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  1. AU="Richlen, Mindy L"
  2. AU="Merghani, Nada M"
  3. AU=Splitt M P
  4. AU="Zlatanović, Gordana"

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  1. Artikel: Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs): Track them like a scientist.

    Curran, Mary Carla / Richlen, Mindy L

    Science activities

    2019  Band 56, Heft 3, Seite(n) 77–87

    Abstract: Marine phytoplankton comprise the foundation of oceanic food webs and generate most of the Earth's oxygen. Of the many phytoplankton species in the ocean, a few dozen produce potent toxins, and at high concentrations can form what are called Harmful ... ...

    Abstract Marine phytoplankton comprise the foundation of oceanic food webs and generate most of the Earth's oxygen. Of the many phytoplankton species in the ocean, a few dozen produce potent toxins, and at high concentrations can form what are called Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) or "red tides" that can discolor marine waters. Managers and scientists have been monitoring coastal waters and shellfish resources for HABs and their toxins to ensure seafood safety and understand why blooms occur. This educational activity focuses on a prominent HAB species that causes paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP). Students will learn about the importance of HABs and PSP, as well as how scientists collect and use data to understand and predict blooms. Students will plot data on HAB species collected by scientists over multiple years of sampling. Students will also plot results over time and across regions, report on observed patterns, and complete grade-appropriate calculations. Lastly, group discussion will focus on determining whether geographic patterns exist that might influence where shellfish beds are closed. This activity is timely given the widespread wildlife mortalities and beach closures due to Florida red tide, as well as recent dog deaths attributed to exposure to freshwater cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) blooms.
    Sprache Englisch
    Erscheinungsdatum 2019-12-18
    Erscheinungsland United States
    Dokumenttyp Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2066997-5
    ISSN 1940-1302 ; 0036-8121
    ISSN (online) 1940-1302
    ISSN 0036-8121
    Datenquelle MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Artikel: Estimating genotypic richness and proportion of identical multi-locus genotypes in aquatic microalgal populations.

    Sassenhagen, Ingrid / Erdner, Deana L / Lougheed, Bryan C / Richlen, Mindy L / SjÖqvist, Conny

    Journal of plankton research

    2022  Band 44, Heft 4, Seite(n) 559–572

    Abstract: The majority of microalgal species reproduce asexually, yet population genetic studies rarely find identical multi-locus genotypes (MLG) in microalgal blooms. Instead, population genetic studies identify large genotypic diversity in most microalgal ... ...

    Abstract The majority of microalgal species reproduce asexually, yet population genetic studies rarely find identical multi-locus genotypes (MLG) in microalgal blooms. Instead, population genetic studies identify large genotypic diversity in most microalgal species. This paradox of frequent asexual reproduction but low number of identical genotypes hampers interpretations of microalgal genotypic diversity. We present a computer model for estimating, for the first time, the number of distinct MLGs by simulating microalgal population composition after defined exponential growth periods. The simulations highlighted the effects of initial genotypic diversity, sample size and intraspecific differences in growth rates on the probability of isolating identical genotypes. We estimated the genotypic richness for five natural microalgal species with available high-resolution population genetic data and monitoring-based growth rates, indicating 500 000 to 2 000 000 distinct genotypes for species with few observed clonal replicates (<5%). Furthermore, our simulations indicated high variability in genotypic richness over time and among microalgal species. Genotypic richness was also strongly impacted by intraspecific variability in growth rates. The probability of finding identical MLGs and sampling a representative fraction of genotypes decreased noticeably with smaller sample sizes, challenging the detection of differences in genotypic diversity with typical isolate numbers in the field.
    Sprache Englisch
    Erscheinungsdatum 2022-07-16
    Erscheinungsland England
    Dokumenttyp Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 756271-8
    ISSN 0142-7873
    ISSN 0142-7873
    DOI 10.1093/plankt/fbac034
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  3. Artikel ; Online: Gambierdiscus species diversity and community structure in St. Thomas, USVI and the Florida Keys, USA.

