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  1. Article ; Online: Conical shell illumination incorporating a moving aperture for depth-resolved high-energy X-ray diffraction.

    Spence, Daniel / Dicken, Anthony / Downes, David / Rogers, Keith / Evans, Paul

    The Analyst

    2023  Volume 148, Issue 5, Page(s) 1123–1129

    Abstract: In many applications, the main limitation of X-ray absorption methods is that the signals measured are a function of the attenuation coefficient, which tells us almost nothing about the chemical or crystallographic nature of objects under inspection. To ... ...

    Abstract In many applications, the main limitation of X-ray absorption methods is that the signals measured are a function of the attenuation coefficient, which tells us almost nothing about the chemical or crystallographic nature of objects under inspection. To calculate fundamental crystallographic parameters requires the measurement of diffracted photons from a sample. Standard laboratory diffraction methods have been refined for well over a century and provide 'gold standard' structural models for well-prepared samples and single crystals but have little applicability for thick heterogeneous samples as demanded by many screening applications. We present a new high-energy X-ray diffraction probe, which in comparison with previous depth-resolving hollow beam techniques, requires a single beam, point detector and a simple swept aperture to resolve sample signatures at unknown locations within an inspection space. We perform Monte Carlo simulations to support experiments on both single- and multiple-material localisation and identification. The new probe is configured and tested using low-cost commercial components to provide a rapid and cost-effective solution for applications including explosives detection, process control and diagnostics.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-02-27
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 210747-8
    ISSN 1364-5528 ; 0003-2654
    ISSN (online) 1364-5528
    ISSN 0003-2654
    DOI 10.1039/d2an01842j
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  2. Article: Translating microcalcification biomarker information into the laboratory: A preliminary assessment utilizing core biopsies obtained from sites of mammographic calcification.

    Lyburn, Iain D / Scott, Robert / Cornford, Eleanor / Bouzy, Pascaline / Stone, Nicholas / Greenwood, Charlene / Bouybayoune, Ihsanne / Pinder, Sarah E / Rogers, Keith

    Heliyon

    2024  Volume 10, Issue 6, Page(s) e27686

    Abstract: Rationale and objectives: The potential of breast microcalcification chemistry to provide clinically valuable intelligence is being increasingly studied. However, acquisition of crystallographic details has, to date, been limited to high brightness, ... ...

    Abstract Rationale and objectives: The potential of breast microcalcification chemistry to provide clinically valuable intelligence is being increasingly studied. However, acquisition of crystallographic details has, to date, been limited to high brightness, synchrotron radiation sources. This study, for the first time, evaluates a laboratory-based system that interrogates histological sections containing microcalcifications. The principal objective was to determine the measurement precision of the laboratory system and assess whether this was sufficient to provide potentially clinical valuable information.
    Materials and methods: Sections from 5 histological specimens from breast core biopsies obtained to evaluate mammographic calcification were examined using a synchrotron source and a laboratory-based instrument. The samples were chosen to represent a significant proportion of the known breast tissue, mineralogical landscape. Data were subsequently analysed using conventional methods and microcalcification characteristics such as crystallographic phase, chemical deviation from ideal stoichiometry and microstructure were determined.
    Results: The crystallographic phase of each microcalcification (e.g., hydroxyapatite, whitlockite) was easily determined from the laboratory derived data even when a mixed phase was apparent. Lattice parameter values from the laboratory experiments agreed well with the corresponding synchrotron values and, critically, were determined to precisions that were significantly greater than required for potential clinical exploitation.
    Conclusion: It has been shown that crystallographic characteristics of microcalcifications can be determined in the laboratory with sufficient precision to have potential clinical value. The work will thus enable exploitation acceleration of these latent microcalcification features as current dependence upon access to limited synchrotron resources is minimized.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-03-11
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2835763-2
    ISSN 2405-8440
    ISSN 2405-8440
    DOI 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27686
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  3. Article ; Online: Emissions from plastic incineration induce inflammation, oxidative stress, and impaired bioenergetics in primary human respiratory epithelial cells.

    Rogers, Keith / WaMaina, Elisa / Barber, Andrew / Masood, Syed / Love, Charlotte / Kim, Yong Ho / Gilmour, M Ian / Jaspers, Ilona

    Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology

    2024  

    Abstract: Inhalation exposure to plastic incineration emissions (PIEs) is a problem of increasing human relevance, as plastic production and waste creation have drastically increased since mainstream integration during the 20th century. We investigated the effects ...

