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  1. Article: Dynamic Coupling in Unentangled Liquid Coacervates Formed by Oppositely Charged Polyelectrolytes.

    Aponte-Rivera, Christian / Rubinstein, Michael

    Macromolecules

    2021  Volume 54, Issue 4, Page(s) 1783–1800

    Abstract: We develop a scaling theory that predicts the dynamics of symmetric and asymmetric unentangled liquid coacervates formed by solutions of oppositely-charged polyelectrolytes. Symmetric coacervates made from oppositely-charged polyelectrolytes consist of ... ...

    Abstract We develop a scaling theory that predicts the dynamics of symmetric and asymmetric unentangled liquid coacervates formed by solutions of oppositely-charged polyelectrolytes. Symmetric coacervates made from oppositely-charged polyelectrolytes consist of polycations and polyanions with equal and opposite charge densities along their backbones. These symmetric coacervates can be described as mixtures of polyelectrolytes in the quasi-neutral regime with a single correlation length. Asymmetric coacervates are made from polycations and polyanions with unequal charge densities. The difference in charge densities results in a double semidilute structure of asymmetric coacervates with two correlation lengths, one for the high-charge-density and the other for the low-charge-density polyelectrolytes. We predict that the double-semidilute structure in asymmetric coacervates results in a dynamic coupling which increases the friction of the high-charge-density polyelectrolyte. This dynamic coupling increases the contribution to the zero-shear viscosity of the high-charge-density polyelectrolyte. The diffusion coefficient of the high-charge-density polyelectrolyte is predicted to depend on the concentration and degree of polymerization of the low-charge-density polyelectrolyte in the coacervate if the size of the low-charge-density polymer is smaller than the correlation length of the high-charge-density polymer. We also predict a non-monotonic salt concentration dependence of the zero-shear viscosity of asymmetric coacervates.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-01-29
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 3436-8
    ISSN 0024-9297
    ISSN 0024-9297
    DOI 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01393
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article: The confined Generalized Stokes-Einstein relation and its consequence on intracellular two-point microrheology

    Aponte-Rivera, Christian / Zia, Roseanna N.

    Journal of colloid and interface science. 2022 Mar., v. 609

    2022  

    Abstract: Two-point microrheology (TPM) is used to infer material properties of complex fluids from the correlated motion of hydrodynamically interacting probes embedded in the medium. The mechanistic connection between probe motion and material properties is ... ...

    Abstract Two-point microrheology (TPM) is used to infer material properties of complex fluids from the correlated motion of hydrodynamically interacting probes embedded in the medium. The mechanistic connection between probe motion and material properties is propagation of disturbance flows, encoded in current TPM theory for unconfined materials. However, confined media e.g. biological cells and particle-laden droplets, require theory that encodes confinement into the flow propagator (Green’s function). To test this idea, we use Confined Stokesian Dynamics simulations to explicitly represent many-body hydrodynamic couplings between colloids and with the enclosing cavity at arbitrary concentration and cavity size. We find that previous TPM theory breaks down in confinement, and we identify and replace the underlying key elements. We put forth a Confined Generalized Stokes-Einstein Relation and report the viscoelastic spectrum. We find that confinement alters particle dynamics and increases viscosity, owing to hydrodynamic and entropic coupling with the cavity. The new theory produces a master curve for all cavity sizes and concentrations and reveals that for colloids larger than 0.005 times the enclosure size, the new model is required.
    Keywords hydrodynamics ; models ; viscoelasticity ; viscosity
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2022-03
    Size p. 423-433.
    Publishing place Elsevier Inc.
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 241597-5
    ISSN 1095-7103 ; 0021-9797
    ISSN (online) 1095-7103
    ISSN 0021-9797
    DOI 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.11.037
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  3. Article ; Online: Stress, associative learning, and decision-making.

    Giovanniello, Jacqueline / Bravo-Rivera, Christian / Rosenkranz, Amiel / Matthew Lattal, K

    Neurobiology of learning and memory

    2023  Volume 204, Page(s) 107812

    Abstract: Exposure to acute and chronic stress has significant effects on the basic mechanisms of associative learning and memory. Stress can both impair and enhance associative learning depending on type, intensity, and persistence of the stressor, the subject's ... ...

