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  1. AU="Robert W. Crawford"
  2. AU="Figueroa, Andres V"
  3. AU="Racca, C."
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  1. Article ; Online: Evaluation of Arctic Water Vapor Profile Observations from a Differential Absorption Lidar

    Zen Mariani / Shannon Hicks-Jalali / Kevin Strawbridge / Jack Gwozdecky / Robert W. Crawford / Barbara Casati / François Lemay / Raisa Lehtinen / Pekko Tuominen

    Remote Sensing, Vol 13, Iss 4, p

    2021  Volume 551

    Abstract: The continuous measuring of the vertical profile of water vapor in the boundary layer using a commercially available differential absorption lidar (DIAL) has only recently been made possible. Since September 2018, a new pre-production version of the ... ...

    Abstract The continuous measuring of the vertical profile of water vapor in the boundary layer using a commercially available differential absorption lidar (DIAL) has only recently been made possible. Since September 2018, a new pre-production version of the Vaisala DIAL system has operated at the Iqaluit supersite (63.74°N, 68.51°W), commissioned by Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) as part of the Canadian Arctic Weather Science project. This study presents its evaluation during the extremely dry conditions experienced in the Arctic by comparing it with coincident radiosonde and Raman lidar observations. Comparisons over a one year period were strongly correlated (r > 0.8 at almost all heights) and exhibited an average bias of +0.13 ± 0.01 g/kg (DIAL-sonde) and +0.18 ± 0.02 g/kg (DIAL-Raman). Larger differences exhibiting distinct artifacts were found between 250 and 400 m above ground level (AGL). The DIAL’s observations were also used to conduct a verification case study of operational numerical weather prediction (NWP) models during the World Meteorological Organization’s Year of Polar Prediction. Comparisons to ECCC’s global environmental multiscale model (GEM-2.5 km and GEM-10 km) indicate good agreement with an average bias < 0.16 g/kg for the higher-resolution (GEM-2.5 km) models. All models performed significantly better during the winter than the summer, likely due to the winter’s lower water vapor concentrations and decreased variability. This study provides evidence in favor of using high temporal resolution lidar water vapor profile measurements to complement radiosonde observations and for NWP model verification and process studies.
    Keywords DIAL ; Raman ; lidar ; water vapor ; humidity ; remote sensing ; Science ; Q
    Subject code 333
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-02-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher MDPI AG
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  2. Article ; Online: Very long O-antigen chains enhance fitness during Salmonella-induced colitis by increasing bile resistance.

    Robert W Crawford / A Marijke Keestra / Sebastian E Winter / Mariana N Xavier / Renée M Tsolis / Vladimir Tolstikov / Andreas J Bäumler

    PLoS Pathogens, Vol 8, Iss 9, p e

    2012  Volume 1002918

    Abstract: Intestinal inflammation changes the luminal habitat for microbes through mechanisms that have not been fully resolved. We noticed that the FepE regulator of very long O-antigen chain assembly in the enteric pathogen Salmonella enterica serotype ... ...

    Abstract Intestinal inflammation changes the luminal habitat for microbes through mechanisms that have not been fully resolved. We noticed that the FepE regulator of very long O-antigen chain assembly in the enteric pathogen Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) conferred a luminal fitness advantage in the mouse colitis model. However, a fepE mutant was not defective for survival in tissue, resistance to complement or resistance to polymyxin B. We performed metabolite profiling to identify changes in the luminal habitat that accompany S. Typhimurium-induced colitis. This analysis suggested that S. Typhimurium-induced colitis increased the luminal concentrations of total bile acids. A mutation in fepE significantly reduced the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of S. Typhimurium for bile acids in vitro. Oral administration of the bile acid sequestrant cholestyramine resin lowered the concentrations of total bile acids in colon contents during S. Typhimurium infection and significantly reduced the luminal fitness advantage conferred by the fepE gene in the mouse colitis model. Collectively, these data suggested that very long O-antigen chains function in bile acid resistance of S. Typhimurium, a property conferring a fitness advantage during luminal growth in the inflamed intestine.
    Keywords Immunologic diseases. Allergy ; RC581-607 ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
    Language English
    Publishing date 2012-09-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Public Library of Science (PLoS)
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  3. Article ; Online: Early mucosal sensing of SIV infection by paneth cells induces IL-1β production and initiates gut epithelial disruption.

