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Article ; Online: How pictorial warnings change parents' purchases of sugar-sweetened beverage for their children: mechanisms of impact.

Hall, Marissa G / Grummon, Anna H / Queen, Tara / Lazard, Allison J / Higgins, Isabella C A / Richter, Ana Paula C / Taillie, Lindsey Smith

The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity

2023 Volume 20, Issue 1, Page(s) 76

Abstract: Background: Pictorial health warnings on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) are a promising policy for preventing diet-related disease in children. A recent study found that pictorial warnings reduced parents' purchases of SSBs for their children by 17%. ... ...

Abstract	Background: Pictorial health warnings on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) are a promising policy for preventing diet-related disease in children. A recent study found that pictorial warnings reduced parents' purchases of SSBs for their children by 17%. However, the psychological mechanisms through which warnings affect parental behavior remain unknown. We aimed to identify the mechanisms that explain how pictorial warnings affect parents' SSB purchasing behavior for their children using secondary data from a randomized trial. Methods: In 2020-2021, parents of children ages 2 to 12 years (n = 325) completed a shopping task in a convenience store laboratory in North Carolina, USA. Participants were randomly assigned to a pictorial warnings arm (SSBs displayed pictorial health warnings about type 2 diabetes and heart damage) or a control arm (SSBs displayed a barcode label). Parents then bought a beverage for their child and took a survey measuring 11 potential psychological mediators, selected based on health behavior theories and a model explaining the impact of tobacco warnings. We conducted simple mediation analyses to identify which of the 11 mechanisms mediated the impact of exposure to pictorial warnings on purchasing any SSBs for their children. Results: Two of the 11 constructs were statistically significant mediators. First, the impact of pictorial warnings on the likelihood of purchasing any SSB was mediated by parents' perceptions that SSBs were healthier for their child (mediated effect= -0.17; 95% CI = - 0.33, - 0.05). Second, parents' intentions to serve SSBs to their children also mediated the effect of warnings on likelihood of purchasing any SSB (mediated effect= -0.07, 95% CI=-0.21, - 0.003). Conclusions: Pictorial warnings reduced parents' purchases of SSBs for their children by making parents think SSBs are less healthful for their children and reducing their intentions to serve SSBs to their children. Communication approaches that target healthfulness perceptions and intentions to serve SSBs may motivate parents to buy fewer SSBs for their children.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Child ; Sugar-Sweetened Beverages ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ; Beverages ; Consumer Behavior ; Parents
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-23
Publishing country	England
Document type	Randomized Controlled Trial ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2134691-4
ISSN	1479-5868 ; 1479-5868
ISSN (online)	1479-5868
ISSN	1479-5868
DOI	10.1186/s12966-023-01469-3
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: A Qualitative Exploration of Spanish-Speaking Latina Women's Experiences Participating in WIC Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Soto Díaz, Carlos R / Taillie, Lindsey Smith / Higgins, Isabella C A / Richter, Ana Paula C / Davis, Cassandra R / De Marco, Molly / Hall, Marissa G / Ng, Shu Wen / Duffy, Emily W

Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics

2024

Abstract: Background: More than one-third of the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) participants identify as Latino, but participation has been declining and individuals who speak predominantly Spanish face additional ... ...