    Abstract Exposure to acute and chronic stress has significant effects on the basic mechanisms of associative learning and memory. Stress can both impair and enhance associative learning depending on type, intensity, and persistence of the stressor, the subject's sex, the context that the stress and behavior is experienced in, and the type of associative learning taking place. In some cases, stress can cause or exacerbate the maladaptive behavior that underlies numerous psychiatric conditions including anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, substance use disorder, and others. Therefore, it is critical to understand how the varied effects of stress, which may normally facilitate adaptive behavior, can also become maladaptive and even harmful. In this review, we highlight several findings of associative learning and decision-making processes that are affected by stress in both human and non-human subjects and how they are related to one another. An emerging theme from this work is that stress biases behavior towards less flexible strategies that may reflect a cautious insensitivity to changing contingencies. We consider how this inflexibility has been observed in different associative learning procedures and suggest that a goal for the field should be to clarify how factors such as sex and previous experience influence this inflexibility.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Adaptation, Psychological ; Anxiety Disorders ; Conditioning, Classical ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-08-19
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Review ; Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1223366-3
    ISSN 1095-9564 ; 1074-7427
    ISSN (online) 1095-9564
    ISSN 1074-7427
    DOI 10.1016/j.nlm.2023.107812
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  4. Article: Dynamic Coupling in Unentangled Liquid Coacervates Formed by Oppositely Charged Polyelectrolytes

    Aponte-Rivera, Christian / Rubinstein, Michael

    Macromolecules. 2021 Jan. 29, v. 54, no. 4

    2021  

    Abstract: We develop a scaling theory that predicts the dynamics of symmetric and asymmetric unentangled liquid coacervates formed by solutions of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes. Symmetric coacervates made from oppositely charged polyelectrolytes consist of ... ...

    Abstract We develop a scaling theory that predicts the dynamics of symmetric and asymmetric unentangled liquid coacervates formed by solutions of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes. Symmetric coacervates made from oppositely charged polyelectrolytes consist of polycations and polyanions with equal and opposite charge densities along their backbones. These symmetric coacervates can be described as mixtures of polyelectrolytes in the quasi-neutral regime with a single correlation length. Asymmetric coacervates are made from polycations and polyanions with unequal charge densities. The difference in charge densities results in a double semidilute structure of asymmetric coacervates with two correlation lengths, one for the high-charge-density and the other for the low-charge-density polyelectrolytes. We predict that the double semidilute structure in asymmetric coacervates results in a dynamic coupling, which increases the friction of the high-charge-density polyelectrolyte. This dynamic coupling increases the contribution to the zero-shear viscosity of the high-charge-density polyelectrolyte. The diffusion coefficient of the high-charge-density polyelectrolyte is predicted to depend on the concentration and degree of polymerization of the low-charge-density polyelectrolyte in the coacervate if the size of the low-charge-density polymer is smaller than the correlation length of the high-charge-density polymer. We also predict a non-monotonic salt concentration dependence of the zero-shear viscosity of asymmetric coacervates.
    Keywords anions ; cations ; electrical charges ; liquids ; polymerization ; polymers ; viscosity
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2021-0129
    Size p. 1783-1800.
    Publishing place American Chemical Society
    Document type Article
    Note golden set
    ZDB-ID 1491942-4
    ISSN 1520-5835 ; 0024-9297
    ISSN (online) 1520-5835
    ISSN 0024-9297
    DOI 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01393
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  5. Article ; Online: Scalable Dry-Pressed Electrodes Based on Holey Graphene.

    Lin, Yi / Plaza-Rivera, Christian O / Hu, Liangbing / Connell, John W

    Accounts of chemical research

    2022  Volume 55, Issue 20, Page(s) 3020–3031

    Abstract: ConspectusHoley graphene (hG) is a structural derivative of graphene with arrays of through-thickness holes of a few to tens of nanometers in diameter, randomly distributed across the nanosheet surfaces. In most bulk preparation methods, the holes on hG ... ...

