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Article: Cross-adaptation from heat stress to hypoxia: A systematic review and exploratory meta-analysis.

Willmott, Ashley G B / Diment, Alicia G / Chung, Henry C / James, Carl A / Maxwell, Neil S / Roberts, Justin D / Gibson, Oliver R

Journal of thermal biology

2024 Volume 120, Page(s) 103793

Abstract: Cross-adaptation (CA) refers to the successful induction of physiological adaptation under one environmental stressor (e.g., heat), to enable subsequent benefit in another (e.g., hypoxia). This systematic review and exploratory meta-analysis investigated ...

Abstract	Cross-adaptation (CA) refers to the successful induction of physiological adaptation under one environmental stressor (e.g., heat), to enable subsequent benefit in another (e.g., hypoxia). This systematic review and exploratory meta-analysis investigated the effect of heat acclimation (HA) on physiological, perceptual and physical performance outcome measures during rest, and submaximal and maximal intensity exercise in hypoxia. Database searches in Scopus and MEDLINE were performed. Studies were included when they met the Population, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcome criteria, were of English-language, peer-reviewed, full-text original articles, using human participants. Risk of bias and study quality were assessed using the COnsensus based Standards for the selection of health status Measurement INstruments checklist. Nine studies were included, totalling 79 participants (100 % recreationally trained males). The most common method of HA included fixed-intensity exercise comprising 9 ± 3 sessions, 89 ± 24-min in duration and occurred within 39 ± 2 °C and 32 ± 13 % relative humidity. CA induced a moderate, beneficial effect on physiological measures at rest (oxygen saturation: g = 0.60) and during submaximal exercise (heart rate: g = -0.65, core temperature: g = -0.68 and skin temperature: g = -0.72). A small effect was found for ventilation (g = 0.24) and performance measures (peak power: g = 0.32 and time trial time: g = -0.43) during maximal intensity exercise. No effect was observed for perceptual outcome measures. CA may be appropriate for individuals, such as occupational or military workers, whose access to altitude exposure prior to undertaking submaximal activity in hypoxic conditions is restricted. Methodological variances exist within the current literature, and females and well-trained individuals have yet to be investigated. Future research should focus on these cohorts and explore the mechanistic underpinnings of CA.
MeSH term(s)	Male ; Humans ; Acclimatization/physiology ; Adaptation, Physiological ; Heat-Shock Response ; Exercise/physiology ; Hypoxia ; Heat Stress Disorders
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-26
Publishing country	England
Document type	Systematic Review ; Meta-Analysis ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1498364-3
ISSN	1879-0992 ; 0306-4565
ISSN (online)	1879-0992
ISSN	0306-4565
DOI	10.1016/j.jtherbio.2024.103793
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Article ; Online: Do exercise-associated genes explain phenotypic variance in the three components of fitness? a systematic review & meta-analysis.

Chung, Henry C / Keiller, Don R / Roberts, Justin D / Gordon, Dan A

PloS one

2021 Volume 16, Issue 10, Page(s) e0249501

Abstract: The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to identify a list of common, candidate genes associated with the three components of fitness, specifically cardiovascular fitness, muscular strength, and anaerobic power, and how these genes are ... ...

Abstract	The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to identify a list of common, candidate genes associated with the three components of fitness, specifically cardiovascular fitness, muscular strength, and anaerobic power, and how these genes are associated with exercise response phenotype variability, in previously untrained participants. A total of 3,969 potentially relevant papers were identified and processed for inclusion. After eligibility and study selection assessment, 24 studies were selected for meta-analysis, comprising a total of 3,012 participants (male n = 1,512; females n = 1,239; not stated n = 261; age 28 ± 9 years). Meta-Essentials spreadsheet 1.4 (Microsoft Excel) was used in creating the forest plots and meta-analysis. IBM SPSS statistics V24 was implemented for the statistical analyses and the alpha was set at p ≤ 0.05. 13 candidate genes and their associated alleles were identified, which were associated with the phenotypes of interest. Analysis of training group data showed significant differential phenotypic responses. Subgroup analysis showed; 44%, 72% and 10% of the response variance in aerobic, strength and power phenotypes, respectively, were explained by genetic influences. This analysis established that genetic variability explained a significant proportion of the adaptation differences across the three components of fitness in the participants post-training. The results also showed the importance of analysing and reporting specific gene alleles. Information obtained from these findings has the potential to inform and influence future exercise-related genes and training studies.
MeSH term(s)	Exercise/physiology ; Humans ; Muscle Strength/physiology ; Phenotype ; Physical Fitness/physiology ; Resistance Training/methods
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-10-14
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Meta-Analysis ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Systematic Review
ISSN	1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0249501
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Article ; Online: Muscle Protein Synthesis with a Hybrid Dairy and Plant-Based Protein Blend (P4) Is Equal to Whey Protein in a Murine Ageing Model after Fasting.