    Abstract Inhalation exposure to plastic incineration emissions (PIEs) is a problem of increasing human relevance, as plastic production and waste creation have drastically increased since mainstream integration during the 20th century. We investigated the effects of PIEs on human nasal epithelial cells (HNECs) to understand if such exposures cause damage and dysfunction to respiratory epithelia. Primary HNECs from male and female donors were cultured at air-liquid interface (ALI), and 16HBE cells were cultured on coverslips. Smoke condensates were generated from incineration of plastic at flaming (640 °C) and smoldering (500 °C) temperatures, and cells were subsequently exposed to these materials at 5-50 μg/cm2 concentrations. HNECs were assessed for mitochondrial dysfunction and 16HBE cells for glutathione oxidation in real-time analyses. HNEC culture supernatants and total RNA were collected at 4 hours post exposure for cytokine and gene expression analysis, and results show that PIEs can acutely induce inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction in HNECs, and that incineration temperature modifies biological responses. Specifically, condensates from flaming and smoldering PIEs significantly increased HNEC secretion of cytokines IL-8, IL-1β, and IL-13, as well as expression of xenobiotic metabolism pathways and genes such as CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 at 5 and 20 μg/cm2 concentrations. Only 50 μg/cm2 flaming PIEs significantly increased glutathione oxidation in 16HBEs, and decreased respiration and ATP production in HNEC mitochondria. Impact Statement: Our data reveal the impact of incineration temperatures on biological outcomes associated with PIE exposures, emphasizing the importance of temperature as a factor when evaluating respiratory disease associated with PIEs exposure.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-03-27
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1420885-4
    ISSN 1096-0929 ; 1096-6080
    ISSN (online) 1096-0929
    ISSN 1096-6080
    DOI 10.1093/toxsci/kfae038
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  4. Article ; Online: Conical shell X-ray beam tomosynthesis and micro-computed tomography for microarchitectural characterisation.

    Arnold, Emily L / Elarnaut, Farid / Downes, David / Evans, J Paul O / Greenwood, Charlene / Rogers, Keith D

    Scientific reports

    2023  Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) 21480

    Abstract: Bone quality is commonly used to diagnose bone diseases such as osteoporosis, with many studies focusing on microarchitecture for fracture prediction. In this study a bovine distal femur was imaged using both micro-computed tomography (µCT) and ... ...

    Abstract Bone quality is commonly used to diagnose bone diseases such as osteoporosis, with many studies focusing on microarchitecture for fracture prediction. In this study a bovine distal femur was imaged using both micro-computed tomography (µCT) and tomosynthesis using focal construct geometry (FCG) for comparison of microarchitectural parameters. Six regions of interest (ROIs) were compared between the two imaging modalities, with both global and adaptive methods used to binarize the images. FCG images were downsampled to the same pixel size as the µCT images. Bone morphometrics were determined using BoneJ, for each imaging modality, binarization technique and ROI. Bone area/total area was found to have few significant differences between FCG and µCT (p < 0.05 for two of six ROIs). Fractal Dimension had only one significant difference (p < 0.05 for one of six ROIs) between µCT and downsampled FCG (where pixel size was equalized). Trabecular thickness and trabecular spacing were observed to follow trends as observed for the corresponding µCT images, although many absolute values were significantly different (p < 0.05 for between one and six ROIs depending on image types used). This study demonstrates the utility of tomosynthesis for measurement of microarchitectural morphometrics.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Cattle ; X-Ray Microtomography/methods ; X-Rays ; Bone and Bones ; Osteoporosis ; Femur/diagnostic imaging ; Bone Density
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-12-06
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2615211-3
    ISSN 2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
    ISSN (online) 2045-2322
    ISSN 2045-2322
    DOI 10.1038/s41598-023-48851-6
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: A pilot study: effect of irisin on trabecular bone in a streptozotocin-induced animal model of type 1 diabetic osteopathy utilizing a micro-CT.

    Mohsin, Sahar / Brock, Fiona / Kaimala, Suneesh / Greenwood, Charlene / Sulaiman, Mohsin / Rogers, Keith / Adeghate, Ernest

    PeerJ

    2023  Volume 11, Page(s) e16278

    Abstract: Background: Osteoporosis is a significant co-morbidity of type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1) leading to increased fracture risk. Exercise-induced hormone 'irisin' in low dosage has been shown to have a beneficial effect on bone metabolism by increasing ... ...

