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  1. Article ; Online: Relapse of treated anti-GBM disease following hair dye use.

    Povey, James / Rutherford, Elaine / Levy, Jeremy / Muniraju, Thalakunte

    BMJ case reports

    2021  Volume 14, Issue 4

    Abstract: An 18-year-old woman was treated for acute kidney injury (AKI) secondary to antiglomerular basement membrane (GBM) disease with prednisolone, cyclophosphamide and plasma exchange. She also had epistaxis at initial presentation with no other organ ... ...

    Abstract An 18-year-old woman was treated for acute kidney injury (AKI) secondary to antiglomerular basement membrane (GBM) disease with prednisolone, cyclophosphamide and plasma exchange. She also had epistaxis at initial presentation with no other organ involvement and achieved good recovery of her kidney function. Two weeks after completing induction treatment, she re-presented with further AKI and pulmonary haemorrhage. She was recommenced on plasma exchange and steroids and was given rituximab. She recovered from her illness with significant improvement to her kidney function. The cause of her relapse was thought to be possibly due to the use of hair dye. This case highlights the importance of acknowledging potential environmental exposures to prevent relapses of disease. We were also able to demonstrate a case of successful treatment of anti-GBM disease with rituximab.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease/chemically induced ; Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease/drug therapy ; Cyclophosphamide/adverse effects ; Female ; Hair Dyes ; Humans ; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local ; Rituximab/adverse effects
    Chemical Substances Hair Dyes ; Rituximab (4F4X42SYQ6) ; Cyclophosphamide (8N3DW7272P)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-04-01
    Publishing country England
    Document type Case Reports ; Journal Article
    ISSN 1757-790X
    ISSN (online) 1757-790X
    DOI 10.1136/bcr-2020-240543
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Cystatin C- and Creatinine-based Estimated GFR Differences: Prevalence and Predictors in the UK Biobank.

    Chen, Debbie C / Lu, Kaiwei / Scherzer, Rebecca / Lees, Jennifer S / Rutherford, Elaine / Mark, Patrick B / Potok, O Alison / Rifkin, Dena E / Ix, Joachim H / Shlipak, Michael G / Estrella, Michelle M

    Kidney medicine

    2024  Volume 6, Issue 4, Page(s) 100796

    Abstract: Rationale & objective: Large differences between estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) based on cystatin C (eGFRcys) and creatinine (eGFRcr) occur commonly. A comprehensive evaluation of factors that contribute to these differences is needed to ... ...

    Abstract Rationale & objective: Large differences between estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) based on cystatin C (eGFRcys) and creatinine (eGFRcr) occur commonly. A comprehensive evaluation of factors that contribute to these differences is needed to guide the interpretation of discrepant eGFR values.
    Study design: Cohort study.
    Setting & participants: 468,969 participants in the UK Biobank.
    Exposures: Candidate sociodemographic, lifestyle factors, comorbidities, medication usage, and physical and laboratory predictors.
    Outcomes: eGFRdiff, defined as eGFRcys minus eGFRcr, categorized into 3 levels: lower eGFRcys (eGFRdiff, less than -15 mL/min/1.73 m
    Analytical approach: Multinomial logistic regression models were constructed to identify predictors of lower eGFRcys or lower eGFRcr. We developed 2 prediction models comprising 375,175 participants: (1) a clinical model using clinically available variables and (2) an enriched model additionally including lifestyle variables. The models were internally validated in an additional 93,794 participants.
    Results: Mean ± standard deviation of eGFRcys was 88 ± 16 mL/min/1.73 m
    Limitations: Limited generalizability.
    Conclusions: This study highlights the multitude of demographic, lifestyle, and health characteristics that are associated with large eGFRdiff. The clinical model may identify individuals who are likely to have discrepant eGFR values and thus should be prioritized for cystatin C testing.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-02-16
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2590-0595
    ISSN (online) 2590-0595
    DOI 10.1016/j.xkme.2024.100796
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  3. Article: Left ventricular dysfunction with preserved ejection fraction: the most common left ventricular disorder in chronic kidney disease patients.

    Mark, Patrick B / Mangion, Kenneth / Rankin, Alastair J / Rutherford, Elaine / Lang, Ninian N / Petrie, Mark C / Stoumpos, Sokratis / Patel, Rajan K

    Clinical kidney journal

    2022  Volume 15, Issue 12, Page(s) 2186–2199

    Abstract: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a risk factor for premature cardiovascular disease. As kidney function declines, the presence of left ventricular abnormalities increases such that by the time kidney replacement therapy is required with dialysis or kidney ...

