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Article: Expected demographic and genetic declines not found in most zoo and aquarium populations

Che‐Castaldo, Judy / Gray, Steven M / Rodriguez‐Clark, Kathryn M / Schad Eebes, Kristine / Faust, Lisa J

Frontiers in ecology and the environment. 2021 Oct., v. 19, no. 8

2021

Abstract: Since the 1980s, animals in accredited zoos and aquariums have been managed as populations through cooperative breeding, with a goal of maintaining ex situ populations that are as demographically viable and genetically diverse as possible. Here, we ... ...

Abstract	Since the 1980s, animals in accredited zoos and aquariums have been managed as populations through cooperative breeding, with a goal of maintaining ex situ populations that are as demographically viable and genetically diverse as possible. Here, we provide what we believe to be the first large‐scale assessment of whether cooperative breeding programs are achieving this goal over time. Using a comprehensive dataset spanning nearly 20 years and encompassing more than 400 ex situ vertebrate populations, we applied Bayesian hierarchical modeling to quantify changes in seven population metrics over time. Instead of the general declines expected for small and often closed populations like those in zoos and aquariums, we found no change in the demographic and genetic characteristics of the majority of these populations. Our results indicate that while some zoo and aquarium populations are currently unsustainable, cooperative management is helping to slow or prevent declines in the health of many ex situ populations.
Keywords	Bayesian theory ; collaborative management ; data collection ; ecology ; environment ; vertebrates ; zoos
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-10
Size	p. 435-442.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	2110853-5
ISSN	1540-9309 ; 1540-9295
ISSN (online)	1540-9309
ISSN	1540-9295
DOI	10.1002/fee.2362
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Wayuú capture of green turtles, Chelonia mydas, in the Gulf of Venezuela: A major Caribbean artisanal turtle fishery

Barrios-Garrido, Héctor A / Montiel-Villalobos, María G / Palmar, Jordano / Rodríguez-Clark, Kathryn M

Ocean & coastal management. 2020 Apr. 15, v. 188

2020

Abstract: Fisheries, either directed or via bycatch, are a major cause of decline in global populations of marine turtles. Although artisanal fisheries are often seen as lower-impact than industrial fisheries, they may be among the most serious threats to green ... ...

Abstract	Fisheries, either directed or via bycatch, are a major cause of decline in global populations of marine turtles. Although artisanal fisheries are often seen as lower-impact than industrial fisheries, they may be among the most serious threats to green turtles. Between 2005 and 2008, to better understand the impacts of such fisheries in the High Extraction Zone of the Gulf of Venezuela (HEZ-GV), an important feeding habitat for green turtles, we interviewed fishers, observed fishing activities directly, and counted, measured, and marked discarded turtle carapaces at fishing ports and traditional markets. From these, we estimated that at least 3,402 ± 247 turtles/year were extracted with artisanal nets, suggesting that the HEZ-GV artisanal turtle fishery may have been among the most active in the Caribbean at the time, with a CPUE of 0.04 turtles/km-net*hour ±0.014. However, capture was not selective, confirming prior anecdotal information suggesting that this fishery supplies mainly subsistence and not commercial use. Harvested turtles consisted mainly of juveniles (64%, CCLmin = 55.7 cm ± SE 0.9), and subadults (35%, CCLmin = 78.9 cm ± 0.6 cm), with very few adults (1%, CCLmin = 98 cm ± 0.6 cm). Our findings highlight the need for continued monitoring of the artisanal turtle fishery in the HEZ-GV, particularly given the possibility of increased reliance on aquatic bushmeat sources in Venezuela's present socio-economic crisis. More broadly, they also indicate that scientifically based catch guidelines for marine turtles may be just as important in artisanal as in commercial fisheries, to ensure sustainability and mitigate harvest impacts.
Keywords	adults ; artisanal fishing ; bushmeat ; bycatch ; Chelonia mydas ; coastal zone management ; guidelines ; habitats ; interviews ; juveniles ; markets ; sea turtles ; socioeconomics ; traditional technology ; Caribbean ; Venezuela
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-0415
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ISSN	0964-5691
DOI	10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2020.105123
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Article ; Online: Using spatial patterns in illegal wildlife uses to reveal connections between subsistence hunting and trade.

Sánchez-Mercado, Ada / Asmüssen, Marianne / Rodríguez-Clark, Kathryn M / Rodríguez, Jon Paul / Jedrzejewski, Wlodzimierz

Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology

2016 Volume 30, Issue 6, Page(s) 1222–1232

Abstract: Although most often considered independently, subsistence hunting, domestic trade, and international trade as components of illegal wildlife use (IWU) may be spatially correlated. Understanding how and where subsistence and commercial uses may co-occur ... ...