    Abstract Background: Osteoporosis is a significant co-morbidity of type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1) leading to increased fracture risk. Exercise-induced hormone 'irisin' in low dosage has been shown to have a beneficial effect on bone metabolism by increasing osteoblast differentiation and reducing osteoclast maturation, and inhibiting apoptosis and inflammation. We investigated the role of irisin in treating diabetic osteopathy by observing its effect on trabecular bone.
    Methods: DM1 was induced by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin 60 mg/kg body weight. Irisin in low dosage (5 µg twice a week for 6 weeks I/P) was injected into half of the control and 4-week diabetic male Wistar rats. Animals were sacrificed six months after induction of diabetes. The trabecular bone in the femoral head and neck was analyzed using a micro-CT technique. Bone turnover markers were measured using ELISA, Western blot, and RT-PCR techniques.
    Results: It was found that DM1 deteriorates the trabecular bone microstructure by increasing trabecular separation (Tb-Sp) and decreasing trabecular thickness (Tb-Th), bone volume fraction (BV/TV), and bone mineral density (BMD). Irisin treatment positively affects bone quality by increasing trabecular number
    Conclusions: This is the first pilot study to our knowledge that shows that a low dose of irisin marginally improves the trabecular bone in DM1 and is an effective peptide in reducing sclerostin levels.
    MeSH term(s) Rats ; Animals ; Male ; X-Ray Microtomography ; Fibronectins ; Pilot Projects ; Streptozocin ; Osteocalcin ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/drug therapy ; Cancellous Bone/diagnostic imaging ; Rats, Wistar ; Models, Animal
    Chemical Substances Fibronectins ; Streptozocin (5W494URQ81) ; Osteocalcin (104982-03-8)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-10-17
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2703241-3
    ISSN 2167-8359 ; 2167-8359
    ISSN (online) 2167-8359
    ISSN 2167-8359
    DOI 10.7717/peerj.16278
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  6. Article: A study of the intermolecular interactions of lipid components from analogue fingerprint residues.

    Johnston, Andrew / Rogers, Keith

    Science & justice : journal of the Forensic Science Society

    2018  Volume 58, Issue 2, Page(s) 121–127

    Abstract: A compositionally simplified analogue of a latent fingermark was created by combining single representatives of each major component of a natural fingermark. Further modified analogues were also produced each having one component removed. The aim of this ...

    Abstract A compositionally simplified analogue of a latent fingermark was created by combining single representatives of each major component of a natural fingermark. Further modified analogues were also produced each having one component removed. The aim of this study was to investigate the intermolecular interactions that occurred within these analogue samples using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Microspectroscopy. FT-IR microspectroscopy showed that the absence of squalene and cholesterol significantly restricted the interactions between the other organic constituents within the analogue samples. Investigating the intermolecular interactions of organic compounds within a simplified analogue solution could indicate corresponding interactions that occur within natural fingermarks. These potential interactions could go on to be the target of further investigation of latent fingermark chemistry, and ultimately contribute to a better understanding of the aging processes and degradation mechanisms that take place post-deposition.
    MeSH term(s) Dermatoglyphics ; Humans ; Lipids/chemistry ; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
    Chemical Substances Lipids
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-03
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1230910-2
    ISSN 1876-4452 ; 1355-0306
    ISSN (online) 1876-4452
    ISSN 1355-0306
    DOI 10.1016/j.scijus.2017.11.004
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  7. Article ; Online: Investigating pair distribution function use in analysis of nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite and carbonate-substituted hydroxyapatite.

    Arnold, Emily L / Keeble, Dean S / Evans, J P O / Greenwood, Charlene / Rogers, Keith D

    Acta crystallographica. Section C, Structural chemistry

    2022  Volume 78, Issue Pt 5, Page(s) 271–279

    Abstract: Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a complex material, which is often nanocrystalline when found within a biological setting. This work has directly compared the structural characteristics derived from data collected using a conventional laboratory-based X-ray ... ...

    Abstract Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a complex material, which is often nanocrystalline when found within a biological setting. This work has directly compared the structural characteristics derived from data collected using a conventional laboratory-based X-ray diffractometer with those collected from a dedicated pair distribution function (PDF) beamline at Diamond Light Source. In particular, the application of PDF analysis methods to carbonated HA is evaluated. 20 synthetic samples were measured using both X-ray diffraction (XRD) and PDFs. Both Rietveld refinement (of laboratory XRD data) and real-space refinement (of PDF data) were used to analyse all samples. The results of Rietveld and real-space refinements were compared to evaluate their application to crystalline and nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite. Significant relationships were observed between real-space refinement parameters and increasing carbonate substitution. Understanding the local order of synthetic hydroxyapatite can benefit several fields, including both biomedical and clinical settings.
    MeSH term(s) Carbonates/chemistry ; Crystallography, X-Ray ; Durapatite/chemistry ; Hydrogen Bonding ; X-Ray Diffraction
    Chemical Substances Carbonates ; Durapatite (91D9GV0Z28)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-04-05
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2025703-X
    ISSN 2053-2296 ; 1600-5759 ; 0108-2701
    ISSN (online) 2053-2296 ; 1600-5759
    ISSN 0108-2701
    DOI 10.1107/S2053229622003400
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  8. Article ; Online: The Effect of Moderate Temperatures on Latent Fingerprint Chemistry.

    Johnston, Andrew / Rogers, Keith

    Applied spectroscopy

    2017  Volume 71, Issue 9, Page(s) 2102–2110

    Abstract: The effect of moderate temperatures (25-75 ℃) on latent fingerprints over a five-hour period was examined using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) microspectroscopy. The aim of the study was to detect changes in IR spectra due to any changes in ... ...