Dijk, Francina J / Hofman, Zandrie / Luiking, Yvette C / Furber, Matthew J W / Roberts, Justin D / van Helvoort, Ardy / van Dijk, Miriam

Nutrients

2023 Volume 15, Issue 11

Abstract: P4, a specific combination of dairy proteins (whey and casein) and plant-based protein isolates (pea and soy), has been shown to provide a more balanced amino acid (AA) profile than its single constituent proteins; however, less is known about how this ... ...

Abstract	P4, a specific combination of dairy proteins (whey and casein) and plant-based protein isolates (pea and soy), has been shown to provide a more balanced amino acid (AA) profile than its single constituent proteins; however, less is known about how this translates to muscle protein synthesis (MPS). The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of P4 compared to whey or casein against fasted control on MPS. C57BL/6J mice, aged 25 months, were fasted overnight, followed by oral gavage of either whey, P4, casein, or water as a fasted control. Thirty minutes after ingestion, puromycin (0.04 µmol∙g
MeSH term(s)	Mice ; Animals ; Whey Proteins/pharmacology ; Leucine/pharmacology ; Caseins/metabolism ; Muscle Proteins/metabolism ; Plant Proteins/pharmacology ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Amino Acids ; Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism ; Fasting ; Milk Proteins/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Whey Proteins ; Leucine (GMW67QNF9C) ; Caseins ; Muscle Proteins ; Plant Proteins ; Amino Acids ; Milk Proteins
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-30
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2518386-2
ISSN	2072-6643 ; 2072-6643
ISSN (online)	2072-6643
ISSN	2072-6643
DOI	10.3390/nu15112569
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Article ; Online: Responsiveness to endurance training can be partly explained by the number of favorable single nucleotide polymorphisms an individual possesses.

Chung, Henry C / Keiller, Don R / Swain, Patrick M / Chapman, Shaun L / Roberts, Justin D / Gordon, Dan A

PloS one

2023 Volume 18, Issue 7, Page(s) e0288996

Abstract: Cardiorespiratory fitness is a key component of health-related fitness. It is a necessary focus of improvement, especially for those that have poor fitness and are classed as untrained. However, much research has shown individuals respond differentially ... ...

Abstract	Cardiorespiratory fitness is a key component of health-related fitness. It is a necessary focus of improvement, especially for those that have poor fitness and are classed as untrained. However, much research has shown individuals respond differentially to identical training programs, suggesting the involvement of a genetic component in individual exercise responses. Previous research has focused predominantly on a relatively low number of candidate genes and their overall influence on exercise responsiveness. However, examination of gene-specific alleles may provide a greater level of understanding. Accordingly, this study aimed to investigate the associations between cardiorespiratory fitness and an individual's genotype following a field-based endurance program within a previously untrained population. Participants (age: 29 ± 7 years, height: 175 ± 9 cm, mass: 79 ± 21 kg, body mass index: 26 ± 7 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to either a training (n = 21) or control group (n = 24). The training group completed a periodized running program for 8-weeks (duration: 20-30-minutes per session, intensity: 6-7 Borg Category-Ratio-10 scale rating, frequency: 3 sessions per week). Both groups completed a Cooper 12-minute run test to estimate cardiorespiratory fitness at baseline, mid-study, and post-study. One thousand single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were assessed via saliva sample collections. Cooper run distance showed a significant improvement (0.23 ± 0.17 km [11.51 ± 9.09%], p < 0.001, ES = 0.48 [95%CI: 0.16-0.32]), following the 8-week program, whilst controls displayed no significant changes (0.03 ± 0.15 km [1.55 ± 6.98%], p = 0.346, ES = 0.08, [95%CI: -0.35-0.95]). A significant portion of the inter-individual variation in Cooper scores could be explained by the number of positive alleles a participant possessed (r = 0.92, R2 = 0.85, p < 0.001). These findings demonstrate the relative influence of key allele variants on an individual's responsiveness to endurance training.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Young Adult ; Adult ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Physical Endurance/genetics ; Endurance Training ; Exercise/physiology ; Cardiorespiratory Fitness/physiology ; Physical Fitness/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-20
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Randomized Controlled Trial ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0288996
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Article ; Online: The Effect of a Hydroxytyrosol-Rich, Olive-Derived Phytocomplex on Aerobic Exercise and Acute Recovery.

