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Article ; Online: Studying Psychosis Using Natural Language Generation: A Review of Emerging Opportunities.

Palaniyappan, Lena / Benrimoh, David / Voppel, Alban / Rocca, Roberta

Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging

2023 Volume 8, Issue 10, Page(s) 994–1004

Abstract: Disrupted language in psychotic disorders, such as schizophrenia, can manifest as false contents and formal deviations, often described as thought disorder. These features play a critical role in the social dysfunction associated with psychosis, but we ... ...

Abstract	Disrupted language in psychotic disorders, such as schizophrenia, can manifest as false contents and formal deviations, often described as thought disorder. These features play a critical role in the social dysfunction associated with psychosis, but we continue to lack insights regarding how and why these symptoms develop. Natural language generation (NLG) is a field of computer science that focuses on generating human-like language for various applications. The theory that psychosis is related to the evolution of language in humans suggests that NLG systems that are sufficiently evolved to generate human-like language may also exhibit psychosis-like features. In this conceptual review, we propose using NLG systems that are at various stages of development as in silico tools to study linguistic features of psychosis. We argue that a program of in silico experimental research on the network architecture, function, learning rules, and training of NLG systems can help us understand better why thought disorder occurs in patients. This will allow us to gain a better understanding of the relationship between language and psychosis and potentially pave the way for new therapeutic approaches to address this vexing challenge.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Psychotic Disorders ; Language ; Linguistics ; Learning
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-30
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2879089-3
ISSN	2451-9030 ; 2451-9022
ISSN (online)	2451-9030
ISSN	2451-9022
DOI	10.1016/j.bpsc.2023.04.009
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Article ; Online: Putting Psychology to the Test: Rethinking Model Evaluation Through Benchmarking and Prediction.

Rocca, Roberta / Yarkoni, Tal

Advances in methods and practices in psychological science

2021 Volume 4, Issue 3

Abstract: Consensus on standards for evaluating models and theories is an integral part of every science. Nonetheless, in psychology, relatively little focus has been placed on defining reliable communal metrics to assess model performance. Evaluation practices ... ...

Abstract	Consensus on standards for evaluating models and theories is an integral part of every science. Nonetheless, in psychology, relatively little focus has been placed on defining reliable communal metrics to assess model performance. Evaluation practices are often idiosyncratic and are affected by a number of shortcomings (e.g., failure to assess models' ability to generalize to unseen data) that make it difficult to discriminate between good and bad models. Drawing inspiration from fields such as machine learning and statistical genetics, we argue in favor of introducing common benchmarks as a means of overcoming the lack of reliable model evaluation criteria currently observed in psychology. We discuss a number of principles benchmarks should satisfy to achieve maximal utility, identify concrete steps the community could take to promote the development of such benchmarks, and address a number of potential pitfalls and concerns that may arise in the course of implementation. We argue that reaching consensus on common evaluation benchmarks will foster cumulative progress in psychology and encourage researchers to place heavier emphasis on the practical utility of scientific models.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-09-23
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2904847-3
ISSN	2515-2467 ; 2515-2459
ISSN (online)	2515-2467
ISSN	2515-2459
DOI	10.1177/25152459211026864
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Article ; Online: Natural language processing for humanitarian action: Opportunities, challenges, and the path toward humanitarian NLP.

Rocca, Roberta / Tamagnone, Nicolò / Fekih, Selim / Contla, Ximena / Rekabsaz, Navid

Frontiers in big data

2023 Volume 6, Page(s) 1082787

Abstract: Natural language processing (NLP) is a rapidly evolving field at the intersection of linguistics, computer science, and artificial intelligence, which is concerned with developing methods to process and generate language at scale. Modern NLP tools have ... ...

