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Book ; Online: Neuroscience in Africa

Patel, Nilesh B. / Russell, Vivienne A. / Lakhdar-Ghazal, Nouria

2019

Keywords	Science: general issues ; Neurosciences ; Africa ; biodiveristy ; hiv/aids ; Trypanosomiasis ; Alcohol effects ; Emerging viral diseases ; Environmental Pollutants ; Neuroanatomy ; Ethnopharmacology
Size	1 electronic resource (447 pages)
Publisher	Frontiers Media SA
Document type	Book ; Online
Note	English ; Open Access
HBZ-ID	HT021229825
ISBN	9782889458790 ; 2889458792
Database	ZB MED Catalogue: Medicine, Health, Nutrition, Environment, Agriculture

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Article: Notes on the Recent History of Neuroscience in Africa.

Russell, Vivienne A

Frontiers in neuroanatomy

2017 Volume 11, Page(s) 96

Abstract: Neuroscience began with neuroanatomy and neurosurgery in Egypt more than 5000 years ago. Knowledge grew over time and specialized neurosurgery centers were established in north Africa in the eleventh century. However, it was not until the twentieth ... ...

Abstract	Neuroscience began with neuroanatomy and neurosurgery in Egypt more than 5000 years ago. Knowledge grew over time and specialized neurosurgery centers were established in north Africa in the eleventh century. However, it was not until the twentieth century that neuroscience research became established in sub-Saharan Africa. In most African countries, clinical research focused on understanding the rationale and improving treatment of epilepsy, infections, nutritional neuropathies, stroke and tumors. Significant advances were made. In the twenty-first century, African knowledge expanded to include all branches of neuroscience, contributing to genetic, biochemical and inflammatory determinants of brain disorders. A major focus of basic neuroscience research has been, and is, investigation of plant extracts, drugs and stress in animal models, providing insight and identifying potential novel therapies. A significant event in the history of African neuroscience was the founding of the Society of Neuroscientists of Africa (SONA) in 1993. The International Brain Research Organization (IBRO) supported SONA conferences, as well as workshops and neuroscience training schools in Africa. Thanks to their investment, as well as that of funding agencies, such as the National Institutes of Health (NIH), International Society for Neurochemistry (ISN), World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies (WFNS), World Federation of Neurology (WFN) and the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE), neuroscience research is well-established in Africa today. However, in order to continue to develop, African neuroscience needs continued international support and African neuroscientists need to engage in policy and decision-making to persuade governments to fund studies that address the unique regional needs in Africa.
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-11-07
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2452969-2
ISSN	1662-5129
ISSN	1662-5129
DOI	10.3389/fnana.2017.00096
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Article: Editorial: Neuroscience in Africa.

Patel, Nilesh B / Lakhdar-Ghazal, Nouria / Russell, Vivienne A

Frontiers in neuroanatomy

2019 Volume 13, Page(s) 12

Language	English
Publishing date	2019-02-14
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Editorial
ZDB-ID	2452969-2
ISSN	1662-5129
ISSN	1662-5129
DOI	10.3389/fnana.2019.00012
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Article ; Online: Maternal separation stress reduced prenatal-ethanol-induced increase in exploratory behaviour and extracellular signal-regulated kinase activity.

Swart, Patricia C / Russell, Vivienne A / Dimatelis, Jacqueline J

Behavioural brain research

2018 Volume 356, Page(s) 470–482

Abstract: In an attempt to better represent the aetiology of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) and the associated psychological deficits, prenatal-ethanol exposure was followed by maternal separation in a rat model in order to account for the effects of early- ...