Roberts, Justin D / Lillis, Joseph B / Pinto, Jorge Marques / Chichger, Havovi / López-Samanes, Álvaro / Coso, Juan Del / Zacca, Rodrigo / Willmott, Ashley G B

Nutrients

2023 Volume 15, Issue 2

Abstract: There is current scientific interest in naturally sourced phenolic compounds and their potential benefits to health, as well as the effective role polyphenols may provide in an exercise setting. This study investigated the chronic effects of ... ...

Abstract	There is current scientific interest in naturally sourced phenolic compounds and their potential benefits to health, as well as the effective role polyphenols may provide in an exercise setting. This study investigated the chronic effects of supplementation with a biodynamic and organic olive fruit water phytocomplex (OliPhenolia® [OliP]), rich in hydroxytyrosol (HT), on submaximal and exhaustive exercise performance and respiratory markers of recovery. Twenty-nine recreationally active participants (42 ± 2 yrs; 71.1 ± 2.1 kg; 1.76 ± 0.02 m) consumed 2 × 28 mL∙d−1 of OliP or a taste- and appearance-matched placebo (PL) over 16 consecutive days. Participants completed a demanding, aerobic exercise protocol at ~75% maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O2max) for 65 min 24 h before sub- and maximal performance exercise tests prior to and following the 16-day consumption period. OliP reduced the time constant (τ) (p = 0.005) at the onset of exercise, running economy (p = 0.015) at lactate threshold 1 (LT1), as well as the rating of perceived exertion (p = 0.003) at lactate turnpoint (LT2). Additionally, OliP led to modest improvements in acute recovery based upon a shorter time to achieve 50% of the end of exercise V˙O2 value (p = 0.02). Whilst OliP increased time to exhaustion (+4.1 ± 1.8%), this was not significantly different to PL (p > 0.05). Phenolic compounds present in OliP, including HT and related metabolites, may provide benefits for aerobic exercise and acute recovery in recreationally active individuals. Further research is needed to determine whether dose-response or adjunct use of OliP alongside longer-term training programs can further modulate exercise-associated adaptations in recreationally active individuals, or indeed support athletic performance.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Exercise/physiology ; Exercise Test ; Lactic Acid ; Olea ; Oxygen Consumption/physiology
Chemical Substances	3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol (10597-60-1) ; Lactic Acid (33X04XA5AT)
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-13
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Randomized Controlled Trial
ZDB-ID	2518386-2
ISSN	2072-6643 ; 2072-6643
ISSN (online)	2072-6643
ISSN	2072-6643
DOI	10.3390/nu15020421
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Article ; Online: Does Protein Supplementation Support Adaptations to Arduous Concurrent Exercise Training? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis with Military Based Applications.

Chapman, Shaun / Chung, Henry C / Rawcliffe, Alex J / Izard, Rachel / Smith, Lee / Roberts, Justin D

Nutrients

2021 Volume 13, Issue 5

Abstract: We evaluated the impact of protein supplementation on adaptations to arduous concurrent training in healthy adults with potential applications to individuals undergoing military training. Peer-reviewed papers published in English meeting the population, ... ...