Abstract	Background: More than one-third of the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) participants identify as Latino, but participation has been declining and individuals who speak predominantly Spanish face additional barriers to participation. During the COVID-19 pandemic, there were changes in WIC eligibility and benefits that may have been differentially accessible to Spanish-speaking Latina participants due to factors such as language barriers and lack of awareness of changes. Understanding Spanish-speaking Latinas' experiences with the WIC program generally and during the pandemic can inform efforts to equitably implement future emergency food response policies and improve the WIC program and Latina participant enrollment more broadly. Objective: This study aimed to understand the perceptions and experiences of Spanish-speaking Latina WIC participants with the WIC program generally and with COVID-19 pandemic-related policy changes made to the WIC program. Design: Qualitative in-depth interviews were conducted virtually in Spanish in August 2022 using a semi-structured guide. Participants/setting: Study participants were 18 Spanish-speaking Latina adult WIC participants living in North Carolina recruited using convenience sampling. Analysis: All interviews were recorded, transcribed, and coded in Spanish. Thematic analysis with inductive coding was used to derive key themes. Results: Perceptions about the WIC program in this sample were mixed. Participants felt positively about the healthfulness of foods included in the WIC food packages but expressed concern about the monthly benefit amounts being too low and the cultural appropriateness of food options. Pandemic policy changes, such as remote appointments and the Cash Value Benefit increase were perceived positively; however, barriers to using benefits during this time included limited communication from WIC agencies, food shortages, and concerns about not being granted US citizenship or permanent resident status due to use of WIC (ie, public charge rule). Social networks played an important role in learning about and enrolling in WIC and navigating food shortages during the pandemic. Conclusions: Concerns about the cultural appropriateness of foods provided, communication challenges, and the public charge rule emphasized the need for resources dedicated in the WIC program to improving Spanish-speaking Latina women's experiences with WIC.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-08
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2646718-5
ISSN	2212-2672
ISSN	2212-2672
DOI	10.1016/j.jand.2024.03.004
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Article: The Impact of Toddler Milk Claims on Beliefs and Misperceptions: A Randomized Experiment with Parents of Young Children

Richter, Ana Paula C. / Duffy, Emily W. / Smith Taillie, Lindsey / Harris, Jennifer L. / Pomeranz, Jennifer L. / Hall, Marissa G.

Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. 2022 Mar., v. 122, no. 3

2022

Abstract: Toddler milk (ie, a nutrient-fortified milk-based drink marketed for children aged 12 to 36 months) has been marketed increasingly in the United States with structure/function claims on product packaging that are potentially misleading. This study ... ...

Abstract	Toddler milk (ie, a nutrient-fortified milk-based drink marketed for children aged 12 to 36 months) has been marketed increasingly in the United States with structure/function claims on product packaging that are potentially misleading. This study examined how structure/function claims impact parents’ beliefs and perceptions about a toddler milk product. This was a 3-arm between-subjects randomized experiment. A diverse sample of 2,190 US parents of children aged 1 to 5 years were chosen to take an online survey. Participants were randomly assigned to view a toddler milk package with either an unrelated claim (“new and improved,” ie, control condition), a “brain development” claim (ie, “brain” claim), or an “immunity-related” claim (ie, “immunity” claim). Outcomes included perceptions, intentions, and beliefs about the toddler milk product. Linear regression for continuous outcomes and logistic regression for dichotomous outcomes. Parents who were exposed to the “brain” claim or the “immunity” claim were more likely to incorrectly believe that the toddler milk was as healthy or healthier than cow’s milk compared with those who saw the control claim (89% for brain claim, 87% for immunity claim, and 79% for control; P < .001 for both comparisons). Parents exposed to either the brain or immunity claim had higher intentions to give the toddler milk to their child, higher perceived product healthfulness, and stronger beliefs that pediatricians would recommend the product compared with parents exposed to the control (all, P < .001). These findings suggest that structure/function claims on toddler milk packaging may mislead parents and increase the appeal of toddler milk. Our findings support calls for public health policies to regulate marketing on toddler milk packaging.
Keywords	brain ; children ; cows ; dietetics ; immunity ; milk ; regression analysis ; surveys
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-03
Size	p. 533-540.e3.
Publishing place	Elsevier Inc.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2646718-5
ISSN	2212-2672
ISSN	2212-2672
DOI	10.1016/j.jand.2021.08.101
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Article ; Online: Toddler milk: a scoping review of research on consumption, perceptions, and marketing practices.

Richter, Ana Paula C / Grummon, Anna H / Falbe, Jennifer / Taillie, Lindsey Smith / Wallace, Deshira D / Lazard, Allison J / Golden, Shelley D / Conklin, Jamie L / Hall, Marissa G

Nutrition reviews

2023 Volume 82, Issue 3, Page(s) 425–436

Abstract: Toddler milk is an ultra-processed beverage consisting primarily of powdered milk, caloric sweeteners, and vegetable oil. Pediatric health authorities do not support the use of toddler milk, and emerging evidence suggests that toddler-milk marketing ... ...