Abstract	In an attempt to better represent the aetiology of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) and the associated psychological deficits, prenatal-ethanol exposure was followed by maternal separation in a rat model in order to account for the effects of early-life adversities in addition to in utero alcohol exposure. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and glycogen synthase kinase 3-β (GSK3β) are converging points for many signalling cascades and have been implicated in models of FASD and models of early-life stress. Therefore, these kinases may also contribute to the behavioural changes observed after the combination of both developmental insults. In this study, ethanol-dams voluntarily consumed a 0.066% saccharin-sweetened 10% ethanol (EtOH) solution for 10 days prior to pregnancy and throughout gestation while control-dams had ad libitumaccess to a 0.066% saccharin (sacc) solution. Whole litters were randomly assigned to undergo maternal separation (MS) for 3 h/day from P2 to P14 while the remaining litters were left undisturbed (nMS). This resulted in 4 experimental groups: control (sacc + nMS), MS (sacc + MS), EtOH (EtOH + nMS) and EtOH + MS. Throughout development, EtOH-rats weighed less than control rats. However, subsequent maternal separation stress caused EtOH + MS-rats to weigh more than EtOH-rats. In adulthood both MS- and EtOH-rats were hyperactive but the combination produced activity levels similar to that of control rats. All treated animals (MS-, EtOH- and EtOH + MS-rats) demonstrated a negative affective state shown by increased number and duration of 22 kHz ultrasonic vocalizations compared to control rats. Prenatal-ethanol exposure increased the P-GSK3β/GSK3β ratio in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and maternal separation decreased the P-GSK3β/GSK3β ratio in the dorsal hippocampus (DH) of adult rats. However, maternal separation stress decreased the effect of prenatal-ethanol exposure on the P-ERK/ERK ratio in the PFC and DH and reduced prenatal-ethanol-induced hyperactivity. Therefore, indicating a significant interaction between prenatal-ethanol exposure and early-life stress on behaviour and the brain and may implicate P-ERK1/2 signalling in exploratory behaviour.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Behavior, Animal/drug effects ; Brain/drug effects ; Ethanol/pharmacology ; Exploratory Behavior/drug effects ; Female ; Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders/physiopathology ; Male ; Maternal Deprivation ; Pregnancy ; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Chemical Substances	Ethanol (3K9958V90M)
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-06-13
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	449927-x
ISSN	1872-7549 ; 0166-4328
ISSN (online)	1872-7549
ISSN	0166-4328
DOI	10.1016/j.bbr.2018.06.004
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Article ; Online: Differential effects of social isolation rearing on glutamate- and GABA-stimulated noradrenaline release in the rat prefrontal cortex and hippocampus.

Atmore, Katie H / Stein, Dan J / Harvey, Brian H / Russell, Vivienne A / Howells, Fleur M

European neuropsychopharmacology : the journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology

2020 Volume 36, Page(s) 111–120

Abstract: Social isolation rearing (SIR) provides an excellent model of early life adversity to investigate alterations in brain function. Few studies have investigated the effects of SIR on noradrenaline (NE) projections which arise from the locus coeruleus (LC), ...

Abstract	Social isolation rearing (SIR) provides an excellent model of early life adversity to investigate alterations in brain function. Few studies have investigated the effects of SIR on noradrenaline (NE) projections which arise from the locus coeruleus (LC), a system which regulates arousal and attentional processes, including the processing of novelty. In addition, there is a paucity of information on the effects of SIR in females. In this study we investigated the behavioural response to attentional processing of novelty and glutamate- and GABA-stimulated release of noradrenaline in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus (HC) of male and female rats. Sprague Dawley pups were reared in isolated or socialised housing conditions from weaning on postnatal day 21 (P21). At P78-83 animal behaviour was recorded from the three phases of the novel object recognition (NOR) task. Then at P90-94, NE release was measured in the PFC and HC after stimulating the tissue in vitro with either glutamate or GABA. Behaviourally SIR decreased novelty-related behaviour, male isolates showed effects of SIR during the NOR Test phase while female isolates showed effects of SIR during the Habituation phase. SIR PFC NE release was decreased when glutamate stimulation followed GABA stimulation and tended to increase when GABA stimulation followed glutamate stimulation, differences were predominantly due to male isolates. No SIR differences were found for HC. Early life adversity differentially affects the function of the LCNE system in males and females, evidenced by changes in attentional processing of novelty and stimulated noradrenaline release in the PFC.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Female ; Glutamic Acid/pharmacology ; Hippocampus/drug effects ; Hippocampus/metabolism ; Male ; Norepinephrine/metabolism ; Prefrontal Cortex/drug effects ; Prefrontal Cortex/metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Social Isolation/psychology ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid/pharmacology
Chemical Substances	Glutamic Acid (3KX376GY7L) ; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (56-12-2) ; Norepinephrine (X4W3ENH1CV)
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-06-15
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1082947-7
ISSN	1873-7862 ; 0924-977X
ISSN (online)	1873-7862
ISSN	0924-977X
DOI	10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.05.007
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Article ; Online: Early-Ethanol Exposure Induced Region-Specific Changes in Metabolic Proteins in the Rat Brain: A Proteomics Study.