    Richlen, Mindy L / Horn, Kali / Uva, Victoria / Fachon, Evangeline / Heidmann, Sarah L / Smith, Tyler B / Parsons, Michael L / Anderson, Donald M

    Harmful algae

    2023  Band 131, Seite(n) 102562

    Abstract: Ciguatera Poisoning (CP) is a widespread and complex poisoning syndrome caused by the consumption of fish or invertebrates contaminated with a suite of potent neurotoxins collectively known as ciguatoxins (CTXs), which are produced by certain benthic ... ...

    Abstract Ciguatera Poisoning (CP) is a widespread and complex poisoning syndrome caused by the consumption of fish or invertebrates contaminated with a suite of potent neurotoxins collectively known as ciguatoxins (CTXs), which are produced by certain benthic dinoflagellates species in the genera Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa. Due to the complex nature of this HAB problem, along with a poor understanding of toxin production and entry in the coral reef food web, the development of monitoring, management, and forecasting approaches for CP has lagged behind those available for other HAB syndromes. Over the past two decades, renewed research on the taxonomy, physiology, and toxicology of CP-causing dinoflagellates has advanced our understanding of the species diversity that exists within these genera, including identification of highly toxic species (so called "superbugs") that likely contribute disproportionately to ciguatoxins entering coral reef food webs. The recent development of approaches for molecular analysis of field samples now provide the means to investigate in situ community composition, enabling characterization of spatio-temporal species dynamics, linkages between toxic species abundance and toxin flux, and the risk of ciguatoxin prevalence in fish. In this study we used species-specific fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) probes to investigate Gambierdiscus species composition and dynamics in St. Thomas (USVI) and the Florida Keys (USA) over multiple years (2018-2020). Within each location, samples were collected seasonally from several sites comprising varying depths, habitats, and algal substrates to characterize community structure over small spatial scales and across different host macrophytes. This approach enabled the quantitative determination of communities over spatiotemporal gradients, as well as the selective enumeration of species known to exhibit high toxicity, such as Gambierdiscus silvae. The investigation found differing community structure between St. Thomas and Florida Keys sites, driven in part by differences in the distribution of toxin-producing species G. silvae and G. belizeanus, which were present throughout sampling sites in St. Thomas but scarce or absent in the Florida Keys. This finding is significant given the high toxicity of G. silvae, and may help explain differences in fish toxicity and CP incidence between St. Thomas and Florida. Intrasite comparisons along a depth gradient found higher concentrations of Gambierdiscus spp. at deeper locations. Among the macrophytes sampled, Dictyota may be a likely vector for toxin transfer based on their widespread distribution, apparent colonization by G. silvae, and palatability to at least some herbivore grazers. Given its ubiquity throughout both study regions and sites, this taxa may also serve as a refuge, accumulating high concentrations of Gambierdiscus and other benthic dinoflagellates, which in turn can serve as source populations for highly palatable and ephemeral habitats nearby, such as turf algae. These studies further demonstrate the successful application of FISH probes in examining biogeographic structuring of Gambierdiscus communities, targeting individual toxin-producing species, and characterizing species-level dynamics that are needed to describe and model ecological drivers of species abundance and toxicity.
    Mesh-Begriff(e) Ciguatoxins/toxicity ; Florida ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; United States Virgin Islands ; Ciguatera Poisoning ; Dinoflagellida
    Chemische Substanzen Ciguatoxins (11050-21-8)
    Sprache Englisch
    Erscheinungsdatum 2023-12-19
    Erscheinungsland Netherlands
    Dokumenttyp Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2091119-1
    ISSN 1878-1470 ; 1568-9883
    ISSN (online) 1878-1470
    ISSN 1568-9883
    DOI 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102562
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  4. Artikel ; Online: CiguaMOD I: A conceptual model of ciguatoxin loading in the Greater Caribbean Region.

    Parsons, Michael L / Richlen, Mindy L / Smith, Tyler B / Anderson, Donald M / Abram, Ashley L / Erdner, Deana L / Robertson, Alison

    Harmful algae

    2023  Band 131, Seite(n) 102561

    Abstract: Ciguatera poisoning (CP) is the most common form of phycotoxin-borne seafood poisoning globally, affecting thousands of people on an annual basis. It most commonly occurs in residential fish of coral reefs, which consume toxin-laden algae, detritus, and ... ...