    Abstract The effect of moderate temperatures (25-75 ℃) on latent fingerprints over a five-hour period was examined using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) microspectroscopy. The aim of the study was to detect changes in IR spectra due to any changes in fingerprint chemistry; these results were then compared to pure compounds found in sebum that was subjected to 75 ℃ for 5 h. Latent fingerprints deposited on CaF
    Language English
    Publishing date 2017-09
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 1943-3530
    ISSN (online) 1943-3530
    DOI 10.1177/0003702817694902
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  9. Article ; Online: New insights into the application of pair distribution function studies to biogenic and synthetic hydroxyapatites.

    Arnold, Emily L / Keeble, Dean S / Greenwood, Charlene / Rogers, Keith D

    Scientific reports

    2020  Volume 10, Issue 1, Page(s) 19597

    Abstract: Biogenic and synthetic hydroxyapatites are confounding materials whose properties remain uncertain, even after years of study. Pair distribution function (PDF) analysis was applied to hydroxyapatites in the 1970's and 1980's, but this area of research ... ...

    Abstract Biogenic and synthetic hydroxyapatites are confounding materials whose properties remain uncertain, even after years of study. Pair distribution function (PDF) analysis was applied to hydroxyapatites in the 1970's and 1980's, but this area of research has not taken full advantage of the relatively recent advances in synchrotron facilities. Here, synchrotron X-ray PDF analysis is compared to techniques commonly used to characterise hydroxyapatite (such as wide angle X-ray scattering, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis) for a range of biogenic and synthetic hydroxyapatites with a wide range of carbonate substitution. Contributions to the pair distribution function from collagen, carbonate and finite crystallite size were examined through principal component analysis and comparison of PDFs. Noticeable contributions from collagen were observed in biogenic PDFs when compared to synthetic PDFs (namely r < 15 Å), consistent with simulated PDFs of collagen structures. Additionally, changes in local structure were observed for PDFs of synthetic hydroxyapatites with differing carbonate content, notably in features near 4 Å, 8 Å and 19 Å. Regression models were generated to predict carbonate substitution from peak position within the PDFs.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-11-11
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2615211-3
    ISSN 2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
    ISSN (online) 2045-2322
    ISSN 2045-2322
    DOI 10.1038/s41598-020-73200-2
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  10. Article ; Online: Age related changes of rib cortical bone matrix and the application to forensic age-at-death estimation.

    Bonicelli, Andrea / Zioupos, Peter / Arnold, Emily / Rogers, Keith D / Xhemali, Bledar / Kranioti, Elena F

    Scientific reports

    2021  Volume 11, Issue 1, Page(s) 2086

    Abstract: Forensic anthropology includes, amongst other applications, the positive identification of unknown human skeletal remains. The first step in this process is an assessment of the biological profile, that is: sex, age, stature and ancestry. In forensic ... ...

    Abstract Forensic anthropology includes, amongst other applications, the positive identification of unknown human skeletal remains. The first step in this process is an assessment of the biological profile, that is: sex, age, stature and ancestry. In forensic contexts, age estimation is one of the main challenges in the process of identification. Recently established admissibility criteria are driving researchers towards standardisation of methodological procedures. Despite these changes, experience still plays a central role in anthropological examinations. In order to avoid this issue, age estimation procedures (i) must be presented to the scientific community and published in peer reviewed journals, (ii) accurately explained in terms of procedure and (iii) present clear information about the accuracy of the estimation and possible error rates. In order to fulfil all these requirements, a number of methods based on physiological processes which result in biochemical changes in various tissue structures at the molecular level, such as modifications in DNA-methylation and telomere shortening, racemization of proteins and stable isotopes analysis, have been developed. The current work proposes a new systematic approach in age estimation based on tracing physicochemical and mechanical degeneration of the rib cortical bone matrix. This study used autopsy material from 113 rib specimens. A set of 33 parameters were measured by standard bio-mechanical (nanoindentation and microindentation), physical (TGA/DSC, XRD and FTIR) and histomorphometry (porosity-ImageJ) methods. Stepwise regressions were used to create equations that would produce the best 'estimates of age at death' vs real age of the cadavers. Five equations were produced; in the best of cases an equation counting 7 parameters had an R
    MeSH term(s) Age Determination by Skeleton/methods ; Cortical Bone/anatomy & histology ; Death ; Forensic Anthropology/methods ; Humans ; Reproducibility of Results ; Ribs/anatomy & histology ; Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared/methods ; Thermogravimetry/methods ; X-Ray Diffraction/methods
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-01-22
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2615211-3
    ISSN 2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
    ISSN (online) 2045-2322
    ISSN 2045-2322
    DOI 10.1038/s41598-021-81342-0
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