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Article ; Online: Improvement in optical fiber bundle-based imaging using synchronized fiber motion.

Momsen, Neil C / Rouse, Andrew R / Gmitro, Arthur F

Applied optics

2020 Volume 59, Issue 22, Page(s) G249–G254

Abstract: Image quality in fiber bundle-based imaging systems is inherently limited by the size and spacing of the individual fiber cores. The fiber bundle limits the achievable spatial resolution and superimposes a fixed pattern of signal variability across the ... ...

Abstract	Image quality in fiber bundle-based imaging systems is inherently limited by the size and spacing of the individual fiber cores. The fiber bundle limits the achievable spatial resolution and superimposes a fixed pattern of signal variability across the image. To overcome these limitations, piezoelectric tubes were used to synchronously dither the fiber bundle on both ends. Experimental results using the dithering approach with a commercial fiber bundle showed a substantial decrease in fixed pattern noise and an increase in spatial resolution.
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-07-21
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1539-4522
ISSN (online)	1539-4522
DOI	10.1364/AO.391825
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Article ; Online: Using FDA-approved drugs as off-label fluorescent dyes for optical biopsies: from in silico design to

Larson, Michael C / Gmitro, Arthur F / Utzinger, Urs / Rouse, Andrew R / Woodhead, Gregory J / Carlson, Quinlan / Hennemeyer, Charles T / Barton, Jennifer K

Methods and applications in fluorescence

2021 Volume 9, Issue 3

Abstract: Optical biopsies bring the microscope to the patient rather than the tissue to the microscope, and may complement or replace the tissue-harvesting component of the traditional biopsy process with its associated risks. In general, optical biopsies are ... ...

Abstract	Optical biopsies bring the microscope to the patient rather than the tissue to the microscope, and may complement or replace the tissue-harvesting component of the traditional biopsy process with its associated risks. In general, optical biopsies are limited by the lack of endogenous tissue contrast and the small number of clinically approved
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Biopsy/methods ; Cattle ; Computer Simulation ; Fluorescent Dyes/chemistry ; Humans ; Lung/diagnostic imaging ; Off-Label Use ; Optical Imaging/methods ; Pharmaceutical Preparations/chemistry ; Proof of Concept Study ; Sheep
Chemical Substances	Fluorescent Dyes ; Pharmaceutical Preparations
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-06-04
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2050-6120
ISSN (online)	2050-6120
DOI	10.1088/2050-6120/ac0619
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Article ; Online: Analysis of multimode fiber bundles for endoscopic spectral-domain optical coherence tomography.

Risi, Matthew D / Makhlouf, Houssine / Rouse, Andrew R / Gmitro, Arthur F

Applied optics

2015 Volume 54, Issue 1, Page(s) 101–113

Abstract: A theoretical analysis of the use of a fiber bundle in spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) systems is presented. The fiber bundle enables a flexible endoscopic design and provides fast, parallelized acquisition of the OCT data. However, ... ...

Abstract	A theoretical analysis of the use of a fiber bundle in spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) systems is presented. The fiber bundle enables a flexible endoscopic design and provides fast, parallelized acquisition of the OCT data. However, the multimode characteristic of the fibers in the fiber bundle affects the depth sensitivity of the imaging system. A description of light interference in a multimode fiber is presented along with numerical simulations and experimental studies to illustrate the theoretical analysis.
MeSH term(s)	Diagnostic Imaging/instrumentation ; Diagnostic Imaging/methods ; Endoscopes ; Endoscopy/instrumentation ; Endoscopy/methods ; Equipment Design ; Fourier Analysis ; Humans ; Image Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Light ; Optical Devices ; Optical Fibers ; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted ; Tomography, Optical Coherence/methods
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-01-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ISSN	1539-4522
ISSN (online)	1539-4522
DOI	10.1364/AO.54.000101
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Article: Investigation of confocal microscopy for differentiation of renal cell carcinoma versus benign tissue. Can an optical biopsy be performed?

Phung, Michael C / Rouse, Andrew R / Pangilinan, Jayce / Bell, Robert C / Bracamonte, Erika R / Mashi, Sharfuddeen / Gmitro, Arthur F / Lee, Benjamin R

Asian journal of urology

2019 Volume 7, Issue 4, Page(s) 363–368

Abstract: Objective: Novel optical imaging modalities are under development with the goal of obtaining an "optical biopsy" to efficiently provide pathologic details. One such modality is confocal microscopy which allows : Methods: Specimens were obtained from ... ...

