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  1. Article ; Online: Leading digit bias in hemoglobin thresholds for red cell transfusion.

    Raza, Sheharyar / Risk, Malcolm / Cserti-Gazdewich, Christine

    Transfusion

    2024  

    Abstract: Background: Leading digit bias is a heuristic whereby humans overemphasize the left-most digit when evaluating numbers (e.g., 9.99 vs. 10.00). The bias might affect the interpretation of hemoglobin results and influence red cell transfusion in ... ...

    Abstract Background: Leading digit bias is a heuristic whereby humans overemphasize the left-most digit when evaluating numbers (e.g., 9.99 vs. 10.00). The bias might affect the interpretation of hemoglobin results and influence red cell transfusion in hospitalized patients.
    Study design and methods: Adults who received a red cell transfusion while registered at the University Health Network (Toronto, Canada) between January 1, 2016 and January 1, 2022 (n = 6 years) were included. The primary analysis excluded apheresis, red cell disorders, radiology suites, and operating rooms. The primary comparison was a regression discontinuity analysis of transfusion occurrence above and below the hemoglobin threshold of 79 g/L (local units). Additional analyses tested other leading digit and control thresholds (71, 81, and 91 g/L). Secondary analyses explored temporal covariates and clinical subgroups.
    Results: A total of 211,872 red cell transfusions were identified over the study period (median pre-transfusion hemoglobin 76 g/L; interquartile range = 69-92 g/L), with 107,790 inpatient transfusions in the primary analysis. The 79 g/L threshold showed 815 fewer red cell units above the threshold (95% confidence interval [CI]: -1215 to -415). The 69 g/L threshold showed 2813 fewer transfused units (95% CI: -4407 to -1220), and 89 g/L showed 40 fewer units (95% CI: -408 to 328). The effect was accentuated during daytime, weekday, and May-June months, persisted in analyses including all transfusions, and was absent at control thresholds.
    Conclusion: Leading digit bias might have a modest influence on the decision to transfuse red cells. The findings may inform practice guidelines and quasi-experimental study design in transfusion research.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-04-06
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 208417-x
    ISSN 1537-2995 ; 0041-1132
    ISSN (online) 1537-2995
    ISSN 0041-1132
    DOI 10.1111/trf.17827
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    Zs.A 284: Show issues Location:
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  2. Article ; Online: Online causal inference with application to near real-time post-market vaccine safety surveillance.

    Luo, Lan / Risk, Malcolm / Shi, Xu

    Statistics in medicine

    2024  

    Abstract: Streaming data routinely generated by social networks, mobile or web applications, e-commerce, and electronic health records present new opportunities to monitor the impact of an intervention on an outcome via causal inference methods. However, most ... ...

    Abstract Streaming data routinely generated by social networks, mobile or web applications, e-commerce, and electronic health records present new opportunities to monitor the impact of an intervention on an outcome via causal inference methods. However, most existing causal inference methods have been focused on and applied to static data, that is, a fixed data set in which observations are pooled and stored before performing statistical analysis. There is thus a pressing need to turn static causal inference into online causal learning to support near real-time monitoring of treatment effects. In this paper, we present a framework for online estimation and inference of treatment effects that can incorporate new information as it becomes available without revisiting prior observations. We show that, under mild regularity conditions, the proposed online estimator is asymptotically equivalent to the offline oracle estimator obtained by pooling all data. Our proposal is motivated by the need for near real-time vaccine effectiveness and safety monitoring, and our proposed method is applied to a case study on COVID-19 vaccine safety surveillance.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-05-01
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 843037-8
    ISSN 1097-0258 ; 0277-6715
    ISSN (online) 1097-0258
    ISSN 0277-6715
    DOI 10.1002/sim.10095
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  3. Article ; Online: Vaccine Effectiveness, School Reopening, and Risk of Omicron Infection Among Adolescents Aged 12-17 Years.

    Risk, Malcolm / Miao, Heidi / Freed, Gary / Shen, Chen

    The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine

    2022  Volume 72, Issue 1, Page(s) 147–152

    Abstract: Purpose: The BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) is approved for adolescents aged 12-17 years. We estimated BNT162b2 vaccine effectiveness (VE) and a booster dose effectiveness in adolescents aged 12-17 years and the impact of opening schools and the Omicron ... ...