    Abstract ConspectusHoley graphene (hG) is a structural derivative of graphene with arrays of through-thickness holes of a few to tens of nanometers in diameter, randomly distributed across the nanosheet surfaces. In most bulk preparation methods, the holes on hG sheets are preferentially generated from the pre-existing defects on graphene. Therefore, contrary to intuitive belief, hG is not necessarily more defective than the intact graphene. Instead, it retains essential parent properties, including high electrical conductivity, high surface area, mechanical robustness, and chemical inertness. Furthermore, the added holey structural motif imparts unique properties that are not present in unmodified graphene, making hG advantageous in numerous applications such as sensing, membranes, reinforcements, and electrochemical energy storage. In particular, the presence of holes enhances the mass transport through the nanosheet plane and thus significantly reduces tortuosity. This difference is a key advantage for using hG in energy storage applications where the transport of ions through the thickness becomes more hindered as the electrode thickness increases to meet practical energy density requirements.An unexpected discovery is that the holes of the hG sheets enable the dry hG powder to be directly compressed into robust monoliths. hG not only can be pressed into monoliths by itself but also can host other electrochemically active materials as a compressible matrix. This important yet unique property, which is not available for other carbon materials including intact graphene, significantly broadens the application horizon in energy storage applications. With the dry compressibility, electrodes with ultrahigh mass loading and thus ultrahigh areal capacity may be conveniently fabricated without toxic solvents or parasitic binders, which are required in conventional slurry-based approaches for electrode fabrication. The dry-press electrode preparation process can be completed within minutes regardless of mass loading. In comparison, high-mass-loading electrodes for advanced battery chemistries using conventional fabrication methods often need stringent and time-consuming process control. hG can also be combined with electrochemically active battery materials while maintaining dry compressibility. This has allowed the unprecedented, convenient manipulation of a wide variety of thick electrode compositions and architectures, which provides not only outstanding performance but also new physical insights for various battery chemistries.In this Account, we first present some basic observations on the dry compressibility of hG as well as the mechanistic investigations from atomistic modeling rationalizing this unique property. We then showcase the applications of neat and composite dry-pressed hG electrodes for various energy storage platforms including supercapacitors, lithium (Li) ion batteries, Li-O
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-09-29
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1483291-4
    ISSN 1520-4898 ; 0001-4842
    ISSN (online) 1520-4898
    ISSN 0001-4842
    DOI 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00457
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  6. Article ; Online: The confined Generalized Stokes-Einstein relation and its consequence on intracellular two-point microrheology.

    Aponte-Rivera, Christian / Zia, Roseanna N

    Journal of colloid and interface science

    2021  Volume 609, Page(s) 423–433

    Abstract: Two-point microrheology (TPM) is used to infer material properties of complex fluids from the correlated motion of hydrodynamically interacting probes embedded in the medium. The mechanistic connection between probe motion and material properties is ... ...

    Abstract Two-point microrheology (TPM) is used to infer material properties of complex fluids from the correlated motion of hydrodynamically interacting probes embedded in the medium. The mechanistic connection between probe motion and material properties is propagation of disturbance flows, encoded in current TPM theory for unconfined materials. However, confined media e.g. biological cells and particle-laden droplets, require theory that encodes confinement into the flow propagator (Green's function). To test this idea, we use Confined Stokesian Dynamics simulations to explicitly represent many-body hydrodynamic couplings between colloids and with the enclosing cavity at arbitrary concentration and cavity size. We find that previous TPM theory breaks down in confinement, and we identify and replace the underlying key elements. We put forth a Confined Generalized Stokes-Einstein Relation and report the viscoelastic spectrum. We find that confinement alters particle dynamics and increases viscosity, owing to hydrodynamic and entropic coupling with the cavity. The new theory produces a master curve for all cavity sizes and concentrations and reveals that for colloids larger than 0.005 times the enclosure size, the new model is required.
    MeSH term(s) Colloids ; Hydrodynamics ; Models, Chemical ; Motion ; Viscosity
    Chemical Substances Colloids
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-12-04
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 241597-5
    ISSN 1095-7103 ; 0021-9797
    ISSN (online) 1095-7103
    ISSN 0021-9797
    DOI 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.11.037
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  7. Article: From Isolated Emotional Memories to Their Competition During Conflict.

