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Article ; Online: Increased physical activity is not related to markers of cardiometabolic health in two lemur species.

Rimbach, Rebecca / Pontzer, Herman

2023 Volume 86, Issue 1, Page(s) e23564

Abstract: Insufficient physical activity is a major risk factor for cardiometabolic disease (i.e., unhealthy weight gain, heart disease, and diabetes) in humans and may also negatively affect health of primates in human care. Effects of physical activity on energy ...

Abstract	Insufficient physical activity is a major risk factor for cardiometabolic disease (i.e., unhealthy weight gain, heart disease, and diabetes) in humans and may also negatively affect health of primates in human care. Effects of physical activity on energy expenditure and cardiometabolic health are virtually unstudied in nonhuman primates. We investigated physical activity and metabolic markers in 15 adult ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta) and 11 Coquerel's sifakas (Propithecus coquereli) at the Duke Lemur Center during a period of low activity in winter when the animals were housed in buildings (with outdoor access) and a period of high activity when individuals were free-ranging in large, outdoor, forested enclosures. We compared body mass, blood glucose, triglycerides, HDL- and LDL-cholesterol, physical activity via accelerometry, and total energy expenditure (TEE) via the doubly labeled water method (in ring-tailed lemurs only) between both conditions. Both species were more active and had a lower body mass in summer. Ring-tailed lemurs had a higher TEE and lower triglyceride levels in summer, whereas sifaka had higher triglyceride levels in summer. Individuals that increased their activity more, also lost more body mass. Individuals that lost more body mass, also had a positive change in HDL-cholesterol (i.e., higher values in summer). Changes in activity were not associated with changes in markers of metabolic health, body fat percentage and TEE (both unadjusted and adjusted for body composition). Older age was associated with lower activity in both species, and decreased glucose in ring-tailed lemurs, but was otherwise unrelated to metabolic markers and, for ring-tailed lemurs, adjusted TEE. Overall, body mass was lower during summer but the increase in physical activity did not strongly influence metabolic health or TEE in these populations.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Humans ; Lemur ; Physical Conditioning, Animal ; Lemuridae ; Primates ; Triglycerides ; Cardiovascular Diseases ; Cholesterol
Chemical Substances	Triglycerides ; Cholesterol (97C5T2UQ7J)
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-10-15
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1495834-X
ISSN	1098-2345 ; 0275-2565
ISSN (online)	1098-2345
ISSN	0275-2565
DOI	10.1002/ajp.23564
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Article ; Online: Harshness is not stress

Schradin, Carsten / Makuya, Lindelani / Pillay, Neville / Rimbach, Rebecca

Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 20232023 Mar. 13, Jan. 13, v. 38, no. 3 p.224-227

2023

Abstract: We must differentiate between stressful and harsh environments to understand animals’ resilience to global change. Harshness is not stress. Stressful environments activate the physiological stress response to increase energy availability, while harsh ... ...

Abstract	We must differentiate between stressful and harsh environments to understand animals’ resilience to global change. Harshness is not stress. Stressful environments activate the physiological stress response to increase energy availability, while harsh environments inhibit the physiological stress response to save energy.
Keywords	ecology ; energy ; evolution ; global change ; stress response
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-0113
Size	p. 224-227.
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	284965-3
ISSN	1872-8383 ; 0169-5347
ISSN (online)	1872-8383
ISSN	0169-5347
DOI	10.1016/j.tree.2022.12.005
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Article ; Online: Suppression of the physiological stress response is not stress.

Makuya, Lindelani / Pillay, Neville / Rimbach, Rebecca / Schradin, Carsten

Trends in ecology & evolution

2023 Volume 38, Issue 10, Page(s) 907–909

MeSH term(s)	Stress, Physiological
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-21
Publishing country	England
Document type	Letter ; Comment
ZDB-ID	284965-3
ISSN	1872-8383 ; 0169-5347
ISSN (online)	1872-8383
ISSN	0169-5347
DOI	10.1016/j.tree.2023.06.007
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Article ; Online: Harshness is not stress.

Schradin, Carsten / Makuya, Lindelani / Pillay, Neville / Rimbach, Rebecca

Trends in ecology & evolution

2023 Volume 38, Issue 3, Page(s) 224–227

Abstract: We must differentiate between stressful and harsh environments to understand animals' resilience to global change. Harshness is not stress. Stressful environments activate the physiological stress response to increase energy availability, while harsh ... ...