    Abstract Purpose: The BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) is approved for adolescents aged 12-17 years. We estimated BNT162b2 vaccine effectiveness (VE) and a booster dose effectiveness in adolescents aged 12-17 years and the impact of opening schools and the Omicron variant on risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in adolescents.
    Methods: We used logistic regression with a test-negative design controlling for gender and race to estimate BNT162b2 VE and the effectiveness of a booster dose in adolescents aged 12-17 years. To evaluate the effect of school opening on Omicron transmission, we used Cox proportional hazards regression to compare adolescents to a reference group of adults aged 22-33 or aged 65+ years, investigating whether risk for adolescents increased relative to the reference group after school opened.
    Results: We found that adolescents who received two BNT162b2 doses had significant protection against Omicron infection in the first three months following their second dose (VE = 54.5%, confidence interval [CI]: [17.8%-76.9%], p = .014) but no protection afterwards. Receiving a booster dose was associated with lower risk of infection (odds ratio = 0.48, CI: [0.33-0.69], p < .0001) and restored efficacy to a similar level (VE = 56.3%, CI: [36.5%-70.6%], p < .0001). We observed a statistically significant increase (p = .04) in adolescent infection risk relative to adults in the period of Omicron predominance.
    Discussion: The BNT162b2 vaccine is effective at preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection in adolescents but immunity against Omicron wanes rapidly and booster doses are needed to retain protection. More research is needed to determine the effect of school reopening on spread in the Omicron-dominant period.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Humans ; Adolescent ; BNT162 Vaccine ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Vaccine Efficacy ; Schools
    Chemical Substances BNT162 Vaccine
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-10-08
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 1063374-1
    ISSN 1879-1972 ; 1054-139X
    ISSN (online) 1879-1972
    ISSN 1054-139X
    DOI 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.09.006
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  4. Article ; Online: RISK OF THROMBOEMBOLISM AFTER COVID-19 VACCINATION AND COVID-19 INFECTION

    Tran, Huong / Risk, Malcolm / Lee, Yung-Chun / Nair.B, Girish / Zhao, Lili

    medRxiv

    Abstract: Background: Vaccine safety monitoring systems worldwide have reported cases of venous thromboembolism and arterial thromboembolism following a COVID-19 vaccination. However, evidence shows that the association between thromboembolism and SARS-CoV-2 ... ...

    Abstract Background: Vaccine safety monitoring systems worldwide have reported cases of venous thromboembolism and arterial thromboembolism following a COVID-19 vaccination. However, evidence shows that the association between thromboembolism and SARS-CoV-2 infection is stronger, compared to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Hence, weighing the risks and benefits of vaccination should also encounter the roles of vaccination in reducing infection rate, and potentially indirectly lowering the risk of thromboembolism caused by infection. Methods: We conducted a self-controlled case series study (SCCS) from Dec 1st 2020 to 31st August 2022 (before the bivalent vaccine was available) to examinate the association between the first two doses Pfizer/Moderna vaccination and thrombotic events among patients in Corewell Health East (CHE, formerly known as Beaumont Health) healthcare system. We also investigated the effect SARS-CoV-2 infection on the risk of thrombosis events and observed a significant increased risk using the SCCS design. However, because of misclassification bias, SCCS indeed overestimated incidence rate ratio (IRR) of acute event after infection, we then proposed a case-control study addressing this misclassification issues and obtained odd ratio comparing effect of exposure on thrombosis and a subset of controls group. Finally, we analyzed the risk of thromboembolism between vaccinated and unvaccinated groups by a simple diagram, explaining possible factors that affects the probability of experiencing an acute thromboembolism event after a COVID-19 vaccination. Results: Using EHR data at Corewell East, we found an increased risk of thrombosis after the first two doses of COVID-19 vaccination, with incidence rate ratios after the first dose is 1.16 (CI: [1.04, 1.29]), and after the second dose of 1.19 (CI: [1.07,1.32]). The association between thromboembolism and SARS-Cov-2 infection depends on prior vaccination status, as the conditional OR among unvaccinated and vaccinated groups are 1.77 (CI: [1.48,\ 2.1]) and 1.34 (CI: [1.09,\ 1.66]) respectively. Encountering the vaccine efficacy (VE), receiving the COVID-19 vaccine decreases the risk of thromboembolism, and the benefits of COVID-19 vaccines are much stronger in the period of high infection rate.
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-02-18
    Publisher Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press
    Document type Article ; Online
    DOI 10.1101/2024.02.12.24302535
    Database COVID19

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  5. Article ; Online: COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness against omicron (B.1.1.529) variant infection and hospitalisation in patients taking immunosuppressive medications: a retrospective cohort study.