Abstract	Although most often considered independently, subsistence hunting, domestic trade, and international trade as components of illegal wildlife use (IWU) may be spatially correlated. Understanding how and where subsistence and commercial uses may co-occur has important implications for the design and implementation of effective conservation actions. We analyzed patterns in the joint geographical distribution of illegal commercial and subsistence use of multiple wildlife species in Venezuela and evaluated whether available data were sufficient to provide accurate estimates of the magnitude, scope, and detectability of IWU. We compiled records of illegal subsistence hunting and trade from several sources and fitted a random-forest classification model to predict the spatial distribution of IWUs. From 1969 to 2014, 404 species and 8,340,921 specimens were involved in IWU, for a mean extraction rate of 185,354 individuals/year. Birds were the most speciose group involved (248 spp.), but reptiles had the highest extraction rates (126,414 individuals/year vs. 3,133 individuals/year for birds). Eighty-eight percent of international trade records spatially overlapped with domestic trade, especially in the north and along the coast but also in western inland areas. The distribution of domestic trade was broadly distributed along roads, suggesting that domestic trade does not depend on large markets in cities. Seventeen percent of domestic trade records overlapped with subsistence hunting, but the spatial distribution of this overlap covered a much larger area than between commercial uses. Domestic trade seems to respond to demand from rural more than urban communities. Our approach will be useful for understanding how IWU works at national scales in other parts of the world.
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-12
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	58735-7
ISSN	1523-1739 ; 0888-8892
ISSN (online)	1523-1739
ISSN	0888-8892
DOI	10.1111/cobi.12744
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Article: How to deal with ground truthing affected by human-induced habitat change?: Identifying high-quality habitats for the Critically Endangered Red Siskin.

Sánchez-Mercado, Ada / Rodríguez-Clark, Kathryn M / Miranda, Jhonathan / Ferrer-Paris, José Rafael / Coyle, Brian / Toro, Samuel / Cardozo-Urdaneta, Arlene / Braun, Michael J

Ecology and evolution

2017 Volume 8, Issue 2, Page(s) 841–851

Abstract: Species distribution models (SDM) can be valuable for identifying key habitats for conservation management of threatened taxa, but anthropogenic habitat change can undermine SDM accuracy. We used data for the Red Siskin ( ...

Abstract	Species distribution models (SDM) can be valuable for identifying key habitats for conservation management of threatened taxa, but anthropogenic habitat change can undermine SDM accuracy. We used data for the Red Siskin (
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-12-10
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2045-7758
ISSN	2045-7758
DOI	10.1002/ece3.3628
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Article: Assessing extinction risk in the absence of species-level data: quantitative criteria for terrestrial ecosystems

Rodríguez, Jon Paul / Balch, Jennifer K / Rodríguez-Clark, Kathryn M

Biodiversity and conservation. 2007 Jan., v. 16, no. 1

2007

Abstract: The conservation of individual plant and animal species has been advanced greatly by the World Conservation Union's (IUCN) development of objective, repeatable, and transparent criteria for assessing extinction risk, which explicitly separate the process ...

Abstract	The conservation of individual plant and animal species has been advanced greatly by the World Conservation Union's (IUCN) development of objective, repeatable, and transparent criteria for assessing extinction risk, which explicitly separate the process of risk assessment from priority-setting. Here we present an analogous procedure for assessing the extinction risk of terrestrial ecosystems, which may complement traditional species-specific risk assessments, or may provide an alternative when only landscape-level data are available. We developed four quantitative risk criteria, derived primarily from remotely sensed spatial data, information on one of which must be available to permit classification. Using a naming system analogous to the present IUCN species-specific system, our four criteria were: (A) reduction of land cover and continuing threat, (B) rapid rate of land cover change, (C) increased fragmentation, and (D) highly restricted geographical distribution. We applied these criteria to five ecosystems covering a range of spatial and temporal scales, regions of the world, and ecosystem types, and found that Indonesian Borneo's lowland tropical forests and the Brazilian Atlantic rainforest were Critically Endangered, while South Africa's grasslands and Brazil's Mato Grosso were Vulnerable. Furthermore, at a finer grain of analysis, one region of Venezuela's coastal dry forests (Margarita Island) qualified as Vulnerable, while another (the Guasare River watershed) was Critically Endangered. In northern Venezuela, deciduous forests were classified as Endangered, semi-deciduous forests Vulnerable, and evergreen forests of Least Concern. We conclude that adoption of such a standardized system will facilitate globally comparable, repeatable geographic analyses that clearly separate risk assessment (a fundamentally scientific process), from the definition of conservation priorities, which should take into account additional factors, such as ecological distinctiveness, costs, logistics, likelihood of success, and societal preferences.
Keywords	coastal forests ; deciduous forests ; ecosystems ; extinction ; geographical distribution ; grasslands ; land cover ; lowland forests ; rain forests ; remote sensing ; risk ; risk assessment process ; spatial data ; watersheds ; Brazil ; South Africa ; Venezuela
Language	English
Dates of publication	2007-01
Size	p. 183-209.
Publisher	Kluwer Academic Publishers
Publishing place	Dordrecht
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2000787-5
ISSN	1572-9710 ; 0960-3115
ISSN (online)	1572-9710
ISSN	0960-3115
DOI	10.1007/s10531-006-9102-1
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Article ; Online: Finding the "Conservation" in Conservation Genetics--Progress in Latin America.