Abstract	We evaluated the impact of protein supplementation on adaptations to arduous concurrent training in healthy adults with potential applications to individuals undergoing military training. Peer-reviewed papers published in English meeting the population, intervention, comparison and outcome criteria were included. Database searches were completed in PubMed, Web of science and SPORTDiscus. Study quality was evaluated using the COnsensus based standards for the selection of health status measurement instruments checklist. Of 11 studies included, nine focused on performance, six on body composition and four on muscle recovery. Cohen's d effect sizes showed that protein supplementation improved performance outcomes in response to concurrent training (ES = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.08-1.70). When analysed separately, improvements in muscle strength (SMD = +4.92 kg, 95% CI = -2.70-12.54 kg) were found, but not in aerobic endurance. Gains in fat-free mass (SMD = +0.75 kg, 95% CI = 0.44-1.06 kg) and reductions in fat-mass (SMD = -0.99, 95% CI = -1.43-0.23 kg) were greater with protein supplementation. Most studies did not report protein turnover, nitrogen balance and/or total daily protein intake. Therefore, further research is warranted. However, our findings infer that protein supplementation may support lean-mass accretion and strength gains during arduous concurrent training in physical active populations, including military recruits.
MeSH term(s)	Adaptation, Physiological/drug effects ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Body Composition/drug effects ; Dietary Proteins/pharmacology ; Dietary Supplements ; Exercise ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Military Personnel ; Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects ; Muscle, Skeletal/physiology ; Publication Bias ; Risk ; Young Adult
Chemical Substances	Dietary Proteins
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-04-23
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Meta-Analysis ; Systematic Review
ZDB-ID	2518386-2
ISSN	2072-6643 ; 2072-6643
ISSN (online)	2072-6643
ISSN	2072-6643
DOI	10.3390/nu13051416
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Book ; Online: The Effect of a Hydroxytyrosol-Rich, Olive-Derived Phytocomplex on Aerobic Exercise and Acute Recovery

Roberts, Justin D. / Lillis, Joseph B. / Pinto, Jorge Marques / Chichger, Havovi / López-Samanes, Álvaro / Coso, Juan Del / Zacca, Rodrigo / Willmott, Ashley G. B.

Nutrients

2023

Abstract	There is current scientific interest in naturally sourced phenolic compounds and their potential benefits to health, as well as the effective role polyphenols may provide in an exercise setting. This study investigated the chronic effects of supplementation with a biodynamic and organic olive fruit water phytocomplex (OliPhenolia(®) [OliP]), rich in hydroxytyrosol (HT), on submaximal and exhaustive exercise performance and respiratory markers of recovery. Twenty-nine recreationally active participants (42 ± 2 yrs; 71.1 ± 2.1 kg; 1.76 ± 0.02 m) consumed 2 × 28 mL∙d(−1) of OliP or a taste- and appearance-matched placebo (PL) over 16 consecutive days. Participants completed a demanding, aerobic exercise protocol at ~75% maximal oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text] O(2max)) for 65 min 24 h before sub- and maximal performance exercise tests prior to and following the 16-day consumption period. OliP reduced the time constant (τ) (p = 0.005) at the onset of exercise, running economy (p = 0.015) at lactate threshold 1 (LT1), as well as the rating of perceived exertion (p = 0.003) at lactate turnpoint (LT2). Additionally, OliP led to modest improvements in acute recovery based upon a shorter time to achieve 50% of the end of exercise [Formula: see text] O(2) value (p = 0.02). Whilst OliP increased time to exhaustion (+4.1 ± 1.8%), this was not significantly different to PL (p > 0.05). Phenolic compounds present in OliP, including HT and related metabolites, may provide benefits for aerobic exercise and acute recovery in recreationally active individuals. Further research is needed to determine whether dose-response or adjunct use of OliP alongside longer-term training programs can further modulate exercise-associated adaptations in recreationally active individuals, or indeed support athletic performance.
Keywords	Article
Subject code	796
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-13
Publisher	MDPI
Publishing country	us
Document type	Book ; Online
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Article ; Online: Research Trends in the Effect of Caffeine Intake on Fat Oxidation: A Bibliometric and Visual Analysis.