    Risk, Malcolm / Hayek, Salim S / Schiopu, Elena / Yuan, Liyang / Shen, Chen / Shi, Xu / Freed, Gary / Zhao, Lili

    The Lancet. Rheumatology

    2022  Volume 4, Issue 11, Page(s) e775–e784

    Abstract: Background: There is a scarcity of research regarding the effectiveness of the mRNA-1273 (Moderna) and BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) COVID-19 vaccines in patients taking immunosuppressant medications, and no data are published to date pertaining to their ... ...

    Abstract Background: There is a scarcity of research regarding the effectiveness of the mRNA-1273 (Moderna) and BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) COVID-19 vaccines in patients taking immunosuppressant medications, and no data are published to date pertaining to their effectiveness against omicron (B.1.1.529) variant SARS-CoV-2 infection and hospitalisation. We aimed to assess the relationship between immunosuppressive medications, mRNA vaccination, omicron infection, and severe COVID-19 outcomes (ie, hospitalisation, ICU admission, death).
    Methods: We did a retrospective cohort study and included vaccinated and unvaccinated people aged 18 years or older in the Michigan Medicine health-care system, USA, during the omicron-dominant period of the pandemic (Dec 16, 2021-March 4, 2022). We collected data from electronic health records (demographics, diagnoses, medications) combined with immunisation data from the Michigan State Registry to determine vaccination status, and we collected COVID-19-related hospitalisation data by chart review. We used a Cox proportional hazards model based on calendar time to assess the effectiveness of the mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2 vaccines in people taking immunosuppressive medications (conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs [DMARDs], biologic DMARDs, or glucocorticoids within the past 3 months), while controlling for participant characteristics. Using the same model, we assessed the effect of different classes of medication such as immunosuppressive DMARDs, immunomodulatory DMARDs, and glucocorticoids on SARS-CoV-2 infection and hospitalisation due to COVID-19. All analyses were done using complete cases after removing participants with missing covariates.
    Findings: 209 492 people were identified in Michigan Medicine, including 165 913 who were vaccinated and 43 579 who were unvaccinated. 41 078 people were excluded because they were younger than 18 years, partially vaccinated, had received a vaccine other than the two vaccines studied, or had incomplete covariate data. 168 414 people were included in the analysis; 97 935 (58%) were women, 70 479 (42%) were men, and 129 816 (77%) were White. 5609 (3%) people were taking immunosuppressive medications. In patients receiving immunosuppressants, three doses of BNT162b2 had a vaccine effectiveness of 50% (95% CI 31-64; p<0·0001) and three doses of mRNA-1273 had a vaccine effectiveness of 60% (42-73; p<0·0001) against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Three doses of either vaccine had an effectiveness of 87% (95% CI 73-93; p<0·0001) against hospitalisation due to COVID-19. Receipt of immunosuppressive DMARDs (hazard ratio 2·32, 95% CI 1·23-4·38; p=0·0097) or glucocorticoids (2·93, 1·77-4·86; p<0·0001) and a history of organ or bone marrow transplantation (3·52, 2·01-6·16; p<0·0001) were associated with increased risk of hospitalisation due to COVID-19 compared with those who had not received immunosuppressive medications or transplant.
    Interpretation: People taking immunosuppressive DMARDs or glucocorticoids are at substantially higher risk of hospitalisation due to COVID-19 than the general population. However, the mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2 vaccines remain effective within this group, and it is important that patients taking these medications remain up to date with vaccinations to mitigate their risk.
    Funding: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-08-16
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2665-9913
    ISSN (online) 2665-9913
    DOI 10.1016/S2665-9913(22)00216-8
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  6. Article ; Online: Comparative Effectiveness of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Vaccines Against the Delta Variant.