    Abstract Ciguatera poisoning (CP) is the most common form of phycotoxin-borne seafood poisoning globally, affecting thousands of people on an annual basis. It most commonly occurs in residential fish of coral reefs, which consume toxin-laden algae, detritus, and reef animals. The class of toxins that cause CP, ciguatoxins (CTXs), originate in benthic, epiphytic dinoflagellates of the genera, Gambierdiscus and Fukuyoa, which are consumed by herbivores and detritivores that facilitate food web transfer. A number of factors have hindered adequate environmental monitoring and seafood surveillance for ciguatera including the low concentrations in which the toxins are found in seafood causing illness (sub-ppb), a lack of knowledge on the toxicity equivalence of other CTXs and contribution of other benthic algal toxins to the disease, and the limited availability of quantified toxin standards and reference materials. While progress has been made on the identification of the dinoflagellate taxa and toxins responsible for CP, more effort is needed to better understand the dynamics of toxin transfer into reef food webs in order to implement a practical monitoring program for CP. Here, we present a conceptual model that utilizes empirical field data (temperature, Gambierdiscus cell densities, macrophyte cover) in concert with other published studies (grazing rates and preference) to produce modeling outputs that suggest approaches that may be beneficial to developing monitoring programs: 1) targeting specific macrophytes for Gambierdiscus and toxin measurements to monitor toxin levels at the base of the food web (i.e., toxin loading); and 2) adjusting these targets across sites and over seasons. Coupling this approach with other methodologies being incorporated into monitoring programs (artificial substrates; FISH probes; toxin screening) may provide an "early warning" system to develop strategic responses to potential CP flare ups in the future.
    Mesh-Begriff(e) Humans ; Animals ; Ciguatoxins/toxicity ; Ciguatera Poisoning ; Dinoflagellida ; Caribbean Region ; Environmental Monitoring/methods
    Chemische Substanzen Ciguatoxins (11050-21-8)
    Sprache Englisch
    Erscheinungsdatum 2023-12-19
    Erscheinungsland Netherlands
    Dokumenttyp Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2091119-1
    ISSN 1878-1470 ; 1568-9883
    ISSN (online) 1878-1470
    ISSN 1568-9883
    DOI 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102561
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  5. Artikel ; Online: Evaluation of 24-h screen deployments as a standardized platform to monitor Gambierdiscus populations in the Florida Keys and U.S. Virgin Islands.

    Parsons, Michael L / Richlen, Mindy L / Smith, Tyler B / Solow, Andrew R / Anderson, Donald M

    Harmful algae

    2021  Band 103, Seite(n) 101998

    Abstract: Anchored mesh screens have been suggested as a standardized approach to monitor the cell abundances of epiphytic dinoflagellates in benthic habitats, including toxigenic members of the Gambierdiscus genus responsible for ciguatera poisoning (CP). Here we ...

    Abstract Anchored mesh screens have been suggested as a standardized approach to monitor the cell abundances of epiphytic dinoflagellates in benthic habitats, including toxigenic members of the Gambierdiscus genus responsible for ciguatera poisoning (CP). Here we deployed screens for 24h at eight sites in the Florida Keys and St. Thomas (US Virgin Islands) to evaluate their performance relative to the traditional method of assessing Gambierdiscus abundance in which cell counts are normalized to wet weight of host algae. The 30-month study (April 2013 - August 2015) involved monthly sampling at sites where screens were suspended at near-bottom locations for a 24h period and retrieved, with concurrent collections of macrophytes; including Halimeda, Laurencia, and Thalassia in the Florida Keys, and Dictyota in both regions. Gambierdiscus cells were identified and enumerated in the screen and macrophyte samples, and several regression techniques were evaluated (linear regression using untransformed and log-transformed data; negative binomial distribution (NBD) regression) to determine how well the screen-derived data could estimate algal cell concentrations on the host algae. In all cases, the NBD models performed the best based on Akaike Information Criteria values, although 38% of the regressions were not statistically-significant, including all of the St. Thomas sites. The r
    Mesh-Begriff(e) Ciguatera Poisoning ; Dinoflagellida ; Ecosystem ; Florida ; United States Virgin Islands
    Sprache Englisch
    Erscheinungsdatum 2021-02-13
    Erscheinungsland Netherlands
    Dokumenttyp Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 2091119-1
    ISSN 1878-1470 ; 1568-9883
    ISSN (online) 1878-1470
    ISSN 1568-9883
    DOI 10.1016/j.hal.2021.101998
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  6. Artikel: Impact of Sea‐Ice Dynamics on the Spatial Distribution of Diatom Resting Stages in Sediments of the Pacific Arctic Region

    Fukai, Yuri / Matsuno, Kohei / Fujiwara, Amane / Suzuki, Koji / Richlen, Mindy L. / Fachon, Evangeline / Anderson, Donald M.