    Bravo-Rivera, Christian / Sotres-Bayon, Francisco

    Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience

    2020  Volume 14, Page(s) 36

    Abstract: Aversive or rewarding experiences are remembered better than those of lesser survival significance. These emotional memories, whether negative or positive, leave traces in the brain which can later be retrieved and strongly influence how we perceive, how ...

    Abstract Aversive or rewarding experiences are remembered better than those of lesser survival significance. These emotional memories, whether negative or positive, leave traces in the brain which can later be retrieved and strongly influence how we perceive, how we form associations with environmental stimuli and, ultimately, guide our decision-making. In this review aticle, we outline what constitutes an emotional memory by focusing on threat- and reward-related memories and describe how they are formed in the brain during learning and reformed during retrieval. Finally, we discuss how the field is moving from understanding emotional memory brain circuits separately, towards studying how these two opposing brain systems interact to guide choices during conflict. Here, we outline two novel tasks in rodents that model opposing binary choices (approach or avoid) guided by competing emotional memories. The prefrontal cortex (PFC) is a major integration hub of emotional information which is also known to be critical for decision-making. Consequently, brain circuits that involve this brain region may be key for understanding how the retrieval of emotional memories flexibly orchestrates adaptive choice behavior. Because several mental disorders (e.g., drug addiction and depression) are characterized by deficits in decision-making in the face of conflicting emotional memories (maladaptively giving more weight to one memory over the other), the development of choice-based animal models for emotional regulation could give rise to new approaches for the treatment of these disorders in humans.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-03-12
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2452960-6
    ISSN 1662-5153
    ISSN 1662-5153
    DOI 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00036
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  8. Article ; Online: Assessing Ecological and Social Dimensions of Success in a Community-based Sustainable Harvest Program.

    Rivera, Christian J / Macey, Suzanne K / Blair, Mary E / Sterling, Eleanor J

    Environmental management

    2021  Volume 67, Issue 4, Page(s) 731–746

    Abstract: Community-based conservation and resource management (CBCRM) programs often incorporate the dual goals of poverty alleviation and conservation. However, robust assessments of CBCRM program outcomes are relatively scarce. This study uses a ... ...

    Abstract Community-based conservation and resource management (CBCRM) programs often incorporate the dual goals of poverty alleviation and conservation. However, robust assessments of CBCRM program outcomes are relatively scarce. This study uses a multidisciplinary, systems approach to assess the ecological and social dimensions of success of an internationally acclaimed CBCRM program. This program, located in one of the largest protected areas in the Peruvian Amazon (Pacaya-Samiria National Reserve), strives for the sustainable harvest and trade of a turtle species (Podocnemis unifilis). We used mixed methods analysis, including interviews and population viability modeling, to understand three elements: how local perceptions of changes in the managed population compare to changes inferred by ecological analyses, the indicators stakeholders use to measure success, and the barriers to long-term program success and social-ecological system sustainability. We find that stakeholders perceive a growth trend in the managed turtle population, but this perception may diverge from our ecological understanding of the system under current management. Population viability analyses with a 1:1 sex ratio suggested population size will decline under two of three management scenarios (different degrees of harvest). Yet this and similar studies are plagued by a lack of species- and site-specific population parameters that could improve understanding of the system. Significant vulnerabilities exist for system sustainability, notably the recent decrease in foreign demand for the traded resource. Identifying a sustainable species-specific harvest rate, developing locally-grounded ecological and social indicators, and focusing on data-driven adaptive management will facilitate the identification of key leverage points for future management interventions.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecosystem ; Turtles
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-01-21
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1478932-2
    ISSN 1432-1009 ; 0364-152X
    ISSN (online) 1432-1009
    ISSN 0364-152X
    DOI 10.1007/s00267-021-01425-6
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  9. Article ; Online: Prevalence of Cardiovascular Disease and Comorbid Risk Factors in Patients in Puerto Rico with Schizophrenia.

    Bugarini, Alejandro / Maldonado, Stephanie / Rodriguez, Nicole / Jani, Devang / Rivera, Christian / Reyes-Velazquez, Yarelis / Inostroza-Nieves, Yaritza

    Puerto Rico health sciences journal

    2023  Volume 42, Issue 1, Page(s) 3–9

    Abstract: Objective: The mortality rate of schizophrenia patients is higher than that of the general population; cardiovascular disease (CVD) is their leading cause of death. This issue must be studied since people with schizophrenia are disproportionately ... ...