Abstract	We must differentiate between stressful and harsh environments to understand animals' resilience to global change. Harshness is not stress. Stressful environments activate the physiological stress response to increase energy availability, while harsh environments inhibit the physiological stress response to save energy.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Stress, Physiological ; Environment
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-13
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	284965-3
ISSN	1872-8383 ; 0169-5347
ISSN (online)	1872-8383
ISSN	0169-5347
DOI	10.1016/j.tree.2022.12.005
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Article: Females of solitary- and group-living sister species of African striped mice show a similar social structure following experimentally imposed group-living

Rimbach, Rebecca / Hartman, Kirsty-Jane / Currin, Catherine / Schradin, Carsten / Pillay, Neville

Behavioral ecology and sociobiology. 2022 Feb., v. 76, no. 2

2022

Abstract: Social systems vary within and between species, ranging along a continuum between solitary-living to complex societies. Social systems are emergent properties of interactions between individuals, and these interactions are often modulated by hormones. We ...

Abstract	Social systems vary within and between species, ranging along a continuum between solitary-living to complex societies. Social systems are emergent properties of interactions between individuals, and these interactions are often modulated by hormones. We investigated the behavioral and hormonal consequences of experimentally imposed social grouping in two sister species of the African striped mouse Rhabdomys, one of which (R. pumilio) is group-living in its natural xeric environment, while the other (R. dilectus) is solitary-living in its mesic environment. We compared social behavior of triads of age-matched, unfamiliar females of each species, and measured their serum corticosterone and testosterone concentrations in comparison to solitarily housed controls. On day 1, triads of both species displayed mainly amicable behavior. Aggression was rare, but R. pumilio females showed more aggression than R. dilectus females. Triads of both species shared nests from day 2 onwards, and amicable behavior increased over time. Neither species differed in hormonal concentration compared to their solitary controls, but R. dilectus had 1.3 × higher serum corticosterone than R. pumilio. Serum testosterone did not differ between species or treatments. Neither corticosterone nor testosterone concentration measured at the end of the experiment was related to the duration of amicable behavior shown between triad members at the end of the study. Both species established a similar social structure when housed in non-kin triads in captivity. Both displayed high amicability and little aggression, indicating that environmental factors, such as resource distribution and duration of the breeding season, may be more important determinants of social organization in striped mice than social tolerance. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Variation in social systems occurs both between and within species, and to date, it is still poorly understood how differences in social tolerance relate to inter-specific variation in social systems. We experimentally imposed social grouping in females of two sister species of the African striped mouse, one naturally group-living and one solitary-living species. We studied interactions between individuals in these experimental groups over 21 days and measured testosterone and corticosterone concentration at the end of the experiment. Both species mainly showed socio-positive behavior and little aggression occurred. Individuals from experimental groups of both species had similar testosterone and corticosterone concentrations compared to solitary-housed control females of the same species. Our results show that both species are tolerant of conspecifics, at least in captivity, indicating that environmental factors might be more important determinants of social organization than social tolerance.
Keywords	aggression ; blood serum ; captive animals ; corticosterone ; dry environmental conditions ; mice ; social behavior ; social structure ; sociobiology ; testosterone
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-02
Size	p. 29.
Publishing place	Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	194510-5
ISSN	1432-0762 ; 0340-5443
ISSN (online)	1432-0762
ISSN	0340-5443
DOI	10.1007/s00265-022-03144-2
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Article ; Online: Balancing the scales: Preliminary investigation of total energy expenditure and daily metabolizable energy intake in Matschie's tree kangaroo (Dendrolagus matschiei).

Dunham, Noah T / Koester, Diana C / Dierenfeld, Ellen S / Rimbach, Rebecca / Pontzer, Herman

PloS one

2022 Volume 17, Issue 6, Page(s) e0270570

Abstract: Matschie's tree kangaroo (Dendrolagus matschiei) is an endangered arboreal marsupial native to Papua New Guinea. Detailed field studies of its behavior and ecology are scarce due largely to its occupation of remote cloud forests and cryptic nature. ... ...