Abstract	Toddler milk is an ultra-processed beverage consisting primarily of powdered milk, caloric sweeteners, and vegetable oil. Pediatric health authorities do not support the use of toddler milk, and emerging evidence suggests that toddler-milk marketing practices may mislead consumers. However, studies have not synthesized the extent of toddler-milk marketing practices or how these practices affect parents' decisions about whether to serve toddler milk. We aimed to summarize the literature about toddler milk to identify what is known about: (1) parents' toddler-milk purchasing and feeding behaviors, (2) toddler-milk marketing, and (3) how marketing practices influence parents' beliefs and perceptions about toddler milk. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR), we systematically searched 8 databases (PubMed, APA PsycINFO, Scopus, Cochrane Central, Embase, CINAHL, Communication & Mass Media Complete, and Business Source Premier). We identified 45 articles about toddler milk. Studies were conducted in 25 countries across 6 continents. Five types of findings emerged: (1) consumption and feeding behaviors, (2) demographic correlates of toddler-milk purchasing and consumption, (3) misperceptions and beliefs, (4) increased sales, and (5) increased marketing and responses to marketing. The included articles suggested that toddler-milk sales are growing rapidly worldwide. Findings also revealed that toddler-milk packages (eg, labels, branding) resemble infant formula packages and that toddler-milk marketing practices may indirectly advertise infant formula. Purchasing, serving, and consumption of toddler milk were higher in Black and Hispanic populations than in non-Hispanic White populations, and parents with higher educational attainment and income were more likely to offer toddler milk to their children. Findings suggest a need for policies to prevent cross-marketing of toddler milk and infant formula, reduce provision of toddler milk to infants and toddlers, and prevent caregivers from being misled about toddler-milk healthfulness.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Advertising ; Breast Feeding ; Infant Formula ; Marketing ; Milk
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-20
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Systematic Review
ZDB-ID	82067-2
ISSN	1753-4887 ; 0029-6643
ISSN (online)	1753-4887
ISSN	0029-6643
DOI	10.1093/nutrit/nuad057
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Article ; Online: Natural Claims on Sugary Fruit Drinks: A Randomized Experiment With U.S. Parents.

Hall, Marissa G / Richter, Ana Paula C / Ruggles, Phoebe R / Lee, Cristina J Y / Lazard, Allison J / Grummon, Anna H / Higgins, Isabella C A / Duffy, Emily W / Taillie, Lindsey Smith

American journal of preventive medicine

2023 Volume 65, Issue 5, Page(s) 876–885

Abstract: Introduction: Natural claims on food are largely unregulated in the U.S. This study examined the effects of natural claims on a fruit-flavored drink with added sugar (i.e., fruit drink).: Methods: In 2019, U.S. parents of children aged 2-12 years (N= ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: Natural claims on food are largely unregulated in the U.S. This study examined the effects of natural claims on a fruit-flavored drink with added sugar (i.e., fruit drink). Methods: In 2019, U.S. parents of children aged 2-12 years (N=1,078) recruited from an online survey panel were randomized to one of three arms: natural claim on a fruit drink, 100% all-natural claim, or a no-claim control. Parents reported their intentions and perceptions regarding fruit drinks using 1-5 response scales. Analysis occurred in 2022-2023. Results: Both natural claims led parents to have higher intentions to purchase a fruit drink for their child than the control (average differential effect=0.20-0.24, both p<0.05). The natural claim (but not the 100% all-natural claim) also led parents to think that the fruit drink was healthier for their children (average differential effect=0.22, p=0.024). Claims made parents less likely to think that the drink contained added sugar (average differential effect= -0.08 to -0.12, both p<0.05) and led to lower estimated amounts of added sugar in teaspoons (average differential effect= -1.77 to -2.09, both p<0.05). Mediation analyses revealed that the claims led to higher intentions to purchase the fruit drink by increasing perceived healthfulness of the fruit drink and by leading parents to believe that there was no added sugar in the fruit drink. Conclusions: Natural claims could increase interest in and perceived healthfulness of fruit drinks. Misperceptions about the nutritional content caused by claims appear to be driving greater purchase intentions. These findings suggest a need for stronger regulation around natural claims to prevent consumer misunderstanding.
MeSH term(s)	Child ; Humans ; Beverages ; Fruit ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Consumer Behavior ; Parents ; Sugars
Chemical Substances	Sugars
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-18
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Randomized Controlled Trial ; Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	632646-8
ISSN	1873-2607 ; 0749-3797
ISSN (online)	1873-2607
ISSN	0749-3797
DOI	10.1016/j.amepre.2023.06.015
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Article: The Impact of Toddler Milk Claims on Beliefs and Misperceptions: A Randomized Experiment with Parents of Young Children.