Abstract	Objective: Novel optical imaging modalities are under development with the goal of obtaining an "optical biopsy" to efficiently provide pathologic details. One such modality is confocal microscopy which allows Methods: Specimens were obtained from patients who underwent robotic partial nephrectomy for renal mass. Samples of suspected normal and tumor tissue were extracted from the excised portion of the kidney and stained with acridine orange. The stained samples were imaged on a Nikon E600 C1 Confocal Microscope. The samples were then submitted for hematoxylin and eosin processing and read by an expert pathologist to provide a gold-standard diagnosis that can later be compared to the confocal images. Results: This study included 11 patients, 17 tissue samples, and 118 confocal images. Of the 17 tissue samples, 10 had a gold-standard diagnosis of cancer and seven were benign. Of 118 confocal images, 66 had a gold-standard diagnosis of cancer and 52 were benign. Six confocal images were used as a training set to train eight observers. The observers were asked to rate the test images on a six point scale and the results were analyzed using a web based receiver operating characteristic curve calculator. The average accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and area under the empirical receiver operating characteristic curve for this study were 91%, 98%, 81%, and 0.94 respectively. Conclusion: This preliminary study suggest that confocal microscopy can be used to distinguish cancer from normal tissue with high sensitivity and specificity. The observers in this study were trained quickly and on only six images. We expect even higher performance as observers become more familiar with the confocal images.
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-12-24
Publishing country	Singapore
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2831144-9
ISSN	2214-3882
ISSN	2214-3882
DOI	10.1016/j.ajur.2019.12.008
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Article ; Online: Ultrathin single-channel fiberscopes for biomedical imaging.

Kano, Angelique / Rouse, Andrew R / Gmitro, Arthur F

Journal of biomedical optics

2013 Volume 18, Issue 1, Page(s) 16013

Abstract: Ultrathin flexible fiberscopes typically have separate illumination and imaging channels and are available in diameters ranging from 0.5 to 2.5 mm. Diameters can potentially be reduced by combining the illumination and imaging paths into a single ... ...

Abstract	Ultrathin flexible fiberscopes typically have separate illumination and imaging channels and are available in diameters ranging from 0.5 to 2.5 mm. Diameters can potentially be reduced by combining the illumination and imaging paths into a single fiberoptic channel. Single-channel fiberscopes must incorporate a system to minimize Fresnel reflections from air-glass interfaces within the common illumination and detection path. The Fresnel reflection at the proximal surface of the fiber bundle is particularly problematic. This paper describes and compares methods to reduce the background signal from the proximal surface of the fiber bundle. Three techniques are evaluated: (1) antireflective (AR)-coating the proximal face of the fiber, (2) incorporating crossed polarizers into the light path, and (3) a novel technique called numerical aperture sharing, whereby a portion of the image numerical aperture is devoted to illumination and a portion to detection.
MeSH term(s)	Computer Simulation ; Endoscopes ; Endoscopy/instrumentation ; Equipment Design ; Fiber Optic Technology/instrumentation ; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-01-20
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	1309154-2
ISSN	1560-2281 ; 1083-3668
ISSN (online)	1560-2281
ISSN	1083-3668
DOI	10.1117/1.JBO.18.1.016013
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Article ; Online: Dual modality fluorescence confocal and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography microendoscope.

Makhlouf, Houssine / Rouse, Andrew R / Gmitro, Arthur F

Biomedical optics express

2011 Volume 2, Issue 3, Page(s) 634–644

Abstract: Optical biopsy facilitates in vivo disease diagnoses by providing a real-time in situ view of tissue in a clinical setting. Fluorescence confocal microendoscopy and optical coherence tomography (OCT) are two methods that have demonstrated significant ... ...