Swart, Patricia C / Russell, Vivienne A / Vlok, Nicolaas M / Dimatelis, Jacqueline J

Journal of molecular neuroscience : MN

2018 Volume 65, Issue 3, Page(s) 277–288

Abstract: In utero exposure to alcohol has been shown to cause a spectrum of cognitive and behavioral deficits. This study aimed to explore the long-term effects of early-ethanol exposure on proteins in the brain. Male Sprague-Dawley rat pups were exposed to 12% ... ...

Abstract	In utero exposure to alcohol has been shown to cause a spectrum of cognitive and behavioral deficits. This study aimed to explore the long-term effects of early-ethanol exposure on proteins in the brain. Male Sprague-Dawley rat pups were exposed to 12% ethanol (4 g/kg/day i.p.) or volume-controlled saline during the third human trimester equivalent (P4-P9). At P31, prefrontal cortex (PFC) and dorsal hippocampus (DH) proteins were analyzed by isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Early-ethanol exposure increased the capacity for metabolism of NADH and oxidative phosphorylation, as shown by an upregulation of NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone, 1 alpha subcomplex 9) while simultaneously decreasing the capacity to protect against oxidative stress in the PFC. Early-ethanol exposure decreased the capacity for ATP synthesis (> 2-fold down regulation of ATP synthase) and increased glycogen synthesis in the DH (> 2-fold decrease in glycogen synthase kinase-3β). The effects of early-ethanol exposure on glucose metabolism and ATP production appeared to be region specific. In addition, early-ethanol exposure decreased structural proteins in both the PFC and DH. A greater number of proteins were altered in the DH than in the PFC, indicating that the DH may be more susceptible to the effects of early-ethanol exposure. These proteomic profiles provide valuable insight into the long-term molecular changes in the brain induced by early-ethanol exposure.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Ethanol/pharmacology ; Ethanol/toxicity ; Female ; Glucose/metabolism ; Hippocampus/drug effects ; Hippocampus/growth & development ; Hippocampus/metabolism ; Male ; Oxidative Phosphorylation ; Prefrontal Cortex/drug effects ; Prefrontal Cortex/growth & development ; Prefrontal Cortex/metabolism ; Pregnancy ; Proteome/genetics ; Proteome/metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley
Chemical Substances	Proteome ; Ethanol (3K9958V90M) ; Glucose (IY9XDZ35W2)
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-06-18
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1043392-2
ISSN	1559-1166 ; 0895-8696
ISSN (online)	1559-1166
ISSN	0895-8696
DOI	10.1007/s12031-018-1097-z
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Article ; Online: Genetically determined differences in noradrenergic function: The spontaneously hypertensive rat model.

Sterley, Toni-Lee / Howells, Fleur M / Russell, Vivienne A

Brain research

2016 Volume 1641, Issue Pt B, Page(s) 291–305

Abstract: While genetic predisposition is a major factor, it is not known how development of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is modulated by early life stress. The spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) displays the behavioral characteristics of ADHD ...

