it difficult and costly to deploy modern seismological instruments here. The rapidly expanding global network of submarine telecom cables offers tremendous possibilities for seismological monitoring using laser light. Recent pioneer studies have demonstrated earthquake detection using lasers in onland and submarine fiber optic cables. However, permanent strain at the seafloor has never before been measured directly as it happens. With this aim, we deployed a dedicated 6-km-long fiber optic strain cable, offshore Catania Sicily, in 2000 m water depth, and connected it to a 29-km long electro-optical cable for science use. We report here that deformation of the cable equivalent to a total elongation of 2.5 cm was observed over a 21-month period (from Oct. 2020 to Jul. 2022). Brillouin laser reflectometry observations over the first 10 months indicate significant strain (+25 to +40 microstrain) at two locations where the cable crosses an active strike-slip fault on the seafloor, with most of the change occurring between 19 and 21 Nov. 2020. The cause of the strain could be fault slip or seabottom currents. During the following 11 months, the strain amplitude increased to +45 to +55 microstrain, affecting a longer portion of the cable up to 500 m to either side of the first fault crossing. A sandbag experiment performed on the distal portion of the cable (3.2–6.0 km) starting Sept. 2021 demonstrates how the fiber optic cable deforms in response to an applied load and how the deformation signal partially dissipates over time due to the elastic properties of the cable. These preliminary results are highly ...
Subject code	621
Language	English
Publisher	Elsevier
Publishing country	de
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Exo-Ocean Exploration with Deep-Sea Sensor and Platform Technologies.

Aguzzi, J / Flexas, M M / Flögel, S / Lo Iacono, C / Tangherlini, M / Costa, C / Marini, S / Bahamon, N / Martini, S / Fanelli, E / Danovaro, R / Stefanni, S / Thomsen, L / Riccobene, G / Hildebrandt, M / Masmitja, I / Del Rio, J / Clark, E B / Branch, A /

Weiss, P / Klesh, A T / Schodlok, M P

Astrobiology

2020 Volume 20, Issue 7, Page(s) 897–915

Abstract: One of Saturn's largest moons, Enceladus, possesses a vast extraterrestrial ocean ( ...

Abstract	One of Saturn's largest moons, Enceladus, possesses a vast extraterrestrial ocean (
MeSH term(s)	Equipment Design ; Exobiology/instrumentation ; Exobiology/methods ; Extraterrestrial Environment ; Oceans and Seas ; Photoacoustic Techniques/instrumentation ; Robotics/instrumentation ; Saturn
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-04-08
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2047736-3
ISSN	1557-8070 ; 1531-1074
ISSN (online)	1557-8070
ISSN	1531-1074
DOI	10.1089/ast.2019.2129
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Exo-Ocean Exploration with Deep-Sea Sensor and Platform Technologies

2020

Abstract: One of Saturn's largest moons, Enceladus, possesses a vast extraterrestrial ocean (i.e., exo-ocean) that is increasingly becoming the hotspot of future research initiatives dedicated to the exploration of putative life. Here, a new bio-exploration ... ...

Abstract	One of Saturn's largest moons, Enceladus, possesses a vast extraterrestrial ocean (i.e., exo-ocean) that is increasingly becoming the hotspot of future research initiatives dedicated to the exploration of putative life. Here, a new bio-exploration concept design for Enceladus' exo-ocean is proposed, focusing on the potential presence of organisms across a wide range of sizes (i.e., from uni- to multicellular and animal-like), according to state-of-the-art sensor and robotic platform technologies used in terrestrial deep-sea research. In particular, we focus on combined direct and indirect life-detection capabilities, based on optoacoustic imaging and passive acoustics, as well as molecular approaches. Such biologically oriented sampling can be accompanied by concomitant geochemical and oceanographic measurements to provide data relevant to exo-ocean exploration and understanding. Finally, we describe how this multidisciplinary monitoring approach is currently enabled in terrestrial oceans through cabled (fixed) observatories and their related mobile multiparametric platforms (i.e., Autonomous Underwater and Remotely Operated Vehicles, as well as crawlers, rovers, and biomimetic robots) and how their modified design can be used for exo-ocean exploration.
Subject code	551
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-07-01
Publisher	Mary Ann Liebert
Publishing country	de
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Continuous monitoring of noise levels in the Gulf of Catania (Ionian Sea). Study of correlation with ship traffic.

Viola, S / Grammauta, R / Sciacca, V / Bellia, G / Beranzoli, L / Buscaino, G / Caruso, F / Chierici, F / Cuttone, G / D'Amico, A / De Luca, V / Embriaco, D / Favali, P / Giovanetti, G / Marinaro, G / Mazzola, S / Filiciotto, F / Pavan, G / Pellegrino, C /

Pulvirenti, S / Simeone, F / Speziale, F / Riccobene, G

Marine pollution bulletin

2017 Volume 121, Issue 1-2, Page(s) 97–103

Abstract: Acoustic noise levels were measured in the Gulf of Catania (Ionian Sea) from July 2012 to May 2013 by a low frequency (<1000Hz) hydrophone, installed on board the NEMO-SN1 multidisciplinary observatory. NEMO-SN1 is a cabled node of EMSO-ERIC, which was ... ...