Gutiérrez-Hellín, Jorge / Del Coso, Juan / Espada, Mário C / Hernández-Beltrán, Víctor / Ferreira, Cátia C / Varillas-Delgado, David / Mendoza Laiz, Nuria / Roberts, Justin D / Gamonales, José M

Nutrients

2023 Volume 15, Issue 20

Abstract: In the last few decades, numerous studies pertaining to research groups worldwide have investigated the effects of oral caffeine intake on fat oxidation at rest, during exercise, and after exercise. However, there is no bibliometric analysis to assess ... ...

Abstract	In the last few decades, numerous studies pertaining to research groups worldwide have investigated the effects of oral caffeine intake on fat oxidation at rest, during exercise, and after exercise. However, there is no bibliometric analysis to assess the large volume of scientific output associated with this topic. A bibliometric analysis of this topic may be used by researchers to assess the current scientific interest in the application of caffeine as a nutritional strategy to augment fat oxidation, the journals with more interest in this type of publication, and to draw international collaborations between groups working in the same area. For these reasons, the purpose of this study was to assess the research activity regarding oral caffeine intake and fat oxidation rate in the last few decades by conducting a bibliometric and visual analysis. Relevant publications from 1992 to 2022 were retrieved from the Web of Science (WoS) Core Collection database. Quantitative and qualitative variables were collected, including the number of publications and citations, H-indexes, journals of citation reports, co-authorship, co-citation, and the co-occurrence of keywords. There were 182 total publications, while the number of annual publications is saw-shaped with a modest increase of 11.3% from 2000 to 2009 to 2010 to 2019. The United States was the country with the highest number of publications (24.17% of the total number of articles), followed by the Netherlands (17.03%). According to citation analyses, the average number of citations per document is 130, although there are 21 documents that have received more than 100 citations; the most cited document reached 644 citations. These citation data support the overall relevance of this topic in the fields of nutrition and dietetics and sport sciences that when combined harbored 85.71% of all articles published in the WoS. The most productive author was Westerterp-Plantenga with 16 articles (8.79% of the total number of articles). Nutrients was the journal that published the largest number of articles on this topic (6.59% of the total number of articles). Last, there is a tendency to include keywords such as "performance", "carbohydrate", and "ergogenic aid" in the newer articles, while "obesity", "thermogenic", and "tea" are the keywords more commonly included in older documents. Although research into the role of caffeine on fat oxidation has existed since the 1970s, our analysis suggests that the scientific output associated with this topic has progressively increased since 1992, demonstrating that this is a nutritional research area with a strong foundational base of scientific evidence. Based on the findings of this bibliometric analysis, future investigation may consider focusing on the effects of sex and tolerance to caffeine to widen the assessment of the effectiveness of oral caffeine intake as a nutritional strategy to augment the use of fat as a fuel, as these terms rarely appear in the studies included in this analysis. Additionally, more translational research is necessary as the studies that investigate the effect of oral caffeine intake in ecologically valid contexts (i.e., exercise training programs for individuals with excessive adiposity) are only a minor part of the studies on this topic.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; United States ; Aged ; Caffeine ; Bibliometrics ; Netherlands ; Authorship ; Databases, Factual
Chemical Substances	Caffeine (3G6A5W338E)
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-10-10
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2518386-2
ISSN	2072-6643 ; 2072-6643
ISSN (online)	2072-6643
ISSN	2072-6643
DOI	10.3390/nu15204320
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Article ; Online: Case Report: Glaucoma-associated Peripapillary Retinoschisis with Corresponding Lamina Cribrosa Defect.

Roberts, Justin D / Hunter, Amanda / Mega, Joseph / Cesaro, Thomas / Greenberg, Paul B

Optometry and vision science : official publication of the American Academy of Optometry

2020 Volume 97, Issue 2, Page(s) 104–109

Abstract: Significance: Peripapillary retinoschisis is associated with primary and secondary glaucoma. It is important that clinicians are familiar with the presentation and management of peripapillary retinoschisis to understand its effects on the patient's ... ...