Rodríguez-Clark, Kathryn M / Oliveira-Miranda, María A / Aguilera Meneses, Marisol / Martino, Ángela / Méndez, Marco A / Miyaki, Cristina / Montiel-Villalobos, María G / de Oliveira-Miranda, Rosa María / Poulin, Elie / Ruzzante, Daniel / Solé-Cava, Antonio

The Journal of heredity

2015 Volume 106 Suppl 1, Page(s) 423–427

MeSH term(s)	Conservation of Natural Resources ; Ecology/education ; Genetic Variation ; Latin America
Language	English
Publishing date	2015
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Letter
ZDB-ID	3044-2
ISSN	1465-7333 ; 0022-1503
ISSN (online)	1465-7333
ISSN	0022-1503
DOI	10.1093/jhered/esv052
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Article: Adapting to changing poaching intensity of yellow-shouldered parrot (Amazona barbadensis) nestlings in Margarita Island, Venezuela

Briceño-Linares, José Manuel / Rodríguez, Jon Paul / Rodríguez-Clark, Kathryn M / Rojas-Suárez, Franklin / Millán, Pablo Antonio / Vittori, Eleonora G / Carrasco-Muñoz, Mar

Biological conservation. 2011 Apr., v. 144, no. 4

2011

Abstract: The yellow-shouldered parrot (Amazona barbadensis) is listed in Venezuela as Endangered and internationally as Vulnerable, primarily due to poaching for the illegal pet trade. Various interventions have been implemented to reduce poaching (increasing the ...

Abstract	The yellow-shouldered parrot (Amazona barbadensis) is listed in Venezuela as Endangered and internationally as Vulnerable, primarily due to poaching for the illegal pet trade. Various interventions have been implemented to reduce poaching (increasing the population from 700 in 1989 to 1600 in 2009), but poaching pressure is still high, and is ever-changing, requiring an evolving response. Between 2000 and 2003, our only intervention was environmental education in schools: in the short term, unsurprisingly, it had no impact on poaching, which reached 100% of nestlings in monitored nests. From 2004 onwards, we implemented a set of new field interventions. In 2004, 24h field surveillance decreased poaching to 56%. In 2005, the addition of foster nests and a pilot test of “assisted breeding” brought the figure down to 18%. In 2006, assisted breeding was expanded, achieving 0% poaching. In 2007, poachers raided our “secure” site, and took 34 nestlings, bringing poaching up to 60%. A pilot study of artificial nests offered promising results. In 2008 and 2009, the addition of patrolling by local police reduced poaching to 16% and 1%, respectively. During 2004-2009, nestling poaching averaged 25%. Ensuring parrot recruitment in the future will require a combination of the strategies employed to date; in the short term, expanding the use of artificial nests to increase availability of nesting sites in easily-patrolled areas has the most potential to build on past successes.
Keywords	Amazona ; environmental education ; islands ; nesting sites ; nests ; parrots ; population growth ; recruitment ; schools ; Venezuela
Language	English
Dates of publication	2011-04
Size	p. 1188-1193.
Publishing place	Kidlington, Oxford: Elsevier Science Ltd.
Document type	Article
ISSN	0006-3207
DOI	10.1016/j.biocon.2010.12.010
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Professional capacity building: the missing agenda in conservation priority setting.

Rodríguez, Jon Paul / Rodríguez-Clark, Kathryn M / Oliveira-Miranda, María A / Good, Tatjana / Grajal, Alejandro

Conservation biology : the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology

2006 Volume 20, Issue 5, Page(s) 1340

MeSH term(s)	Conservation of Natural Resources/economics ; International Cooperation ; Models, Biological
Language	English
Publishing date	2006-10
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Letter
ZDB-ID	58735-7
ISSN	1523-1739 ; 0888-8892
ISSN (online)	1523-1739
ISSN	0888-8892
DOI	10.1111/j.1523-1739.2006.00535_1.x
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Article ; Online: A practical guide to the application of the IUCN Red List of Ecosystems criteria.