Abstract	Acoustic noise levels were measured in the Gulf of Catania (Ionian Sea) from July 2012 to May 2013 by a low frequency (<1000Hz) hydrophone, installed on board the NEMO-SN1 multidisciplinary observatory. NEMO-SN1 is a cabled node of EMSO-ERIC, which was deployed at a water depth of 2100m, 25km off Catania. The study area is characterized by the proximity of mid-size harbors and shipping lanes. Measured noise levels were correlated with the passage of ships tracked with a dedicated AIS antenna. Noise power was measured in the frequency range between 10Hz and 1000Hz. Experimental data were compared with the results of a fast numerical model based on AIS data to evaluate the contribution of shipping noise in six consecutive 1/3 octave frequency bands, including the 1/3 octave frequency bands centered at 63Hz and 125Hz, indicated by the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (2008/56/EC).
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-08-15
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2001296-2
ISSN	1879-3363 ; 0025-326X
ISSN (online)	1879-3363
ISSN	0025-326X
DOI	10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.05.040
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Article ; Online: Long-Term Monitoring of Dolphin Biosonar Activity in Deep Pelagic Waters of the Mediterranean Sea.

Caruso, Francesco / Alonge, Giuseppe / Bellia, Giorgio / De Domenico, Emilio / Grammauta, Rosario / Larosa, Giuseppina / Mazzola, Salvatore / Riccobene, Giorgio / Pavan, Gianni / Papale, Elena / Pellegrino, Carmelo / Pulvirenti, Sara / Sciacca, Virginia / Simeone, Francesco / Speziale, Fabrizio / Viola, Salvatore / Buscaino, Giuseppa

Scientific reports

2017 Volume 7, Issue 1, Page(s) 4321

Abstract: Dolphins emit short ultrasonic pulses (clicks) to acquire information about the surrounding environment, prey and habitat features. We investigated Delphinidae activity over multiple temporal scales through the detection of their echolocation clicks, ... ...

Abstract	Dolphins emit short ultrasonic pulses (clicks) to acquire information about the surrounding environment, prey and habitat features. We investigated Delphinidae activity over multiple temporal scales through the detection of their echolocation clicks, using long-term Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM). The Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare operates multidisciplinary seafloor observatories in a deep area of the Central Mediterranean Sea. The Ocean noise Detection Experiment collected data offshore the Gulf of Catania from January 2005 to November 2006, allowing the study of temporal patterns of dolphin activity in this deep pelagic zone for the first time. Nearly 5,500 five-minute recordings acquired over two years were examined using spectrogram analysis and through development and testing of an automatic detection algorithm. Echolocation activity of dolphins was mostly confined to nighttime and crepuscular hours, in contrast with communicative signals (whistles). Seasonal variation, with a peak number of clicks in August, was also evident, but no effect of lunar cycle was observed. Temporal trends in echolocation corresponded to environmental and trophic variability known in the deep pelagic waters of the Ionian Sea. Long-term PAM and the continued development of automatic analysis techniques are essential to advancing the study of pelagic marine mammal distribution and behaviour patterns.
MeSH term(s)	Acoustics ; Animals ; Dolphins ; Ecosystem ; Mediterranean Sea ; Moon ; Seasons ; Sound Spectrography ; Spatio-Temporal Analysis ; Vocalization, Animal
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-06-28
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-017-04608-6
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Article ; Online: Abyssal undular vortices in the Eastern Mediterranean basin.

Rubino, A / Falcini, F / Zanchettin, D / Bouche, V / Salusti, E / Bensi, M / Riccobene, G / De Bonis, G / Masullo, R / Simeone, F / Piattelli, P / Sapienza, P / Russo, S / Platania, G / Sedita, M / Reina, P / Avolio, R / Randazzo, N / Hainbucher, D /

Capone, A

Nature communications

2012 Volume 3, Page(s) 834

Abstract: Abyssal temperature and velocity observations performed within the framework of the Neutrino Mediterranean Observatory, a project devoted to constructing a km(3)-scale underwater telescope for the detection of high-energy cosmic neutrinos, demonstrate ... ...

Abstract	Abyssal temperature and velocity observations performed within the framework of the Neutrino Mediterranean Observatory, a project devoted to constructing a km(3)-scale underwater telescope for the detection of high-energy cosmic neutrinos, demonstrate cross-fertilization between subnuclear physics and experimental oceanography. Here we use data collected south of Sicily in the Ionian abyssal plain of the Eastern Mediterranean (EM) basin to show for the first time that abyssal vortices exist in the EM, at depths exceeding 2,500 m. The eddies consist of chains of near-inertially pulsating mesoscale cyclones/anticyclones. They are embedded in an abyssal current flowing towards North-Northwest. The paucity of existing data does not allow for an unambiguous determination of the vortex origin. A local generation mechanism seems probable, but a remote genesis cannot be excluded a priori. The presence of such eddies adds further complexity to the discussion of structure and evolution of water masses in the EM.
Language	English
Publishing date	2012-05-15
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2041-1723
ISSN (online)	2041-1723
DOI	10.1038/ncomms1836
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Article ; Online: Size Distribution of Sperm Whales Acoustically Identified during Long Term Deep-Sea Monitoring in the Ionian Sea.