Abstract	Natural language processing (NLP) is a rapidly evolving field at the intersection of linguistics, computer science, and artificial intelligence, which is concerned with developing methods to process and generate language at scale. Modern NLP tools have the potential to support humanitarian action at multiple stages of the humanitarian response cycle. Both internal reports, secondary text data (e.g., social media data, news media articles, or interviews with affected individuals), and external-facing documents like Humanitarian Needs Overviews (HNOs) encode information relevant to monitoring, anticipating, or responding to humanitarian crises. Yet, lack of awareness of the concrete opportunities offered by state-of-the-art techniques, as well as constraints posed by resource scarcity, limit adoption of NLP tools in the humanitarian sector. This paper provides a pragmatically-minded primer to the emerging field of humanitarian NLP, reviewing existing initiatives in the space of humanitarian NLP, highlighting potentially impactful applications of NLP in the humanitarian sector, and describing criteria, challenges, and potential solutions for large-scale adoption. In addition, as one of the main bottlenecks is the lack of data and standards for this domain, we present recent initiatives (the DEEP and HumSet) which are directly aimed at addressing these gaps. With this work, we hope to motivate humanitarians and NLP experts to create long-term impact-driven synergies and to co-develop an ambitious roadmap for the field.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-24
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ISSN	2624-909X
ISSN (online)	2624-909X
DOI	10.3389/fdata.2023.1082787
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Article ; Online: Caregiver linguistic alignment to autistic and typically developing children: A natural language processing approach illuminates the interactive components of language development.

Fusaroli, Riccardo / Weed, Ethan / Rocca, Roberta / Fein, Deborah / Naigles, Letitia

Cognition

2023 Volume 236, Page(s) 105422

Abstract: Background: Language development is a highly interactive activity. However, most research on linguistic environment has focused on the quantity and complexity of linguistic input to children, with current models showing that complexity facilitates ... ...

Abstract	Background: Language development is a highly interactive activity. However, most research on linguistic environment has focused on the quantity and complexity of linguistic input to children, with current models showing that complexity facilitates language in both typically developing (TD) and autistic children. Aims: After reviewing existing work on caregiver engagement of children's utterances, we aim to operationalize such engagement with automated measures of linguistic alignment, thereby providing scalable tools to assess caregivers' active reuse of their children's language. By assessing the presence of alignment, its sensitivity to the child's individual differences and how well it predicts language development beyond current models across the two groups, we showcase the usefulness of the approach and provide initial empirical foundations for further conceptual and empirical investigations. Methods: We measure lexical, syntactic and semantic types of caregiver alignment in a longitudinal corpus involving 32 adult-autistic child and 35 adult-TD child dyads, with children between 2 and 5 years of age. We assess the extent to which caregivers repeat their children's words, syntax, and semantics, and whether these repetitions predict language development beyond more standard predictors. Results: Caregivers tend to re-use their child's language in a way that is related to the child's individual, primarily linguistic, differences. Caregivers' alignment provides unique information improving our ability to predict future language development in both typical and autistic children. Conclusions: We provide evidence that language development also relies on interactive conversational processes, previously understudied. We share carefully detailed methods, and open-source scripts so as to systematically extend our approach to new contexts and languages.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Child ; Caregivers ; Autistic Disorder ; Natural Language Processing ; Language Development ; Linguistics
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-03
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1499940-7
ISSN	1873-7838 ; 0010-0277
ISSN (online)	1873-7838
ISSN	0010-0277
DOI	10.1016/j.cognition.2023.105422
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Article ; Online: Repeat After Me? Both Children With and Without Autism Commonly Align Their Language With That of Their Caregivers.

Fusaroli, Riccardo / Weed, Ethan / Rocca, Roberta / Fein, Deborah / Naigles, Letitia

Cognitive science

2023 Volume 47, Issue 11, Page(s) e13369

Abstract: Linguistic repetitions in children are conceptualized as negative in children with autism - echolalia, without communicative purpose - and positive in typically developing (TD) children - linguistic alignment involved in shared engagement, common ground ... ...