Richter, Ana Paula C / Duffy, Emily W / Smith Taillie, Lindsey / Harris, Jennifer L / Pomeranz, Jennifer L / Hall, Marissa G

Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics

2021 Volume 122, Issue 3, Page(s) 533–540.e3

Abstract: Background: Toddler milk (ie, a nutrient-fortified milk-based drink marketed for children aged 12 to 36 months) has been marketed increasingly in the United States with structure/function claims on product packaging that are potentially misleading.: ... ...

Abstract	Background: Toddler milk (ie, a nutrient-fortified milk-based drink marketed for children aged 12 to 36 months) has been marketed increasingly in the United States with structure/function claims on product packaging that are potentially misleading. Objective: This study examined how structure/function claims impact parents' beliefs and perceptions about a toddler milk product. Design: This was a 3-arm between-subjects randomized experiment. Participants: A diverse sample of 2,190 US parents of children aged 1 to 5 years were chosen to take an online survey. Intervention: Participants were randomly assigned to view a toddler milk package with either an unrelated claim ("new and improved," ie, control condition), a "brain development" claim (ie, "brain" claim), or an "immunity-related" claim (ie, "immunity" claim). Main outcome measures: Outcomes included perceptions, intentions, and beliefs about the toddler milk product. Statistical analyses performed: Linear regression for continuous outcomes and logistic regression for dichotomous outcomes. Results: Parents who were exposed to the "brain" claim or the "immunity" claim were more likely to incorrectly believe that the toddler milk was as healthy or healthier than cow's milk compared with those who saw the control claim (89% for brain claim, 87% for immunity claim, and 79% for control; P < .001 for both comparisons). Parents exposed to either the brain or immunity claim had higher intentions to give the toddler milk to their child, higher perceived product healthfulness, and stronger beliefs that pediatricians would recommend the product compared with parents exposed to the control (all, P < .001). Conclusions: These findings suggest that structure/function claims on toddler milk packaging may mislead parents and increase the appeal of toddler milk. Our findings support calls for public health policies to regulate marketing on toddler milk packaging.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Animals ; Child, Preschool ; Choice Behavior ; Consumer Behavior ; Female ; Food Labeling/methods ; Food Preferences/psychology ; Humans ; Infant ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Milk/standards ; Milk Substitutes/standards ; Parents/psychology ; United States
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-08-13
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Randomized Controlled Trial ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2646718-5
ISSN	2212-2672
ISSN	2212-2672
DOI	10.1016/j.jand.2021.08.101
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Article ; Online: Designing warnings for sugary drinks: A randomized experiment with Latino parents and non-Latino parents.

Hall, Marissa G / Lazard, Allison J / Grummon, Anna H / Higgins, Isabella C A / Bercholz, Maxime / Richter, Ana Paula C / Taillie, Lindsey Smith

Preventive medicine

2021 Volume 148, Page(s) 106562

Abstract: Sugary drink warnings are a promising policy for reducing sugary drink consumption, but it remains unknown how to design warnings to maximize their impact overall and among diverse population groups, including parents of Latino ethnicity and parents with ...