    Lauren A Hirao / Irina Grishina / Olivier Bourry / William K Hu / Monsicha Somrit / Sumathi Sankaran-Walters / Chris A Gaulke / Anne N Fenton / Jay A Li / Robert W Crawford / Frank Chuang / Ross Tarara / Maria L Marco / Andreas J Bäumler / Holland Cheng / Satya Dandekar

    PLoS Pathogens, Vol 10, Iss 8, p e

    2014  Volume 1004311

    Abstract: HIV causes rapid CD4+ T cell depletion in the gut mucosa, resulting in immune deficiency and defects in the intestinal epithelial barrier. Breakdown in gut barrier integrity is linked to chronic inflammation and disease progression. However, the early ... ...

    Abstract HIV causes rapid CD4+ T cell depletion in the gut mucosa, resulting in immune deficiency and defects in the intestinal epithelial barrier. Breakdown in gut barrier integrity is linked to chronic inflammation and disease progression. However, the early effects of HIV on the gut epithelium, prior to the CD4+ T cell depletion, are not known. Further, the impact of early viral infection on mucosal responses to pathogenic and commensal microbes has not been investigated. We utilized the SIV model of AIDS to assess the earliest host-virus interactions and mechanisms of inflammation and dysfunction in the gut, prior to CD4+ T cell depletion. An intestinal loop model was used to interrogate the effects of SIV infection on gut mucosal immune sensing and response to pathogens and commensal bacteria in vivo. At 2.5 days post-SIV infection, low viral loads were detected in peripheral blood and gut mucosa without CD4+ T cell loss. However, immunohistological analysis revealed the disruption of the gut epithelium manifested by decreased expression and mislocalization of tight junction proteins. Correlating with epithelial disruption was a significant induction of IL-1β expression by Paneth cells, which were in close proximity to SIV-infected cells in the intestinal crypts. The IL-1β response preceded the induction of the antiviral interferon response. Despite the disruption of the gut epithelium, no aberrant responses to pathogenic or commensal bacteria were observed. In fact, inoculation of commensal Lactobacillus plantarum in intestinal loops led to rapid anti-inflammatory response and epithelial tight junction repair in SIV infected macaques. Thus, intestinal Paneth cells are the earliest responders to viral infection and induce gut inflammation through IL-1β signaling. Reversal of the IL-1β induced gut epithelial damage by Lactobacillus plantarum suggests synergistic host-commensal interactions during early viral infection and identify these mechanisms as potential targets for therapeutic intervention.
    Keywords Immunologic diseases. Allergy ; RC581-607 ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
    Subject code 570
    Language English
    Publishing date 2014-08-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Public Library of Science (PLoS)
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  4. Article ; Online: Loss of Multicellular Behavior in Epidemic African Nontyphoidal Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium ST313 Strain D23580

    Larissa A. Singletary / Joyce E. Karlinsey / Stephen J. Libby / Jason P. Mooney / Kristen L. Lokken / Renée M. Tsolis / Mariana X. Byndloss / Lauren A. Hirao / Christopher A. Gaulke / Robert W. Crawford / Satya Dandekar / Robert A. Kingsley / Chisomo L. Msefula / Robert S. Heyderman / Ferric C. Fang

    mBio, Vol 7, Iss 2, p e02265-

    2016  Volume 15

    Abstract: Nontyphoidal Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is a frequent cause of bloodstream infections in children and HIV-infected adults in sub-Saharan Africa. Most isolates from African patients with bacteremia belong to a single sequence type, ST313, ... ...