Abstract	Matschie's tree kangaroo (Dendrolagus matschiei) is an endangered arboreal marsupial native to Papua New Guinea. Detailed field studies of its behavior and ecology are scarce due largely to its occupation of remote cloud forests and cryptic nature. Although this species has been in human care since the 1950s, much of its biology is still unknown. The current ex situ population is not sustainable due to health and reproductive problems, believed to stem largely from issues with diet and obesity. To better assess potential discrepancies between energy requirements and energy intake, we sought to 1) quantify total energy expenditure (TEE) of two zoo-housed Matschie's tree kangaroos (body mass = 9.0-9.7 kg) on a diet composed largely of leafy browse; 2) quantify food and macronutrient intake, apparent dry matter macronutrient digestibility, and metabolizable energy (ME) intake over a 14-month period; and 3) test for seasonal changes in ME intake due to seasonal differences in the varieties of leafy browse offered. Using the doubly labeled water method, we determined TEE for the female (288 kcal day -1) and male (411 kcal day -1). Resulting mean TEE was well below the expected value for marsupials and macropods (i.e., ~60% of the expected value based on body mass). The mean calculated ME intakes for the female and male were 307 kcal day-1 and 454 kcal day-1, respectively. There were significant seasonal differences in ME intakes, driven by reduced intake in the autumn. These results demonstrate that Matschie's tree kangaroos can be maintained at healthy body weights and conditions on fiber-rich and browse-heavy diets. Our findings contribute important insights into tree kangaroo energetics and physiology and can be applied to help reformulate the diet of Matschie's tree kangaroos at captive facilities to improve population health and sustainability.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Energy Intake ; Energy Metabolism ; Female ; Forests ; Macropodidae/physiology ; Male ; Reproduction
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-27
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0270570
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Article: Gray squirrels consume anthropogenic food waste most often during winter.

Rimbach, Rebecca / Butler, Gabrielle / Gupte, Pratik R / Jäger, Jörg / Parker, Claire / Pontzer, Herman

Mammalian biology = Zeitschrift fur Saugetierkunde

2022 Volume 103, Issue 1, Page(s) 69–81

Abstract: Urban habitats provide wildlife with predictable, easily accessible and abundant food sources in the form of human food waste. Urban eastern gray squirrels (: Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at ... ...

Abstract	Urban habitats provide wildlife with predictable, easily accessible and abundant food sources in the form of human food waste. Urban eastern gray squirrels ( Supplementary information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42991-022-00326-3.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-11-04
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1616-5047
ISSN	1616-5047
DOI	10.1007/s42991-022-00326-3
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Article ; Online: Total Energy Expenditure and Nutritional Intake in Continuous Multiday Ultramarathon Events.

Best, Andrew W / McGrosky, Amanda / Swanson, Zane / Rimbach, Rebecca / McConaughy, Katie / McConaughy, Joe / Ocobock, Cara / Pontzer, Herman

International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism

2023 Volume 33, Issue 6, Page(s) 342–348

Abstract: Continuous multiday ultramarathon competitions are increasingly popular and impose extreme energetic and nutritional demands on competitors. However, few data have been published on energy expenditure during these events. Here, we report doubly labeled ... ...

Abstract	Continuous multiday ultramarathon competitions are increasingly popular and impose extreme energetic and nutritional demands on competitors. However, few data have been published on energy expenditure during these events. Here, we report doubly labeled water-derived measures of total energy expenditure (in kilocalories per day) and estimated physical activity level (PAL: total energy expenditure/basal metabolic rate) collected from five elite and subelite finishers (four males and one female, age 34.6 ± 4.9 years)-and nutritional intake data from the winner-of the Cocodona 250, a ∼402-km race in Arizona, and from a fastest-known-time record (one male, age 30 years) on the ∼1,315-km Arizona Trail. PAL during these events exceeded four times basal metabolic rate (Cocodona range: 4.34-6.94; Arizona Trail: 5.63). Combining the results with other doubly labeled water-derived total energy expenditure data from ultraendurance events show a strong inverse relationship between event duration and PAL (r2 = .68, p < .0001). Cocodona race duration was inversely, though not significantly, associated with PAL (r2 = .70, p = .08). Water turnover varied widely between athletes and was not explained by PAL or body mass. The Cocodona race winner met ∼53% of energy demand via dietary intake, 85.6% of which was carbohydrate, while ∼47% of energy demand was met via catabolism of body energy stores. Together, these results illustrate the energetic deficits incurred during competitive continuous multiday ultramarathon efforts and implicate macronutrient absorption and/or storage as key factors in ultramarathon performance.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Male ; Female ; Adult ; Energy Metabolism ; Eating ; Basal Metabolism ; Water ; Athletes ; Energy Intake
Chemical Substances	Water (059QF0KO0R)
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-09-14
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1101115-4
ISSN	1543-2742 ; 1050-1606 ; 1526-484X
ISSN (online)	1543-2742
ISSN	1050-1606 ; 1526-484X
DOI	10.1123/ijsnem.2023-0063
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Article ; Online: Protein deficiency decreases stereotypic behavior frequency and prevalence and activity in the striped mouse Rhabdomys dilectus chakae.