    Risk, Malcolm / Shen, Chen / Hayek, Salim S / Holevinski, Lynn / Schiopu, Elena / Freed, Gary / Akin, Cem / Zhao, Lili

    Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America

    2022  Volume 75, Issue 1, Page(s) e623–e629

    Abstract: Background: There is a lack of data regarding how the Delta variant of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has impacted the effectiveness of the BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech), mRNA-1273 (Moderna), and Ad26.COV2.S (Johnson & Johnson-Janssen) vaccines at ... ...

    Abstract Background: There is a lack of data regarding how the Delta variant of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has impacted the effectiveness of the BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech), mRNA-1273 (Moderna), and Ad26.COV2.S (Johnson & Johnson-Janssen) vaccines at preventing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and COVID-19 hospitalization.
    Methods: We compared the effectiveness of the three vaccines during the pre- and post-Delta variant period (before and after 1 July 2021) in a large cohort of vaccinated and unvaccinated patients in the Michigan Medicine healthcare system. We assessed vaccine effectiveness (VE) using 2 analyses: an inverse propensity weighted (IPW) Kaplan-Meier (KM) analysis based on time from vaccination, and a Cox model based on calendar time with vaccination as a time-varying covariate.
    Results: Compared to Ad26.COV2.S recipients, the risk of hospitalization for COVID-19 in the post-Delta variant period was lower for BNT162b2 recipients (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.37; 95% confidence interval [CI]: [.14-.98]; P = .05) and mRNA-1273 recipients (HR = 0.21; 95% CI: [.07-.64]; P = .006). Recipients of the mRNA-1273 vaccine had a lower risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection than Ad26.COV2.S recipients (HR = 0.6; 95% CI: [.43-.83]; P = .003) and BNT162b2 recipients (HR = 0.64; 95% CI: [.54-.76]; P < .001). After 1 July, efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 infection declined for Ad26.COV2.S recipients (VE = 76% before; VE = 49% after; P = .02), BNT162b2 recipients (VE = 87% before; VE = 52% after; P < .001), and mRNA-1273 recipients (VE = 92% before; VE = 70% after; P < .001). Waning immunity and the Delta variant contributed independently and significantly to this decline.
    Conclusions: Although there is a substantial decline in effectiveness, the approved COVID-19 vaccines remain effective against infection and hospitalization due to the Delta variant. The mRNA-based vaccines are more effective than the Ad26.COV2.S vaccine.
    MeSH term(s) 2019-nCoV Vaccine mRNA-1273 ; Ad26COVS1 ; BNT162 Vaccine ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; Humans ; SARS-CoV-2
    Chemical Substances Ad26COVS1 ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; 2019-nCoV Vaccine mRNA-1273 (EPK39PL4R4) ; BNT162 Vaccine (N38TVC63NU)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-02-08
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Comparative Study ; Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 1099781-7
    ISSN 1537-6591 ; 1058-4838
    ISSN (online) 1537-6591
    ISSN 1058-4838
    DOI 10.1093/cid/ciac106
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    Zs.A 1505: Show issues Location:
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    Zs.MO 480: Show issues

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  7. Article ; Online: Efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines in patients taking immunosuppressants.

    Shen, Chen / Risk, Malcolm / Schiopu, Elena / Hayek, Salim S / Xie, Tiankai / Holevinski, Lynn / Akin, Cem / Freed, Gary / Zhao, Lili

    Annals of the rheumatic diseases

    2022  Volume 81, Issue 6, Page(s) 875–880

    Abstract: Objectives: We intended to assess the effectiveness of all three US Food and Drug Administration approved COVID-19 vaccines at preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 hospitalisation in a large cohort of individuals on immunosuppressants for a ... ...