    Abstract Nontyphoidal Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium is a frequent cause of bloodstream infections in children and HIV-infected adults in sub-Saharan Africa. Most isolates from African patients with bacteremia belong to a single sequence type, ST313, which is genetically distinct from gastroenteritis-associated ST19 strains, such as 14028s and SL1344. Some studies suggest that the rapid spread of ST313 across sub-Saharan Africa has been facilitated by anthroponotic (person-to-person) transmission, eliminating the need for Salmonella survival outside the host. While these studies have not ruled out zoonotic or other means of transmission, the anthroponotic hypothesis is supported by evidence of extensive genomic decay, a hallmark of host adaptation, in the sequenced ST313 strain D23580. We have identified and demonstrated 2 loss-of-function mutations in D23580, not present in the ST19 strain 14028s, that impair multicellular stress resistance associated with survival outside the host. These mutations result in inactivation of the KatE stationary-phase catalase that protects high-density bacterial communities from oxidative stress and the BcsG cellulose biosynthetic enzyme required for the RDAR (red, dry, and rough) colonial phenotype. However, we found that like 14028s, D23580 is able to elicit an acute inflammatory response and cause enteritis in mice and rhesus macaque monkeys. Collectively, these observations suggest that African S. Typhimurium ST313 strain D23580 is becoming adapted to an anthroponotic mode of transmission while retaining the ability to infect and cause enteritis in multiple host species.
    Keywords Science ; Q ; Microbiology ; QR1-502
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-03-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher American Society for Microbiology
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  5. Article ; Online: Global Genetic Cartography of Urban Metagenomes and Anti-Microbial Resistance

    David C Danko / Daniela Bezdan / Ebrahim Afshinnekoo / Sofia Ahsanuddin / Josue Alicea / Chandrima Bhattacharya / Malay Bhattacharyya / Ran Blekhman / Daniel J Butler / Eduardo Castro-Nallar / Ana M Canas / Aspassia D Chatziefthimiou / Kern Rei Chng / David A Coil / Denise Syndercombe Court / Robert W Crawford / Christelle Desnues / Emmanuel Dias-Neto / Daisy Donnellan /
    Marius Dybwad / Jonathan A Eisen / Eran Elhaik / Danilo Ercolini / Francesca De Filippis / Alina Frolova / Alexandra B Graf / David C Green / Patrick K H Lee / Jochen Hecht / Mark Hernandez / Soojin Jang / Andre Kahles / Mikhail Karasikov / Kaymisha Knights / Nikos C Kyrpides / Per Ljungdahl / Abigail Lyons / Gabriella Mason-Buck / Ken McGrath / Emmanuel F Mongodin / Harun Mustafa / Beth Mutai / Niranjan Nagarajan / Russell Y Neches / Amanda Ng / Marina Nieto-Caballero / Olga Nikolayeva / Tatyana Nikolayeva / Houtan Noushmehr / Manuela Oliveira / Stephan Ossowski / Olayinka O Osuolale / David Paez-Espino / Eileen Png / Nicolas Rascovan / Hugues Richard / Gunnar Ratsch / Jorge L Sanchez / Lynn M Schriml / Heba Shaaban / Leming Shi / Maria A Sierra / Le Huu Song / Haruo Suzuki / Dominique Thomas / Klas I Udekwu / Juan A Ugalde / Brandon Valentine / Dimitar I Vassilev / Elena Vayndorf / Marcus H Y Leung / Ben Young / Maria M Zambrano / Jifeng Zhu / Sibo Zhu / Pawel P Labaj / Christopher E Mason

    Abstract: Although studies have shown that urban environments and mass-transit systems have distinct genetic profiles, there are no systematic worldwide studies of these dense, human microbial ecosystems. To address this gap in knowledge, we created a global ... ...

    Abstract Although studies have shown that urban environments and mass-transit systems have distinct genetic profiles, there are no systematic worldwide studies of these dense, human microbial ecosystems. To address this gap in knowledge, we created a global metagenomic and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) atlas of urban mass transit systems from 60 cities, spanning 4,728 samples and 4,424 taxonomically-defined microorganisms collected for three years. This atlas provides an annotated, geospatial profile of microbial strains, functional characteristics, antimicrobial resistance markers, and novel genetic elements, including 10,928 novel predicted viral species, 1302 novel bacteria, and 2 novel archaea. Urban microbiomes often resemble human commensal microbiomes from the skin and airways, but also contain a consistent "core" of 31 species which are predominantly not human commensal species. Samples show distinct microbial signatures which may be used to accurately predict properties of their city of origin including population, proximity to the coast, and taxonomic profile. These data also show that AMR density across cities varies by several orders of magnitude, including many AMRs present on plasmids with cosmopolitan distributions. Together, these results constitute a high-resolution, global metagenomic atlas, which enables the discovery of new genetic components of the built human environment, highlights potential forensic applications, and provides an essential first draft of the global AMR burden of the world's cities.
    Keywords covid19
    Publisher biorxiv
    Document type Article ; Online
    DOI 10.1101/724526
    Database COVID19

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