Abstract	Optical biopsy facilitates in vivo disease diagnoses by providing a real-time in situ view of tissue in a clinical setting. Fluorescence confocal microendoscopy and optical coherence tomography (OCT) are two methods that have demonstrated significant potential in this context. These techniques provide complementary viewpoints. The high resolution and contrast associated with confocal systems allow en face visualization of sub-cellular details and cellular organization within a thin layer of biological tissue. OCT provides cross-sectional images showing the tissue micro-architecture to a depth beyond the reach of confocal systems. We present a novel design for a bench-top imaging system that incorporates both confocal and OCT modalities in the same optical train allowing the potential for rapid switching between the two imaging techniques. Preliminary results using simple phantoms show that it is possible to realize both confocal microendoscopy and OCT through a fiber bundle based imaging system.
Language	English
Publishing date	2011-02-22
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2572216-5
ISSN	2156-7085 ; 2156-7085
ISSN (online)	2156-7085
ISSN	2156-7085
DOI	10.1364/BOE.2.000634
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Article: Design and Performance of a Multi-Point Scan Confocal Microendoscope.

Risi, Matthew D / Makhlouf, Houssine / Rouse, Andrew R / Tanbakuchi, Anthony A / Gmitro, Arthur F

Photonics

2014 Volume 1, Issue 4, Page(s) 421–431

Abstract: Confocal fluorescence microendoscopy provides high-resolution cellular-level imaging via a minimally invasive procedure, but requires fast scanning to achieve real-time ... ...

Abstract	Confocal fluorescence microendoscopy provides high-resolution cellular-level imaging via a minimally invasive procedure, but requires fast scanning to achieve real-time imaging
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-11-20
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2770002-1
ISSN	2304-6732
ISSN	2304-6732
DOI	10.3390/photonics1040421
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Article ; Online: Confocal microlaparoscope for imaging the fallopian tube.

Wu, Tzu-Yu / Rouse, Andrew R / Chambers, Setsuko K / Hatch, Kenneth D / Gmitro, Arthur F

Journal of biomedical optics

2014 Volume 19, Issue 11, Page(s) 116010

Abstract: Recent evidence suggests that ovarian cancer can originate in the fallopian tube. Unlike many other cancers, poor access to the ovary and fallopian tubes has limited the ability to study the progression of this deadly disease and to diagnosis it during ... ...

Abstract	Recent evidence suggests that ovarian cancer can originate in the fallopian tube. Unlike many other cancers, poor access to the ovary and fallopian tubes has limited the ability to study the progression of this deadly disease and to diagnosis it during the early stage when it is most amenable to therapy. A rigid confocal microlaparoscope system designed to image the epithelial surface of the ovary in vivo was previously reported. A new confocal microlaparoscope with an articulating distal tip has been developed to enable in vivo access to human fallopian tubes. The new microlaparoscope is compatible with 5-mm trocars and includes a 2.2-mm-diameter articulating distal tip consisting of a bare fiber bundle and an automated dye delivery system for fluorescence confocal imaging. This small articulating device should enable the confocal microlaparoscope to image early stage ovarian cancer arising inside the fallopian tube. Ex vivo images of animal tissue and human fallopian tube using the new articulating device are presented along with in vivo imaging results using the rigid confocal microlaparoscope system.
MeSH term(s)	Equipment Design ; Fallopian Tubes/chemistry ; Fallopian Tubes/surgery ; Female ; Humans ; Laparoscopes ; Laparoscopy/instrumentation ; Laparoscopy/methods ; Microscopy, Confocal/instrumentation ; Microscopy, Confocal/methods ; Optical Fibers
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-11-19
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1309154-2
ISSN	1560-2281 ; 1083-3668
ISSN (online)	1560-2281
ISSN	1083-3668
DOI	10.1117/1.JBO.19.11.116010
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Article ; Online: Monte Carlo characterization of parallelized fluorescence confocal systems imaging in turbid media.

Tanbakuchi, Anthony A / Rouse, Andrew R / Gmitro, Arthur F

Journal of biomedical optics

2009 Volume 14, Issue 4, Page(s) 44024

Abstract: We characterize and compare the axial and lateral performance of fluorescence confocal systems imaging in turbid media. The aperture configurations studied are a single pinhole, a slit, a Nipkow disk, and a linear array of pinholes. Systems with ... ...