    Abstract Objectives: We intended to assess the effectiveness of all three US Food and Drug Administration approved COVID-19 vaccines at preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 hospitalisation in a large cohort of individuals on immunosuppressants for a diverse range of conditions.
    Methods: We studied the effectiveness of BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech), mRNA-1273 (Moderna) and Ad26.COV2.S (Johnson & Johnson-Janssen) vaccines among individuals who take immunosuppressants (including disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs and glucocorticoids) by comparing vaccinated (n=97688) and unvaccinated (n=42094) individuals in the Michigan Medicine healthcare system from 1 January to 7 December 2021, using Cox proportional hazards modelling with time-varying covariates.
    Results: Among vaccinated and unvaccinated individuals, taking immunosuppressants increased the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection (adjusted HR (aHR)=2.17, 95% CI 1.69 to 2.79 for fully vaccinated and aHR=1.40, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.83 for unvaccinated). Among individuals taking immunosuppressants, we found: (1) vaccination reduced the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection (aHR=0.55, 95% CI 0.39 to 0.78); (2) the BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 vaccines were highly effective at reducing the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection (n=2046, aHR=0.59, 95% CI 0.38 to 0.91 for BNT162b2; n=2064, aHR=0.52, 95% CI 0.33 to 0.82 for mRNA-1273); (3) with a smaller sample size (n=173), Ad26.COV2.S vaccine protection did not reach statistical significance (aHR=0.34, 95% CI 0.09 to 1.30, p=0.17); and (4) receiving a booster dose reduced the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection (aHR=0.42, 95% CI 0.24 to 0.76).
    Conclusions: The mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2 vaccines are effective in individuals who take immunosuppressants. However, individuals who are vaccinated but on immunosuppressants are still at higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 hospitalisation than the broader vaccinated population. Booster doses are effective and crucially important for individuals on immunosuppressants.
    MeSH term(s) Ad26COVS1 ; BNT162 Vaccine ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; Humans ; Immunosuppressive Agents ; SARS-CoV-2
    Chemical Substances Ad26COVS1 ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; Immunosuppressive Agents ; BNT162 Vaccine (N38TVC63NU)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-02-23
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 7090-7
    ISSN 1468-2060 ; 0003-4967
    ISSN (online) 1468-2060
    ISSN 0003-4967
    DOI 10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-222045
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  8. Article: Influenza vaccine effectiveness against hospitalized SARS-CoV-2 infection.

    Lee, Yung-Chun / Liu, Lufeiya / Yuan, Liyang / Risk, Malcolm / Heinrich, Kevin / Witteveen-Lane, Martin / Hayek, Salim / Malosh, Ryan / Pop-Busui, Rodica / Jiang, Bian / Shen, Chen / Chesla, Dave / Kennedy, Richard / Xu, Shi / Sims, Matthew / Homayouni, Ramin / Zhao, Lili

    medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences

    2023  

    Abstract: Background: Some studies conducted before the Delta and Omicron variant-dominant periods have indicated that influenza vaccination provided protection against COVID-19 infection or hospitalization, but these results were limited by small study cohorts ... ...

    Abstract Background: Some studies conducted before the Delta and Omicron variant-dominant periods have indicated that influenza vaccination provided protection against COVID-19 infection or hospitalization, but these results were limited by small study cohorts and a lack of comprehensive data on patient characteristics. No studies have examined this question during the Delta and Omicron periods (08/01/2021 to 2/22/2022).
    Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of influenza-vaccinated and unvaccinated patients in the Corewell Health East(CHE, formerly known as Beaumont Health), Corewell Health West(CHW, formerly known as Spectrum Health) and Michigan Medicine (MM) healthcare system during the Delta-dominant and Omicron-dominant periods. We used a test-negative, case-control analysis to assess the effectiveness of the influenza vaccine against hospitalized SARS-CoV-2 outcome in adults, while controlling for individual characteristics as well as pandameic severity and waning immunity of COVID-19 vaccine.
    Results: The influenza vaccination has shown to provided some protection against SARS-CoV-2 hospitalized outcome across three main healthcare systems. CHE site (odds ratio [OR]=0.73, vaccine effectiveness [VE]=27%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: [18-35], p<0.001), CHW site (OR=0.85, VE=15%, 95% CI: [6-24], p<0.001), MM (OR=0.50, VE=50%, 95% CI: [40-58], p <0.001) and overall (OR=0.75, VE=25%, 95% CI: [20-30], p <0.001).
    Conclusion: The influenza vaccine provides a small degree of protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection across our study sites.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-10-31
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Preprint
    DOI 10.1101/2023.10.27.23297682
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  9. Article ; Online: Influenza vaccine effectiveness against hospitalized SARS-CoV-2 infection

    Lee, Yung-Chun / Liu, Lufeiya / Yuan, Liyang / Risk, Malcolm / Heinrich, Kevin / Witteveen-Lane, Martin / Hayek, Salim / Malosh, Ryan / Pop-Busui, Rodica / Jiang, Bian / Shen, Chen / Chesla, Dave / Kennedy, Richard / Shi, Xu / Sims, Matthew / Homayouni, Ramin / Zhao, Lili

    medRxiv

    Abstract: Background: Some studies conducted before the Delta and Omicron variant-dominant periods have indicated that influenza vaccination provided protection against COVID-19 infection or hospital- ization, but these results were limited by small study cohorts ... ...