Rodríguez, Jon Paul / Keith, David A / Rodríguez-Clark, Kathryn M / Murray, Nicholas J / Nicholson, Emily / Regan, Tracey J / Miller, Rebecca M / Barrow, Edmund G / Bland, Lucie M / Boe, Kaia / Brooks, Thomas M / Oliveira-Miranda, María A / Spalding, Mark / Wit, Piet

Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

2014 Volume 370, Issue 1662, Page(s) 20140003

Abstract: The newly developed IUCN Red List of Ecosystems is part of a growing toolbox for assessing risks to biodiversity, which addresses ecosystems and their functioning. The Red List of Ecosystems standard allows systematic assessment of all freshwater, marine, ...

Abstract	The newly developed IUCN Red List of Ecosystems is part of a growing toolbox for assessing risks to biodiversity, which addresses ecosystems and their functioning. The Red List of Ecosystems standard allows systematic assessment of all freshwater, marine, terrestrial and subterranean ecosystem types in terms of their global risk of collapse. In addition, the Red List of Ecosystems categories and criteria provide a technical base for assessments of ecosystem status at the regional, national, or subnational level. While the Red List of Ecosystems criteria were designed to be widely applicable by scientists and practitioners, guidelines are needed to ensure they are implemented in a standardized manner to reduce epistemic uncertainties and allow robust comparisons among ecosystems and over time. We review the intended application of the Red List of Ecosystems assessment process, summarize 'best-practice' methods for ecosystem assessments and outline approaches to ensure operational rigour of assessments. The Red List of Ecosystems will inform priority setting for ecosystem types worldwide, and strengthen capacity to report on progress towards the Aichi Targets of the Convention on Biological Diversity. When integrated with other IUCN knowledge products, such as the World Database of Protected Areas/Protected Planet, Key Biodiversity Areas and the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, the Red List of Ecosystems will contribute to providing the most complete global measure of the status of biodiversity yet achieved.
MeSH term(s)	Classification/methods ; Conservation of Natural Resources/methods ; Ecosystem ; Endangered Species/statistics & numerical data ; Models, Biological ; Risk Assessment/methods
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-05-05
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
ZDB-ID	208382-6
ISSN	1471-2970 ; 0080-4622 ; 0264-3839 ; 0962-8436
ISSN (online)	1471-2970
ISSN	0080-4622 ; 0264-3839 ; 0962-8436
DOI	10.1098/rstb.2014.0003
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Article: Establishing IUCN Red List Criteria for Threatened Ecosystems

Conservation biology the journal of the Society for Conservation Biology. 2011 Feb., v. 25, no. 1

2011

Abstract: Abstract: The potential for conservation of individual species has been greatly advanced by the International Union for Conservation of Nature's (IUCN) development of objective, repeatable, and transparent criteria for assessing extinction risk that ... ...

Abstract	Abstract: The potential for conservation of individual species has been greatly advanced by the International Union for Conservation of Nature's (IUCN) development of objective, repeatable, and transparent criteria for assessing extinction risk that explicitly separate risk assessment from priority setting. At the IV World Conservation Congress in 2008, the process began to develop and implement comparable global standards for ecosystems. A working group established by the IUCN has begun formulating a system of quantitative categories and criteria, analogous to those used for species, for assigning levels of threat to ecosystems at local, regional, and global levels. A final system will require definitions of ecosystems; quantification of ecosystem status; identification of the stages of degradation and loss of ecosystems; proxy measures of risk (criteria); classification thresholds for these criteria; and standardized methods for performing assessments. The system will need to reflect the degree and rate of change in an ecosystem's extent, composition, structure, and function, and have its conceptual roots in ecological theory and empirical research. On the basis of these requirements and the hypothesis that ecosystem risk is a function of the risk of its component species, we propose a set of four criteria: recent declines in distribution or ecological function, historical total loss in distribution or ecological function, small distribution combined with decline, or very small distribution. Most work has focused on terrestrial ecosystems, but comparable thresholds and criteria for freshwater and marine ecosystems are also needed. These are the first steps in an international consultation process that will lead to a unified proposal to be presented at the next World Conservation Congress in 2012.
Keywords	ecological function ; ecosystems ; extinction ; natural resources conservation ; risk ; risk assessment ; roots
Language	English
Dates of publication	2011-02
Size	p. 21-29.
Publishing place	Blackwell Publishing Inc
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	58735-7
ISSN	1523-1739 ; 0888-8892
ISSN (online)	1523-1739
ISSN	0888-8892
DOI	10.1111/j.1523-1739.2010.01598.x
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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