Abstract	Linguistic repetitions in children are conceptualized as negative in children with autism - echolalia, without communicative purpose - and positive in typically developing (TD) children - linguistic alignment involved in shared engagement, common ground and language acquisition. To investigate this apparent contradiction we analyzed spontaneous speech in 67 parent-child dyads from a longitudinal corpus (30 minutes of play activities at 6 visits over 2 years). We included 32 children with autism and 35 linguistically matched TD children (mean age at recruitment 32.76 and 20.27 months). We found a small number of exact repetitions in both groups (roughly 1% of utterances across visits), which increased over time in children with autism and decreased in the TD group. Partial repetitions were much more frequent: children reused caregivers' words at high rates regardless of diagnostic group (24% of utterances at first visit), and this increased in frequency (but not level) over time, faster for TD children (at final visit: 33% for autism, 40% for TD). The same happened for partial repetition of syntax and semantic alignment. However, chance alignment (as measured by surrogate pairs) also increased and findings for developmental changes were reliable only for syntactic and semantic alignment. Children with richer linguistic abilities also displayed a higher tendency to partially re-use their caregivers' language (alignment rates and semantic alignment). This highlights that all children commonly re-used the words, syntax, and topics of their caregivers, albeit with some quantitative differences, and that most repetition was at least potentially productive, with repeated language being re-contextualized and integrated with non-repeated language. The salience of echolalia in ASD might be partially explained by slight differences in frequency, amplified by lower semantic alignment, persistence over time, and expectations of echolalia. More in-depth qualitative and quantitative analyses of how repetitions are used and received in context are needed.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Autistic Disorder/diagnosis ; Echolalia/diagnosis ; Caregivers ; Speech ; Language Development
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-10-30
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	2002940-8
ISSN	1551-6709 ; 0364-0213
ISSN (online)	1551-6709
ISSN	0364-0213
DOI	10.1111/cogs.13369
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Article: Demonstrative Reference and Semantic Space: A Large-Scale Demonstrative Choice Task Study.

Rocca, Roberta / Wallentin, Mikkel

Frontiers in psychology

2020 Volume 11, Page(s) 629

Abstract: Spatial demonstratives (words ... ...

Abstract	Spatial demonstratives (words like
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-04-07
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2563826-9
ISSN	1664-1078
ISSN	1664-1078
DOI	10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00629
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Article ; Online: Targeting non-coding RNAs: Perspectives and challenges of in-silico approaches.

Rocca, Roberta / Grillone, Katia / Citriniti, Emanuele Liborio / Gualtieri, Gianmarco / Artese, Anna / Tagliaferri, Pierosandro / Tassone, Pierfrancesco / Alcaro, Stefano

European journal of medicinal chemistry

2023 Volume 261, Page(s) 115850

Abstract: The growing information currently available on the central role of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) including microRNAs (miRNAS) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) for chronic and degenerative human diseases makes them attractive therapeutic targets. RNAs carry ... ...

Abstract	The growing information currently available on the central role of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) including microRNAs (miRNAS) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) for chronic and degenerative human diseases makes them attractive therapeutic targets. RNAs carry out different functional roles in human biology and are deeply deregulated in several diseases. So far, different attempts to therapeutically target the 3D RNA structures with small molecules have been reported. In this scenario, the development of computational tools suitable for describing RNA structures and their potential interactions with small molecules is gaining more and more interest. Here, we describe the most suitable strategies to study ncRNAs through computational tools. We focus on methods capable of predicting 2D and 3D ncRNA structures. Furthermore, we describe computational tools to identify, design and optimize small molecule ncRNA binders. This review aims to outline the state of the art and perspectives of computational methods for ncRNAs over the past decade.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; RNA, Untranslated/genetics ; RNA, Untranslated/chemistry ; MicroRNAs/genetics ; RNA, Long Noncoding/genetics ; RNA, Long Noncoding/therapeutic use
Chemical Substances	RNA, Untranslated ; MicroRNAs ; RNA, Long Noncoding
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-10-09
Publishing country	France
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	188597-2
ISSN	1768-3254 ; 0009-4374 ; 0223-5234
ISSN (online)	1768-3254
ISSN	0009-4374 ; 0223-5234
DOI	10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115850
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Article ; Online: This shoe, that tiger: Semantic properties reflecting manual affordances of the referent modulate demonstrative use.

Rocca, Roberta / Tylén, Kristian / Wallentin, Mikkel

PloS one

2019 Volume 14, Issue 1, Page(s) e0210333

Abstract: Demonstrative reference is central to human communication. But what influences our choice of demonstrative forms such as "this" and "that" in discourse? Previous literature has mapped the use of such "proximal" and "distal" demonstratives onto spatial ... ...