Abstract	While genetic predisposition is a major factor, it is not known how development of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is modulated by early life stress. The spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) displays the behavioral characteristics of ADHD (poorly sustained attention, impulsivity, hyperactivity) and is the most widely studied genetic model of ADHD. We have previously shown that SHR have disturbances in the noradrenergic system and that the early life stress of maternal separation failed to produce anxiety-like behavior in SHR, contrary to control Sprague-Dawley and Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) who showed typical anxiety-like behavior in later life. In the present study we investigated the effect of maternal separation on approach behavior (response to a novel object in a familiar environment) in preadolescent SHR and WKY. We also investigated whether maternal separation altered GABAA and NMDA receptor-mediated regulation of norepinephrine release in preadolescent SHR and WKY hippocampus. We found that female SHR, similar to male SHR, exhibited greater exploratory activity than WKY. Maternal separation significantly increased GABAA receptor-mediated inhibition of glutamate-stimulated release of norepinephrine in male and female SHR hippocampus but had no significant effect in WKY. Maternal separation had opposite effects on NMDA receptor-mediated inhibition of norepinephrine release in SHR and WKY hippocampus, as it increased inhibition of both glutamate-stimulated and depolarization-evoked release in SHR hippocampus but not in WKY. The results of the present study show that noradrenergic function is similarly altered by the early life stress of maternal separation in male and female SHR, while GABA- and glutamate-regulation of norepinephrine release remained unaffected by maternal separation in the control, WKY, rat strain. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Noradrenergic System.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Bicuculline/pharmacology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Dizocilpine Maleate/pharmacology ; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/pharmacology ; Female ; GABA-A Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Glutamic Acid/metabolism ; Hippocampus/drug effects ; Hippocampus/metabolism ; Male ; Maternal Deprivation ; Norepinephrine/metabolism ; Potassium/metabolism ; Random Allocation ; Rats, Inbred SHR/metabolism ; Rats, Inbred WKY/metabolism ; Receptors, GABA-A/metabolism ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/metabolism ; Species Specificity ; Stress, Psychological/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists ; GABA-A Receptor Antagonists ; Receptors, GABA-A ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate ; Glutamic Acid (3KX376GY7L) ; Dizocilpine Maleate (6LR8C1B66Q) ; Potassium (RWP5GA015D) ; Norepinephrine (X4W3ENH1CV) ; Bicuculline (Y37615DVKC)
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-06-15
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1200-2
ISSN	1872-6240 ; 0006-8993
ISSN (online)	1872-6240
ISSN	0006-8993
DOI	10.1016/j.brainres.2015.11.019
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Article ; Online: Early ethanol exposure and vinpocetine treatment alter learning- and memory-related proteins in the rat hippocampus and prefrontal cortex.

Swart, Patricia C / Currin, Christopher B / Russell, Vivienne A / Dimatelis, Jacqueline J

Journal of neuroscience research

2017 Volume 95, Issue 5, Page(s) 1204–1215

Abstract: This study investigates the effects of early exposure to ethanol on cognitive function and neural plasticity-related proteins in the rat brain. Sprague-Dawley rats were administered 12% ethanol solution (4 g/kg/day i.p.) or saline from P4 to P9. ... ...

Abstract	This study investigates the effects of early exposure to ethanol on cognitive function and neural plasticity-related proteins in the rat brain. Sprague-Dawley rats were administered 12% ethanol solution (4 g/kg/day i.p.) or saline from P4 to P9. Vinpocetine, a phosphodiesterase type 1 inhibitor, was tested to determine whether it could reverse any changes induced by early ethanol exposure. Hence, from P25 to P31, ethanol-exposed male rats were injected with vinpocetine (20 mg/kg/day i.p.) or vehicle (DMSO) prior to undergoing behavioral testing in the open field and Morris water maze (MWM) tests. Ethanol exposure did not adversely affect spatial memory in the MWM. A key finding in this study was a significant ethanol-induced change in the function of the phosphorylated extracellular signal-related kinase (P-ERK) signaling pathway in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and dorsal hippocampus (DH) of rats that did not display overt behavioral deficits. The P-ERK/ERK ratio was decreased in the PFC and increased in the DH of ethanol-exposed rats compared with controls. Rats that received vinpocetine in addition to ethanol did not display any behavioral changes but did show alterations in neural plasticity-related proteins. Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase was increased, whereas brain-derived neurotrophic factor was decreased, in the PFC of vinpocetine-treated ethanol-exposed rats, and phosphorylated-glycogen synthase kinase β and synaptophysin were increased in the DH of these rats. This study provides insight into the long-term effects of early ethanol exposure and its interaction with vinpocetine in the rat brain. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-05
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	195324-2
ISSN	1097-4547 ; 0360-4012
ISSN (online)	1097-4547
ISSN	0360-4012
DOI	10.1002/jnr.23894
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Article ; Online: Proteomic analysis of maternal separation-induced striatal changes in a rat model of ADHD: The spontaneously hypertensive rat.