Pillay, Neville / Rimbach, Rebecca

Developmental psychobiology

2017 Volume 60, Issue 2, Page(s) 194–201

Abstract: Diverse motivational triggers, including diet, elicit stereotypic behavior. We investigated whether diets comprised of different protein levels but similar levels of energy were associated with the occurrence of locomotor stereotypies in the striped ... ...

Abstract	Diverse motivational triggers, including diet, elicit stereotypic behavior. We investigated whether diets comprised of different protein levels but similar levels of energy were associated with the occurrence of locomotor stereotypies in the striped mouse Rhabdomys dilectus chakae. In a first experiment, 20 stereotypic and 20 non-stereotypic (10 subjects per sex and per group) juvenile (40 days old) subjects were placed on baseline (BP), high (HP) or low protein (LP) diet treatments (120 subjects in total). All subjects initially identified as stereotypic displayed stereotypic behavior in the BP and HP treatments on Days 60-63 and Days 80-83 compared to 35% and 12.5% of LP subjects, respectively. Moreover, LP subjects displayed lower levels of activity and stereotypic behavior than BP and HP subjects. Those identified as non-stereotypic never displayed stereotypy. In a second experiment, 48 individuals, bred and reared on LP and whose parents were stereotypic, were assigned to either HP (13 males, 12 females) or LP (12 males, 11 females) treatments at 50 days of age for 30 days. Stereotypy was three times less likely to occur in the LP than the HP treatment, and activity was greater in LP-HP individuals than LP-LP individuals. In both experiments, LP individuals had the lowest body mass. Striped mice adjusted their behaviors in response to dietary protein levels. Protein deficiency reduced activity and stereotypic behavior and prevalence, possibly related to an energy or neurological deficit.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Behavior, Animal/physiology ; Dietary Proteins/pharmacology ; Female ; Male ; Muridae/physiology ; Protein Deficiency/physiopathology ; Stereotyped Behavior/physiology
Chemical Substances	Dietary Proteins
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-11-20
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	4107-5
ISSN	1098-2302 ; 0012-1630
ISSN (online)	1098-2302
ISSN	0012-1630
DOI	10.1002/dev.21587
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Article ; Online: Total daily energy expenditure and elevated water turnover in a small-scale semi-nomadic pastoralist society from Northern Kenya.

McGrosky, Amanda / Swanson, Zane S / Rimbach, Rebecca / Bethancourt, Hilary / Ndiema, Emmanuel / Nzunza, Rosemary / Braun, David R / Rosinger, Asher Y / Pontzer, Herman

Annals of human biology

2024 Volume 51, Issue 1, Page(s) 2310724

Abstract: Background: Pastoralists live in challenging environments, which may be accompanied by unique activity, energy, and water requirements.: Aim: Few studies have examined whether the demands of pastoralism contribute to differences in total energy ... ...

Abstract	Background: Pastoralists live in challenging environments, which may be accompanied by unique activity, energy, and water requirements. Aim: Few studies have examined whether the demands of pastoralism contribute to differences in total energy expenditure (TEE) and water turnover (WT) compared to other lifestyles. Subjects and methods: Accelerometer-derived physical activity, doubly labelled water-derived TEE and WT, and anthropometric data were collected for 34 semi-nomadic Daasanach adults from three northern Kenyan communities with different levels of pastoralist activity. Daasanach TEEs and WTs were compared to those of other small-scale and industrialised populations. Results: When modelled as a function of fat-free-mass, fat-mass, age, and sex, TEE did not differ between Daasanach communities. Daasanach TEE (1564-4172 kcal/day) was not significantly correlated with activity and 91% of TEEs were within the range expected for individuals from comparison populations. Mean WT did not differ between Daasanach communities; Daasanach absolute (7.54 litres/day men; 7.46 litres/day women), mass-adjusted, and TEE-adjusted WT was higher than most populations worldwide. Conclusions: The similar mass-adjusted TEE of Daasanach and industrialised populations supports the hypothesis that habitual TEE is constrained, with physically demanding lifestyles necessitating trade-offs in energy allocation. Elevated WT in the absence of elevated TEE likely reflects a demanding active lifestyle in a hot, arid climate.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Male ; Humans ; Female ; Water ; Kenya ; Energy Metabolism ; Exercise ; Anthropometry
Chemical Substances	Water (059QF0KO0R)
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-04
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	186656-4
ISSN	1464-5033 ; 0301-4460
ISSN (online)	1464-5033
ISSN	0301-4460
DOI	10.1080/03014460.2024.2310724
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