Abstract	Significance: Peripapillary retinoschisis is associated with primary and secondary glaucoma. It is important that clinicians are familiar with the presentation and management of peripapillary retinoschisis to understand its effects on the patient's glaucoma and to avoid unnecessary referral when the macula is not involved. Purpose: We present a case of peripapillary retinoschisis found incidentally on routine optical coherence tomographic (OCT) surveillance of primary open-angle glaucoma. Case report: A 70-year-old man presented for his annual diabetic eye examination. Surveillance with OCT revealed a splitting of the inner peripapillary retina corresponding to a previously noted notch in the right optic nerve. Further imaging of the right eye using enhanced depth imaging OCT revealed a defect in the lamina cribrosa that may have contributed to the formation and persistence of peripapillary retinoschisis. Retinal nerve fiber layer analysis showed a 5-year history of progressive temporal and inferotemporal thickening in the right eye. The patient was managed conservatively with instruction on regular Amsler grid testing. Conclusions: As seen in this case, peripapillary retinoschisis typically alters retinal nerve fiber layer thickness on OCT and can be mistakenly attributed to glaucomatous change. Glaucoma-associated peripapillary retinoschisis is usually not vision threatening and can be managed conservatively; in rare cases of progression to macular involvement, patients should be referred to a retina specialist.
MeSH term(s)	Aged ; Glaucoma, Open-Angle/diagnostic imaging ; Humans ; Intraocular Pressure/physiology ; Male ; Nerve Fibers/pathology ; Optic Disk/diagnostic imaging ; Optic Nerve Diseases/diagnostic imaging ; Retinal Ganglion Cells/pathology ; Retinoschisis/diagnostic imaging ; Tomography, Optical Coherence/methods
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-11-30
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Case Reports ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1001706-9
ISSN	1538-9235 ; 1040-5488
ISSN (online)	1538-9235
ISSN	1040-5488
DOI	10.1097/OPX.0000000000001474
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Article ; Online: Do Sex Differences in Physiology Confer a Female Advantage in Ultra-Endurance Sport?

Tiller, Nicholas B / Elliott-Sale, Kirsty J / Knechtle, Beat / Wilson, Patrick B / Roberts, Justin D / Millet, Guillaume Y

Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)

2021 Volume 51, Issue 5, Page(s) 895–915

Abstract: Ultra-endurance has been defined as any exercise bout that exceeds 6 h. A number of exceptional, record-breaking performances by female athletes in ultra-endurance sport have roused speculation that they might be predisposed to success in such events. ... ...

Abstract	Ultra-endurance has been defined as any exercise bout that exceeds 6 h. A number of exceptional, record-breaking performances by female athletes in ultra-endurance sport have roused speculation that they might be predisposed to success in such events. Indeed, while the male-to-female performance gap in traditional endurance sport (e.g., marathon) remains at ~ 10%, the disparity in ultra-endurance competition has been reported as low as 4% despite the markedly lower number of female participants. Moreover, females generally outperform males in extreme-distance swimming. The issue is complex, however, with many sports-specific considerations and caveats. This review summarizes the sex-based differences in physiological functions and draws attention to those which likely determine success in extreme exercise endeavors. The aim is to provide a balanced discussion of the female versus male predisposition to ultra-endurance sport. Herein, we discuss sex-based differences in muscle morphology and fatigability, respiratory-neuromechanical function, substrate utilization, oxygen utilization, gastrointestinal structure and function, and hormonal control. The literature indicates that while females exhibit numerous phenotypes that would be expected to confer an advantage in ultra-endurance competition (e.g., greater fatigue resistance, greater substrate efficiency, and lower energetic demands), they also exhibit several characteristics that unequivocally impinge on performance (e.g., lower O
MeSH term(s)	Athletes ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Nutritional Status ; Physical Endurance ; Sex Characteristics ; Swimming
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-27
Publishing country	New Zealand
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	605911-9
ISSN	1179-2035 ; 0112-1642
ISSN (online)	1179-2035
ISSN	0112-1642
DOI	10.1007/s40279-020-01417-2
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