Womersley, Jacqueline S / Dimatelis, Jacqueline J / Russell, Vivienne A

Journal of neuroscience methods

2015 Volume 252, Page(s) 64–74

Abstract: Background: Developmental stress increases the risk of developing psychological disturbances and is modelled in rodents by maternal separation (MS). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterised by inattention, hyperactivity and ... ...

Abstract	Background: Developmental stress increases the risk of developing psychological disturbances and is modelled in rodents by maternal separation (MS). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterised by inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity and is studied using the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). Previous studies suggested that SHR differ from their progenitor strain, the Wistar-Kyoto (WKY), in their response to developmental stress. This study sought to investigate the effects of MS on striatal protein expression, a brain area implicated in the pathophysiology of ADHD and susceptible to developmental stress, in SHR, WKY and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat strains. Method: Dissected striata of separated and non-separated SHR, WKY and SD (n = 6 per group) were assessed for MS-induced changes in protein expression using isobaric tagging (iTRAQ) and peptide quantification via matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation (MALDI) tandem mass spectrometry. Results: Strain and MS-induced differences were observed in proteins related to energy metabolism, neuroprotection, protein folding, protein metabolism, signalling and structure. Striatal SHR protein levels were consistent with delayed neuronal maturation and altered neurotransmission and energy metabolism. MS produced mostly opposite effects on SHR striatal proteins compared to WKY and SD. Comparison with existing methods: Proteomic profiling of protein expression in selected brain areas provides an assessment of overall changes in metabolic pathways that cannot be determined using standard protein isolation techniques. Furthermore, MS-induced changes in protein expression in the striatum of SHR, WKY and SD have not been reported. Conclusions: The results suggest that energy metabolism, neurotransmission and neural development are altered in SHR striatum and that WKY and SD are suitable comparator strains for SHR. The strain-dependent effects of MS on striatal protein expression reinforce the importance of gene × environment interactions in determining behavioural outcome.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/etiology ; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/metabolism ; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/pathology ; Corpus Striatum/metabolism ; Disease Models, Animal ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation/physiology ; Male ; Maternal Deprivation ; Pregnancy ; Proteome/metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred SHR ; Signal Transduction/physiology ; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
Chemical Substances	Proteome
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-08-30
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	282721-9
ISSN	1872-678X ; 0165-0270
ISSN (online)	1872-678X
ISSN	0165-0270
DOI	10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.01.031
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Article ; Online: Highlights of neuroscience research in Africa.

van Rensburg, Susan J / Russell, Vivienne A

Metabolic brain disease

2014 Volume 29, Issue 2, Page(s) 215

MeSH term(s)	Africa/epidemiology ; Biomedical Research/methods ; Biomedical Research/trends ; Humans ; Nervous System Diseases/epidemiology ; Nervous System Diseases/therapy ; Neurosciences/methods ; Neurosciences/trends
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-06
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Editorial ; Introductory Journal Article
ZDB-ID	632824-6
ISSN	1573-7365 ; 0885-7490
ISSN (online)	1573-7365
ISSN	0885-7490
DOI	10.1007/s11011-014-9526-3
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