    Abstract Objective: The mortality rate of schizophrenia patients is higher than that of the general population; cardiovascular disease (CVD) is their leading cause of death. This issue must be studied since people with schizophrenia are disproportionately burdened with CVD. Therefore, our goal was to identify the prevalence of CVD and other comorbidities, stratified by age and gender, in patients with schizophrenia living in Puerto Rico.
    Methods: A retrospective, case-control, descriptive study was conducted. Subjects in this study were admitted to Dr. Federico Trilla's hospital from 2004 through 2014 for both psychiatric- and non psychiatric conditions. The sample populations were stratified by the confounding variables of tobacco use and alcohol abuse, and the resulting stratification was analyzed with the Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel method.
    Results: A higher frequency of CVDs was noted in the patients with schizophrenia compared to those in the control group. Although hypertension was the most frequent pathology encountered in both groups, ischemic heart disease was approximately four times more frequent in the patients with schizophrenia. CVD represented 58.4% and 52.7% in the schizophrenia and non-schizophrenia groups, respectively, although a statistically significant difference was not observed. The prevalence of malignancies in patients without schizophrenia was higher than in patients with schizophrenia. Moreover, the prevalence of asthma was 10.9% in the control group compared to 5.3% in the schizophrenia group.
    Conclusion: These findings should motivate a systematic approach to prioritizing the aggressive management, early diagnosis, and prevention of comorbid risk factors in patients with schizophrenia.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology ; Puerto Rico/epidemiology ; Retrospective Studies ; Prevalence ; Risk Factors
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-03-20
    Publishing country Puerto Rico
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 639137-0
    ISSN 2373-6011 ; 0738-0658
    ISSN (online) 2373-6011
    ISSN 0738-0658
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  10. Article: Assessing Ecological and Social Dimensions of Success in a Community-based Sustainable Harvest Program

    Rivera, Christian J / Macey, Suzanne K / Blair, Mary E / Sterling, Eleanor J

    Environmental management. 2021 Apr., v. 67, no. 4

    2021  

    Abstract: Community-based conservation and resource management (CBCRM) programs often incorporate the dual goals of poverty alleviation and conservation. However, robust assessments of CBCRM program outcomes are relatively scarce. This study uses a ... ...

    Abstract Community-based conservation and resource management (CBCRM) programs often incorporate the dual goals of poverty alleviation and conservation. However, robust assessments of CBCRM program outcomes are relatively scarce. This study uses a multidisciplinary, systems approach to assess the ecological and social dimensions of success of an internationally acclaimed CBCRM program. This program, located in one of the largest protected areas in the Peruvian Amazon (Pacaya-Samiria National Reserve), strives for the sustainable harvest and trade of a turtle species (Podocnemis unifilis). We used mixed methods analysis, including interviews and population viability modeling, to understand three elements: how local perceptions of changes in the managed population compare to changes inferred by ecological analyses, the indicators stakeholders use to measure success, and the barriers to long-term program success and social–ecological system sustainability. We find that stakeholders perceive a growth trend in the managed turtle population, but this perception may diverge from our ecological understanding of the system under current management. Population viability analyses with a 1:1 sex ratio suggested population size will decline under two of three management scenarios (different degrees of harvest). Yet this and similar studies are plagued by a lack of species- and site-specific population parameters that could improve understanding of the system. Significant vulnerabilities exist for system sustainability, notably the recent decrease in foreign demand for the traded resource. Identifying a sustainable species-specific harvest rate, developing locally-grounded ecological and social indicators, and focusing on data-driven adaptive management will facilitate the identification of key leverage points for future management interventions.
    Keywords Podocnemis ; adaptive management ; environmental management ; population size ; population viability ; poverty ; resource management ; sex ratio ; stakeholders ; trade ; turtles ; Amazonia
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2021-04
    Size p. 731-746.
    Publishing place Springer US
    Document type Article
    Note NAL-AP-2-clean
    ZDB-ID 1478932-2
    ISSN 1432-1009 ; 0364-152X
    ISSN (online) 1432-1009
    ISSN 0364-152X
    DOI 10.1007/s00267-021-01425-6
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