    Journal of geophysical research. 2021 July, v. 126, no. 7

    2021  

    Abstract: The Pacific Arctic region is characterized by seasonal sea‐ice, the spatial extent and duration of which varies considerably. In this region, diatoms are the dominant phytoplankton group during spring and summer. To facilitate survival during periods ... ...

    Abstract The Pacific Arctic region is characterized by seasonal sea‐ice, the spatial extent and duration of which varies considerably. In this region, diatoms are the dominant phytoplankton group during spring and summer. To facilitate survival during periods that are less favorable for growth, many diatom species produce resting stages that settle to the seafloor and can serve as a potential inoculum for subsequent blooms. Since diatom assemblage composition is closely related to sea‐ice dynamics, detailed studies of biophysical interactions are fundamental to understanding the lower trophic levels of ecosystems in the Pacific Arctic. One way to explore this relationship is by comparing the distribution and abundance of diatom resting stages with patterns of sea‐ice coverage. In this study, we quantified viable diatom resting stages in sediments collected during summer and autumn 2018 and explored their relationship to sea‐ice extent during the previous winter and spring. Diatom assemblages were clearly dependent on the variable timing of the sea‐ice retreat and accompanying light conditions. In areas where sea‐ice retreated earlier, open‐water species such as Chaetoceros spp. and Thalassiosira spp. were abundant. In contrast, proportional abundances of Attheya spp. and pennate diatom species that are commonly observed in sea‐ice were higher in areas where diatoms experienced higher light levels and longer day length in/under the sea‐ice. This study demonstrates that sea‐ice dynamics are an important determinant of diatom species composition and distribution in the Pacific Arctic region.
    Schlagwörter Attheya ; Bacillariophyceae ; Chaetoceros ; Thalassiosira ; autumn ; geophysics ; inoculum ; photoperiod ; phytoplankton ; research ; sea ice ; species diversity ; spring ; summer ; winter ; Arctic region
    Sprache Englisch
    Erscheinungsverlauf 2021-07
    Erscheinungsort John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
    Dokumenttyp Artikel
    Anmerkung JOURNAL ARTICLE
    ZDB-ID 161667-5
    ISSN 2169-9291 ; 2169-9275 ; 0148-0227 ; 0196-2256
    ISSN (online) 2169-9291
    ISSN 2169-9275 ; 0148-0227 ; 0196-2256
    DOI 10.1029/2021JC017223
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  7. Artikel: Molecular characterization and morphology of Cochlodinium strangulatum, the type species of Cochlodinium, and Margalefidinium gen. nov. for C. polykrikoides and allied species (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae)

    Gómez, Fernando / Richlen, Mindy L / Anderson, Donald M

    Harmful algae. 2017 Mar., v. 63

    2017  

    Abstract: Photosynthetic species of the dinoflagellate genus Cochlodinium such as C. polykrikoides, one of the most harmful bloom-forming dinoflagellates, have been extensively investigated. Little is known about the heterotrophic forms of Cochlodinium, such as ... ...