Abstract	Sugary drink warnings are a promising policy for reducing sugary drink consumption, but it remains unknown how to design warnings to maximize their impact overall and among diverse population groups, including parents of Latino ethnicity and parents with low English use. In 2019, we randomized US parents of children ages 2-12 (n = 1078, 48% Latino ethnicity, 13% low English use) to one topic (one of four warnings, or a neutral control), which they viewed on three designs (text-only, icon, and graphic) to assess reactions to the various warnings on sugary drinks. All warning topics were perceived as more effective than the control (average differential effect [ADE] ranged from 1.77 to 1.84 [5-point Likert scale], all p < .001). All warning topics also led to greater thinking about harms of sugary drinks (all p < .001) and lower purchase intentions (all p < .01). Compared to text-only warnings, icon (ADE = 0.18) and graphic warnings (ADE = 0.30) elicited higher perceived message effectiveness, as well as greater thinking about the harms of sugary drinks, lower perceived healthfulness, and lower purchase intentions (all p < .001). The impact of icon warnings (vs. text warnings) was stronger for parents with low English use, compared to those with high English use (p = .024). Similarly, the impact of icon (vs. text warnings) was stronger for Latino parents than non-Latino parents (p = .034). This experimental study indicates that many warning topics hold promise for behavior change and that including images with warnings could increase warning efficacy, particularly among Latino parents and parents with low English use. Clinical Trial Registration: NCT04382599.
MeSH term(s)	Beverages ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Consumer Behavior ; Dietary Supplements ; Food Labeling ; Hispanic or Latino ; Humans ; Parents
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-04-18
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Randomized Controlled Trial ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	184600-0
ISSN	1096-0260 ; 0091-7435
ISSN (online)	1096-0260
ISSN	0091-7435
DOI	10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106562
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Article ; Online: Toddler milk perceptions and purchases: the role of Latino ethnicity.

Duffy, Emily W / Taillie, Lindsey Smith / Richter, Ana Paula C / Higgins, Isabella Ca / Harris, Jennifer L / Hall, Marissa G

Public health nutrition

2021 Volume 24, Issue 10, Page(s) 2911–2919

Abstract: Objectives: Toddler milk (i.e. a nutrient-fortified milk-based drink marketed for children 12-36 months old) is increasingly being marketed in the USA despite not being recommended for young children. There is evidence of targeted toddler milk marketing ...

Abstract	Objectives: Toddler milk (i.e. a nutrient-fortified milk-based drink marketed for children 12-36 months old) is increasingly being marketed in the USA despite not being recommended for young children. There is evidence of targeted toddler milk marketing to Latinos in the USA. This study aimed to explore toddler milk perceptions and behaviours among Latino and non-Latino parents. Design: An online survey assessed toddler milk perceptions, behaviours and interpretations of nutrition-related claims. Multivariable logistic and linear regression explored socio-demographic correlates of parent reported past purchases and perceived healthfulness. Setting: Online. Participants: National convenience sample of 1078 US parents of children aged 2-12 years (48 % Latino). Results: About half of parents (51 %) had previously purchased toddler milk and few (11 %) perceived toddler milk as unhealthy. Latino parents were more likely to have purchased toddler milk than non-Latino parents (P < 0·001), but there were no differences in perceived product healthfulness (P = 0·47). Compared to parents born in the USA, parents living in the USA 10 years or less were more likely to have purchased toddler milk (P < 0·001) and perceive toddler milk as healthier (P = 0·002). Open-ended interpretations of claims were primarily positive, suggesting 'health halo' effects. Conclusions: Common misperceptions about toddler milk healthfulness suggest stronger labelling regulations are needed. Greater reported purchases by Latino parents and recent immigrants warrant further investigation.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Child, Preschool ; Consumer Behavior ; Hispanic or Latino ; Humans ; Infant ; Milk ; Parents ; Perception
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-21
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1436024-x
ISSN	1475-2727 ; 1368-9800
ISSN (online)	1475-2727
ISSN	1368-9800
DOI	10.1017/S1368980021000264
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Article ; Online: Parental Perceptions and Exposure to Advertising of Toddler Milk: A Pilot Study with Latino Parents.