Abstract	We characterize and compare the axial and lateral performance of fluorescence confocal systems imaging in turbid media. The aperture configurations studied are a single pinhole, a slit, a Nipkow disk, and a linear array of pinholes. Systems with parallelized apertures are used clinically because they enable high-speed and real-time imaging. Understanding how they perform in highly scattering tissue is important. A Monte Carlo model was developed to characterize parallelized system performance in a scattering media representative of human tissues. The results indicate that a slit aperture has degraded performance, both laterally and axially. In contrast, the analysis reveals that multipinhole apertures such as a Nipkow disk or a linear pinhole array can achieve performance nearly equivalent to a single pinhole aperture. The optimal aperture spacing for the multipinhole apertures was determined for a specific tissue model. In addition to comparing aperture configurations, the effects of tissue nonradiative absorption, scattering anisotropy, and fluorophore concentration on lateral and axial performance of confocal systems were studied.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Computer Simulation ; Humans ; Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted/methods ; Light ; Microscopy, Confocal/methods ; Microscopy, Fluorescence/methods ; Models, Biological ; Models, Statistical ; Monte Carlo Method ; Nephelometry and Turbidimetry/methods ; Scattering, Radiation ; Subtraction Technique
Language	English
Publishing date	2009-08-04
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	1309154-2
ISSN	1560-2281 ; 1083-3668
ISSN (online)	1560-2281
ISSN	1083-3668
DOI	10.1117/1.3194131
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Article ; Online: Pilot Clinical Evaluation of a Confocal Microlaparoscope for Ovarian Cancer Detection.

Risi, Matthew D / Rouse, Andrew R / Chambers, Setsuko K / Hatch, Kenneth D / Zheng, Wenxin / Gmitro, Arthur F

International journal of gynecological cancer : official journal of the International Gynecological Cancer Society

2015 Volume 26, Issue 2, Page(s) 248–254

Abstract: Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the performance of a confocal fluorescence microlaparoscope for in vivo detection of ovarian cancer.: Methods/materials: Seventy-one patients scheduled for open or laparoscopic oophorectomy were ... ...

Abstract	Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the performance of a confocal fluorescence microlaparoscope for in vivo detection of ovarian cancer. Methods/materials: Seventy-one patients scheduled for open or laparoscopic oophorectomy were consented for the imaging study. High-resolution confocal microlaparoscopic images of the epithelial surface of the ovary were acquired in vivo or ex vivo after tissue staining using acridine orange. Standard histologic evaluation of extracted tissue samples was performed and used as the gold standard of disease diagnosis. Trained human observers from different specialties viewed the microlaparoscopic images, rating each image on a 6-point scale ranging from "definitely not cancer" to "definitely cancer." Receiver operating characteristic curves were generated using these scores and the gold standard histopathologic diagnosis. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was calculated as a performance metric. Results: Forty-five of the consented patients were used in the final evaluation study. From these 45 patients, 63 tissue locations or samples were identified and imaged with the confocal microlaparoscope. Twenty of the samples were high-grade cancers, and the remaining 43 samples were normal or noncancerous. Twenty-three of the samples were imaged in vivo, and the remaining 40 samples were imaged ex vivo. The average AUC score and standard error (SE) for detection of cancer in all images were 0.88 and 0.02, respectively. An independent-samples t test was conducted to compare AUC scores for in vivo and ex vivo conditions. No statistically significant difference in the AUC score for in vivo (AUC, 0.850; SE, 0.049) and ex vivo (AUC, 0.888; SE, 0.027) conditions was observed, t(6) = 1.318, P = 0.2355. Conclusions: Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve scores indicate that high-resolution in vivo images obtained by the confocal laparoscope can distinguish between normal and malignant ovarian surface epithelium. In addition, in vivo performance is similar to that which can be obtained from ex vivo tissue.
MeSH term(s)	Acridine Orange ; Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/diagnosis ; Female ; Humans ; Laparoscopy/instrumentation ; Microscopy, Confocal/instrumentation ; Ovarian Neoplasms/diagnosis ; Pilot Projects
Chemical Substances	Acridine Orange (F30N4O6XVV)
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-12-30
Publishing country	England
Document type	Clinical Trial ; Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1070385-8
ISSN	1525-1438 ; 1048-891X
ISSN (online)	1525-1438
ISSN	1048-891X
DOI	10.1097/IGC.0000000000000595
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