    Abstract Photosynthetic species of the dinoflagellate genus Cochlodinium such as C. polykrikoides, one of the most harmful bloom-forming dinoflagellates, have been extensively investigated. Little is known about the heterotrophic forms of Cochlodinium, such as its type species, Cochlodinium strangulatum. This is an uncommon, large (∼200μm long), solitary, and phagotrophic species, with numerous refractile bodies, a central nucleus enclosed in a distinct perinuclear capsule, and a cell surface with fine longitudinal striae and a circular apical groove. The morphology of C. polykrikoides and allied species is different from the generic type. It is a bloom-forming species with single, two or four-celled chains, small cell size (25–40μm long) with elongated chloroplasts arranged longitudinally and in parallel, anterior nucleus, eye-spot in the anterior dorsal side, and a cell surface smooth with U-shaped apical groove. Phylogenetic analysis based on LSU rDNA sequences revealed that C. strangulatum and C. polykrikoides/C. fulvescens formed two distally related, independent lineages. Based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses, the diagnosis of Cochlodinium is emended and C. miniatum is proposed as synonym of C. strangulatum. The new genus Margalefidinium gen. nov., and new combinations for C. catenatum, C. citron, C. flavum, C. fulvescens and C. polykrikoides are proposed.
    Schlagwörter Gymnodiniales ; chloroplasts ; new combination ; new genus ; nucleotide sequences ; photosynthesis ; phylogeny ; ribosomal DNA
    Sprache Englisch
    Erscheinungsverlauf 2017-03
    Umfang p. 32-44.
    Erscheinungsort Elsevier B.V.
    Dokumenttyp Artikel
    ZDB-ID 2091119-1
    ISSN 1878-1470 ; 1568-9883
    ISSN (online) 1878-1470
    ISSN 1568-9883
    DOI 10.1016/j.hal.2017.01.008
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  8. Artikel ; Online: Molecular characterization and morphology of Cochlodinium strangulatum, the type species of Cochlodinium, and Margalefidinium gen. nov. for C. polykrikoides and allied species (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae).

    Gómez, Fernando / Richlen, Mindy L / Anderson, Donald M

    Harmful algae

    2017  Band 63, Seite(n) 32–44

    Abstract: Photosynthetic species of the dinoflagellate genus Cochlodinium such as C. polykrikoides, one of the most harmful bloom-forming dinoflagellates, have been extensively investigated. Little is known about the heterotrophic forms of Cochlodinium, such as ... ...

    Abstract Photosynthetic species of the dinoflagellate genus Cochlodinium such as C. polykrikoides, one of the most harmful bloom-forming dinoflagellates, have been extensively investigated. Little is known about the heterotrophic forms of Cochlodinium, such as its type species, Cochlodinium strangulatum. This is an uncommon, large (∼200μm long), solitary, and phagotrophic species, with numerous refractile bodies, a central nucleus enclosed in a distinct perinuclear capsule, and a cell surface with fine longitudinal striae and a circular apical groove. The morphology of C. polykrikoides and allied species is different from the generic type. It is a bloom-forming species with single, two or four-celled chains, small cell size (25-40μm long) with elongated chloroplasts arranged longitudinally and in parallel, anterior nucleus, eye-spot in the anterior dorsal side, and a cell surface smooth with U-shaped apical groove. Phylogenetic analysis based on LSU rDNA sequences revealed that C. strangulatum and C. polykrikoides/C. fulvescens formed two distally related, independent lineages. Based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses, the diagnosis of Cochlodinium is emended and C. miniatum is proposed as synonym of C. strangulatum. The new genus Margalefidinium gen. nov., and new combinations for C. catenatum, C. citron, C. flavum, C. fulvescens and C. polykrikoides are proposed.
    Mesh-Begriff(e) DNA, Ribosomal/genetics ; Dinoflagellida/metabolism ; Harmful Algal Bloom ; Phylogeny ; Seawater/analysis
    Chemische Substanzen DNA, Ribosomal
    Sprache Englisch
    Erscheinungsdatum 2017-01-31
    Erscheinungsland Netherlands
    Dokumenttyp Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 2091119-1
    ISSN 1878-1470 ; 1568-9883
    ISSN (online) 1878-1470
    ISSN 1568-9883
    DOI 10.1016/j.hal.2017.01.008
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  9. Artikel ; Online: Asynchrony of

    Liefer, Justin D / Richlen, Mindy L / Smith, Tyler B / DeBose, Jennifer L / Xu, Yixiao / Anderson, Donald M / Robertson, Alison

    Toxins

    2021  Band 13, Heft 6

    Abstract: Ciguatera poisoning (CP) poses a significant threat to ecosystem services and fishery resources in coastal communities. The CP-causative ciguatoxins (CTXs) are produced by benthic dinoflagellates ... ...