    Abstract Background: Some studies conducted before the Delta and Omicron variant-dominant periods have indicated that influenza vaccination provided protection against COVID-19 infection or hospital- ization, but these results were limited by small study cohorts and a lack of comprehensive data on patient characteristics. No studies have examined this question during the Delta and Omicron periods (08/01/2021 to 2/22/2022). Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of influenza-vaccinated and unvaccinated patients in the Corewell Health East(CHE, formerly known as Beaumont Health), Corewell Health West(CHW, formerly known as Spectrum Health) and Michigan Medicine (MM) healthcare system during the Delta-dominant and Omicron-dominant periods. We used a test-negative, case-control analysis to assess the effectiveness of the influenza vaccine against hospitalized SARS-CoV-2 outcome in adults, while controlling for individual characteristics as well as pandameic severity and waning immunity of COVID-19 vaccine. Results: The influenza vaccination has shown to provided some protection against SARS-CoV-2 hospitalized outcome across three main healthcare systems. CHE site (odds ratio [OR]=0.73, vaccine effectiveness [VE]=27%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: [18-35], p<0.001), CHW site (OR=0.85, VE=15%, 95% CI: [6-24], p<0.001), MM (OR=0.50, VE=50%, 95% CI: [40-58], p <0.001) and overall (OR=0.75, VE=25%, 95% CI: [20-30], p <0.001). Conclusion: The influenza vaccine provides a small degree of protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection across our study sites
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-10-31
    Publisher Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press
    Document type Article ; Online
    DOI 10.1101/2023.10.27.23297682
    Database COVID19

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  10. Article ; Online: Influenza vaccine effectiveness against hospitalized SARS-CoV-2 infection

    Lee, Yung-Chun / Liu, Lufeiya / Yuan, Liyang / Risk, Malcolm / Heinrich, Kevin / Witteveen-Lane, Martin / Hayek, Salim / Malosh, Ryan / Pop-Busui, Rodica / Jiang, Bian / Shen, Chen / Chesla, Dave / Kennedy, Richard / Xu, Shi / Sims, Matthew / Homayouni, Ramin / Zhao, Lili

    medRxiv

    Abstract: Background: Some studies conducted before the Delta and Omicron variant-dominant periods have indicated that influenza vaccination provided protection against COVID-19 infection or hospital- ization, but these results were limited by small study cohorts ... ...

    Abstract Background: Some studies conducted before the Delta and Omicron variant-dominant periods have indicated that influenza vaccination provided protection against COVID-19 infection or hospital- ization, but these results were limited by small study cohorts and a lack of comprehensive data on patient characteristics. No studies have examined this question during the Delta and Omicron periods (08/01/2021 to 2/22/2022). Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of influenza-vaccinated and unvaccinated patients in the Corewell Health East(CHE, formerly known as Beaumont Health), Corewell Health West(CHW, formerly known as Spectrum Health) and Michigan Medicine (MM) healthcare system during the Delta-dominant and Omicron-dominant periods. We used a test-negative, case-control analysis to assess the effectiveness of the influenza vaccine against hospitalized SARS-CoV-2 outcome in adults, while controlling for individual characteristics as well as pandameic severity and waning immunity of COVID-19 vaccine. Results: The influenza vaccination has shown to provided some protection against SARS-CoV-2 hospitalized outcome across three main healthcare systems. CHE site (odds ratio [OR]=0.73, vaccine effectiveness [VE]=27%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: [18-35], p<0.001), CHW site (OR=0.85, VE=15%, 95% CI: [6-24], p<0.001), MM (OR=0.50, VE=50%, 95% CI: [40-58], p <0.001) and overall (OR=0.75, VE=25%, 95% CI: [20-30], p <0.001). Conclusion: The influenza vaccine provides a small degree of protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection across our study sites
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-10-31
    Publisher Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press
    Document type Article ; Online
    DOI 10.1101/2023.10.27.23297682
    Database COVID19

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