Caruso, Francesco / Sciacca, Virginia / Bellia, Giorgio / De Domenico, Emilio / Larosa, Giuseppina / Papale, Elena / Pellegrino, Carmelo / Pulvirenti, Sara / Riccobene, Giorgio / Simeone, Francesco / Speziale, Fabrizio / Viola, Salvatore / Pavan, Gianni

PloS one

2015 Volume 10, Issue 12, Page(s) e0144503

Abstract: The sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) emits a typical short acoustic signal, defined as a "click", almost continuously while diving. It is produced in different time patterns to acoustically explore the environment and communicate with conspecifics. ... ...

Abstract	The sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) emits a typical short acoustic signal, defined as a "click", almost continuously while diving. It is produced in different time patterns to acoustically explore the environment and communicate with conspecifics. Each emitted click has a multi-pulse structure, resulting from the production of the sound within the sperm whale's head. A Stable Inter Pulse Interval (Stable IPI) can be identified among the pulses that compose a single click. Applying specific algorithms, the measurement of this interval provides useful information to assess the total length of the animal recorded. In January 2005, a cabled hydrophone array was deployed at a depth of 2,100 m in the Central Mediterranean Sea, 25 km offshore Catania (Ionian Sea). The acoustic antenna, named OνDE (Ocean noise Detection Experiment), was in operation until November 2006. OνDE provided real time acoustic data used to perform Passive Acoustic Monitoring (PAM) of cetacean sound emissions. In this work, an innovative approach was applied to automatically measure the Stable IPI of the clicks, performing a cepstrum analysis to the energy (square amplitude) of the signals. About 2,100 five-minute recordings were processed to study the size distribution of the sperm whales detected during the OνDE long term deep-sea acoustic monitoring. Stable IPIs were measured in the range between 2.1 ms and 6.4 ms. The equations of Gordon (1991) and of Growcott (2011) were used to convert the IPIs into measures of size. The results revealed that the sperm whales recorded were distributed in length from about 7.5 m to 14 m. The size category most represented was from 9 m to 12 m (adult females or juvenile males) and specimens longer than 14 m (old males) seemed to be absent.
MeSH term(s)	Acoustics ; Animals ; Body Size ; Mediterranean Sea ; Population Dynamics ; Remote Sensing Technology ; Sperm Whale ; Vocalization, Animal
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-12-16
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0144503
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Conference proceedings ; Online: Beneﬁtting from cabled observatories to study active submarine faults

Gutscher, Marc-Andre / Royer, Jean-Yves / Graindorge, David / Murphy, Shane / Klingelhöfer, Frauke / Cattaneo, Antonio / Barreca, Giovanni / Quetel, Lionel / Riccobene, Georgio / Petersen, Florian / Urlaub, Morelia / Krastel, Sebastian / Gross, Felix / Kopp, Heidrun

the FOCUS project (FOCUS = Fiber Optic Cable Use for Seaﬂoor studies of earthquake hazard and deformation)

2018

Language	English
Publishing country	de
Document type	Conference proceedings ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Fiber Optic Monitoring of Active Faults at the Seafloor

Gutscher, Marc-Andre / Royer, Jean-Yves / Graindorge, David / Murphy, Shane / Klingelhoefer, Frauke / Aiken, Chastity / Cattaneo, Antonio / Barreca, Giovanni / Quetel, Lionel / Riccobene, Giorgio / Petersen, Florian / Urlaub, Morelia / Krastel, Sebastian / Gross, Felix / Kopp, Heidrun / Margheriti, Lucia / Beranzoli, Laura

the FOCUS project

2019

Abstract: Laser reflectometry (BOTDR), commonly used for structural health monitoring (bridges, dams, etc.), will for the first time be applied to study movements of an active fault on the seafloor 25 km offshore Catania Sicily. The goal of the European funded ... ...

Abstract	Laser reflectometry (BOTDR), commonly used for structural health monitoring (bridges, dams, etc.), will for the first time be applied to study movements of an active fault on the seafloor 25 km offshore Catania Sicily. The goal of the European funded FOCUS project (ERC Advanced Grant) is to connect a 6-km long strain cable to the EMSO seafloor observatory in 2100 m water depth. Laser observations will be calibrated by seafloor geodetic instruments and seismological stations. A long-term goal is the development of dual-use telecom cables with industry partners.
Language	English
Publisher	Société Française d'Optique
Publishing country	de
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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