Abstract	Demonstrative reference is central to human communication. But what influences our choice of demonstrative forms such as "this" and "that" in discourse? Previous literature has mapped the use of such "proximal" and "distal" demonstratives onto spatial properties of referents, such as their distance from the speaker. We investigated whether object semantics, and specifically functional properties of referents, also influence speakers' choices of either demonstrative form. Over two experiments, we presented English, Danish and Italian speakers with words denoting animate and inanimate objects, differing in size and harmfulness, and asked them to match them with a proximal or a distal demonstrative. Objects that offer more affordances for manipulation (smaller and harmless) elicited significantly more proximal demonstratives. These effects were stronger for inanimate referents, in line with the predictions of sensory-functional views on object semantics. These results suggest that demonstrative use may be partly grounded on manual affordances, and hints at the possibility of using demonstratives as a proxy to investigate the organization of semantic knowledge.
MeSH term(s)	Distance Perception/physiology ; Humans ; Language ; Language Development ; Semantics ; Space Perception/physiology ; Visual Perception/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-01-07
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0210333
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Article ; Online: This is for you: Social modulations of proximal vs. distal space in collaborative interaction.

Rocca, Roberta / Wallentin, Mikkel / Vesper, Cordula / Tylén, Kristian

Scientific reports

2019 Volume 9, Issue 1, Page(s) 14967

Abstract: Human spatial representations are shaped by affordances for action offered by the environment. A prototypical example is the organization of space into peripersonal (within reach) and extrapersonal (outside reach) regions, mirrored by proximal (this/here) ...

Abstract	Human spatial representations are shaped by affordances for action offered by the environment. A prototypical example is the organization of space into peripersonal (within reach) and extrapersonal (outside reach) regions, mirrored by proximal (this/here) and distal (that/there) linguistic expressions. The peri-/extrapersonal distinction has been widely investigated in individual contexts, but little is known about how spatial representations are modulated by interaction with other people. Is near/far coding of space dynamically adapted to the position of a partner when space, objects, and action goals are shared? Over two preregistered experiments based on a novel interactive paradigm, we show that, in individual and social contexts involving no direct collaboration, linguistic coding of locations as proximal or distal depends on their distance from the speaker's hand. In contrast, in the context of collaborative interactions involving turn-taking and role reversal, proximal space is shifted towards the partner, and linguistic coding of near space ('this' / 'here') is remapped onto the partner's action space.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Cooperative Behavior ; Female ; Functional Laterality ; Humans ; Interpersonal Relations ; Male ; Memory, Short-Term ; Middle Aged ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Personal Space ; Space Perception ; Young Adult
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-10-18
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-019-51134-8
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Article ; Online: Grammar, Gender and Demonstratives in Lateralized Imagery for Sentences.

Wallentin, Mikkel / Rocca, Roberta / Stroustrup, Sofia

Journal of psycholinguistic research

2019 Volume 48, Issue 4, Page(s) 843–858

Abstract: We investigated biases in the organization of imagery by asking participants to make stick-figure drawings of sentences containing a man, a woman and a transitive action (e.g. she kisses that guy). Previous findings show that prominent features of ... ...

Abstract	We investigated biases in the organization of imagery by asking participants to make stick-figure drawings of sentences containing a man, a woman and a transitive action (e.g. she kisses that guy). Previous findings show that prominent features of meaning and sentence structure are placed to the left in drawings, according to reading direction (e.g. Stroustrup and Wallentin in Lang Cogn 10(2):193-207, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1017/langcog.2017.19 ). Five hundred thirty participants listened to sentences in Danish and made eight drawings each. We replicated three findings: (1) that the first mentioned element is placed to the left more often, (2) that the agent in the sentence is placed to the left, and (3) that the grammatical subject is placed to the left of the object. We further tested hypotheses related to deixis and gender stereotypes. By adding demonstratives (e.g. Danish equivalents of this and that), that have been found to indicate attentional prominence, we tested the hypothesis that this is also translated into a left-ward bias in the produced drawings. We were unable to find support for this hypothesis. Analyses of gender biases tested the presence of a gender identification and a gender stereotype effect. According to the identification hypothesis, participants should attribute prominence to their own gender and draw it to the left, and according to the stereotype effect participants should be more prone to draw the male character to the left, regardless of own gender. We were not able to find significant support for either of the two gender effects. The combination of replications and null-findings suggest that the left-ward bias in the drawing experiment might be narrowly tied to left-to-right distribution in written language and less to overall prominence. No effect of handedness was observed.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Denmark ; Female ; Humans ; Language ; Linguistics ; Male ; Reading
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-03-12
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	124517-x
ISSN	1573-6555 ; 0090-6905
ISSN (online)	1573-6555
ISSN	0090-6905
DOI	10.1007/s10936-019-09634-1
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