    Abstract Ciguatera poisoning (CP) poses a significant threat to ecosystem services and fishery resources in coastal communities. The CP-causative ciguatoxins (CTXs) are produced by benthic dinoflagellates including
    Mesh-Begriff(e) Animals ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Cell Survival/drug effects ; Ciguatera Poisoning ; Ciguatoxins/analysis ; Ciguatoxins/toxicity ; Dinoflagellida ; Environmental Monitoring ; Mice ; Salinity ; Seasons ; United States Virgin Islands ; Weather
    Chemische Substanzen Ciguatoxins (11050-21-8)
    Sprache Englisch
    Erscheinungsdatum 2021-06-10
    Erscheinungsland Switzerland
    Dokumenttyp Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2518395-3
    ISSN 2072-6651 ; 2072-6651
    ISSN (online) 2072-6651
    ISSN 2072-6651
    DOI 10.3390/toxins13060413
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  10. Artikel ; Online: Development of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) probes to detect and enumerate Gambierdiscus species.

    Pitz, Kathleen J / Richlen, Mindy L / Fachon, Evangeline / Smith, Tyler B / Parsons, Michael L / Anderson, Donald M

    Harmful algae

    2021  Band 101, Seite(n) 101914

    Abstract: Ciguatera poisoning (CP) is a syndrome caused by the bioaccumulation of lipophilic ciguatoxins in coral reef fish and invertebrates, and their subsequent consumption by humans. These phycotoxins are produced by Gambierdiscus spp., tropical epiphytic ... ...

    Abstract Ciguatera poisoning (CP) is a syndrome caused by the bioaccumulation of lipophilic ciguatoxins in coral reef fish and invertebrates, and their subsequent consumption by humans. These phycotoxins are produced by Gambierdiscus spp., tropical epiphytic dinoflagellates that live on a variety of macrophytes, as well as on dead corals and sand. Recent taxonomic studies have identified novel diversity within the Gambierdiscus genus, with at least 18 species and several sub-groups now identified, many of which co-occur and differ significantly in toxicity. The ability to accurately and quickly distinguish Gambierdiscus species in field samples and determine community composition and abundance is central to assessing CP risk, yet most Gambierdiscus species are indistinguishable using light microscopy, and other enumeration methods are semi-quantitative. In order to investigate the spatial and temporal dynamics of Gambierdiscus species and community toxicity, new tools for species identification and enumeration in field samples are needed. Here, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) probes were designed for seven species commonly found in the Caribbean Sea and Pacific Ocean, permitting their enumeration in field samples using epifluorescence microscopy. This technique enables the assessment of community composition and accurate determination of cell abundances of individual species. Molecular probes detecting G. australes, G. belizeanus, G. caribaeus, G. carolinianus, G. carpenteri, and the G. silvae/G. polynesiensis clade were designed using alignments of large subunit ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences. These probes were tested for specificity and cross-reactivity through experiments in which field samples were spiked with known concentrations of Gambierdiscus cultures, and analyzed to confirm that Gambierdiscus can be successfully detected and enumerated by FISH in the presence of detritus and other organisms. These probes were then used to characterize Gambierdiscus community structure in field samples collected from the Florida Keys and Hawai'i, USA. The probes revealed the co-occurrence of multiple species at each location. Time-series FISH analyses of samples collected from the Florida Keys quantified seasonal shifts in community composition as well as fluctuations in overall Gambierdiscus cell abundance. Application of species-specific FISH probes provides a powerful new tool to those seeking to target individual Gambierdiscus species, including significant toxin-producers, in field populations. Moving forward, analysis of Gambierdiscus community composition across multiple environments and over time will also allow species dynamics to be linked to environmental parameters, improving our ability to understand and manage the current and changing risks of CP worldwide.
    Mesh-Begriff(e) Animals ; Caribbean Region ; Dinoflagellida/genetics ; Florida ; In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence ; Pacific Ocean
    Sprache Englisch
    Erscheinungsdatum 2021-01-06
    Erscheinungsland Netherlands
    Dokumenttyp Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 2091119-1
    ISSN 1878-1470 ; 1568-9883
    ISSN (online) 1878-1470
    ISSN 1568-9883
    DOI 10.1016/j.hal.2020.101914
    Datenquelle MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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