Duffy, Emily W / Taillie, Lindsey S / Richter, Ana Paula C / Higgins, Isabella C A / Harris, Jennifer L / Hall, Marissa G

International journal of environmental research and public health

2021 Volume 18, Issue 2

Abstract: Marketing of toddler milk (i.e., typically sugar-sweetened nutrient-fortified milk-based drinks marketed for children 12-36 months) is an emerging public health problem in the US. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends against the consumption of ... ...

Abstract	Marketing of toddler milk (i.e., typically sugar-sweetened nutrient-fortified milk-based drinks marketed for children 12-36 months) is an emerging public health problem in the US. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends against the consumption of toddler milk because it often contains added sugar and can displace nutrient-dense foods. Studies have not examined toddler milk perceptions among Latinos, an important gap given Latino children in the US are at high risk of having poor diet quality, and toddler milk is extensively advertised on Spanish-language TV. This study used an online survey of a convenience sample of 58 Latino parents to examine parents' experiences with toddler milk, understand their perceptions of the healthfulness and the nutrition-related claims on toddler milk, and describe their exposure to toddler milk advertising. Nearly half (44%) of parents in the sample reported purchasing toddler milk. When asked to provide open-ended interpretations of claims on toddler milk, almost all parents gave positive answers, suggesting potential "health halo" effects of the claims. More than half (56%) of parents reported seeing toddler milk advertisements, most commonly on Spanish-language TV. The misperceptions about toddler milk identified should be explored in further research using larger, more representative samples.
MeSH term(s)	Advertising ; Animals ; Beverages ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Hispanic or Latino ; Humans ; Milk ; Perception ; Pilot Projects
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-10
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	2175195-X
ISSN	1660-4601 ; 1661-7827
ISSN (online)	1660-4601
ISSN	1661-7827
DOI	10.3390/ijerph18020528
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Article: Toddler milk perceptions and purchases: the role of Latino ethnicity

Duffy, Emily W / Taillie, Lindsey Smith / Richter, Ana Paula C / Higgins, Isabella CA / Harris, Jennifer L / Hall, Marissa G

Public health nutrition. 2021 July, v. 24, no. 10

2021

Abstract: Toddler milk (i.e. a nutrient-fortified milk-based drink marketed for children 12–36 months old) is increasingly being marketed in the USA despite not being recommended for young children. There is evidence of targeted toddler milk marketing to Latinos ... ...

Abstract	Toddler milk (i.e. a nutrient-fortified milk-based drink marketed for children 12–36 months old) is increasingly being marketed in the USA despite not being recommended for young children. There is evidence of targeted toddler milk marketing to Latinos in the USA. This study aimed to explore toddler milk perceptions and behaviours among Latino and non-Latino parents. An online survey assessed toddler milk perceptions, behaviours and interpretations of nutrition-related claims. Multivariable logistic and linear regression explored socio-demographic correlates of parent reported past purchases and perceived healthfulness. Online. National convenience sample of 1078 US parents of children aged 2–12 years (48 % Latino). About half of parents (51 %) had previously purchased toddler milk and few (11 %) perceived toddler milk as unhealthy. Latino parents were more likely to have purchased toddler milk than non-Latino parents (P < 0·001), but there were no differences in perceived product healthfulness (P = 0·47). Compared to parents born in the USA, parents living in the USA 10 years or less were more likely to have purchased toddler milk (P < 0·001) and perceive toddler milk as healthier (P = 0·002). Open-ended interpretations of claims were primarily positive, suggesting ‘health halo’ effects. Common misperceptions about toddler milk healthfulness suggest stronger labelling regulations are needed. Greater reported purchases by Latino parents and recent immigrants warrant further investigation.
Keywords	Latinos ; milk ; nutrition ; public health ; regression analysis ; surveys
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-07
Size	p. 2911-2919.
Publishing place	Cambridge University Press
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean
ZDB-ID	1436024-x
ISSN	1475-2727 ; 1368-9800
ISSN (online)	1475-2727
ISSN	1368-9800
DOI	10.1017/S1368980021000264
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