    Abstract Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a risk factor for premature cardiovascular disease. As kidney function declines, the presence of left ventricular abnormalities increases such that by the time kidney replacement therapy is required with dialysis or kidney transplantation, more than two-thirds of patients have left ventricular hypertrophy. Historically, much research in nephrology has focussed on the structural and functional aspects of cardiac disease in CKD, particularly using echocardiography to describe these abnormalities. There is a need to translate knowledge around these imaging findings to clinical outcomes such as unplanned hospital admission with heart failure and premature cardiovascular death. Left ventricular hypertrophy and cardiac fibrosis, which are common in CKD, predispose to the clinical syndrome of heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (HFpEF). There is a bidirectional relationship between CKD and HFpEF, whereby CKD is a risk factor for HFpEF and CKD impacts outcomes for patients with HFpEF. There have been major improvements in outcomes for patients with heart failure and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction as a result of several large randomized controlled trials. Finding therapy for HFpEF has been more elusive, although recent data suggest that sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition offers a novel evidence-based class of therapy that improves outcomes in HFpEF. These observations have emerged as this class of drugs has also become the standard of care for many patients with proteinuric CKD, suggesting that there is now hope for addressing the combination of HFpEF and CKD in parallel. In this review we summarize the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnostic strategies and treatment of HFpEF with a focus on patients with CKD.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-05-25
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2655800-2
    ISSN 2048-8513 ; 2048-8505
    ISSN (online) 2048-8513
    ISSN 2048-8505
    DOI 10.1093/ckj/sfac146
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  4. Article: Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratios: associations with mortality in a haemodialysis cohort.

    Mayne, Kaitlin J / Lees, Jennifer S / Rutherford, Elaine / Thomson, Peter C / Traynor, Jamie P / Dey, Vishal / Lang, Ninian N / Mark, Patrick B

    Clinical kidney journal

    2022  Volume 16, Issue 3, Page(s) 512–520

    Abstract: Background: Lymphocyte ratios reflect inflammation and have been associated with adverse outcomes in a range of diseases. We sought to determine any association between neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and ... ...

    Abstract Background: Lymphocyte ratios reflect inflammation and have been associated with adverse outcomes in a range of diseases. We sought to determine any association between neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and mortality in a haemodialysis cohort, including a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection subpopulation.
    Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed of adults commencing hospital haemodialysis in the West of Scotland during 2010-21. NLR and PLR were calculated from routine samples around haemodialysis initiation. Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards analyses were used to assess mortality associations.
    Results: In 1720 haemodialysis patients over a median of 21.9 (interquartile range 9.1-42.9) months, there were 840 all-cause deaths. NLR but not PLR was associated with all-cause mortality after multivariable adjustment [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) for in participants with baseline NLR in quartile 4 (NLR ≥8.23) versus quartile 1 (NLR <3.12) 1.63, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.32-2.00]. The association was stronger for cardiovascular death (NLR quartile 4 versus 1 aHR 3.06, 95% CI 1.53-6.09) than for non-cardiovascular death (NLR quartile 4 versus 1 aHR 1.85, 95% CI 1.34-2.56). In the COVID-19 subpopulation, both NLR and PLR at haemodialysis initiation were associated with risk of COVID-19-related death after adjustment for age and sex (NLR: aHR 4.69, 95% CI 1.48-14.92 and PLR: aHR 3.40, 95% CI 1.02-11.36; for highest vs lowest quartiles).
    Conclusions: NLR is strongly associated with mortality in haemodialysis patients while the association between PLR and adverse outcomes is weaker. NLR is an inexpensive, readily available biomarker with potential utility in risk stratification of haemodialysis patients.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-11-18
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2655800-2
    ISSN 2048-8513 ; 2048-8505
    ISSN (online) 2048-8513
    ISSN 2048-8505
    DOI 10.1093/ckj/sfac248
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  5. Article ; Online: Differential Associations of Cystatin C Versus Creatinine-Based Kidney Function With Risks of Cardiovascular Event and Mortality Among South Asian Individuals in the UK Biobank.

    Chen, Debbie C / Lees, Jennifer S / Lu, Kaiwei / Scherzer, Rebecca / Rutherford, Elaine / Mark, Patrick B / Kanaya, Alka M / Shlipak, Michael G / Estrella, Michelle M

    Journal of the American Heart Association

    2023  Volume 12, Issue 3, Page(s) e027079

    Abstract: Background South Asian individuals have increased cardiovascular disease and mortality risks. Reliance on creatinine- rather than cystatin C-based estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFRcys) may underestimate the cardiovascular disease risk associated ...

    Abstract Background South Asian individuals have increased cardiovascular disease and mortality risks. Reliance on creatinine- rather than cystatin C-based estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFRcys) may underestimate the cardiovascular disease risk associated with chronic kidney disease. Methods and Results Among 7738 South Asian UK BioBank participants without prevalent heart failure (HF) or atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, we investigated associations of 4 eGFRcys and creatinine-based estimated glomerular filtration rate categories (<45, 45-59, 60-89, and ≥90 mL/min per 1.73 m
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Female ; Middle Aged ; Male ; Creatinine ; Cardiovascular Diseases/diagnosis ; Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology ; Cardiovascular Diseases/complications ; Cystatin C ; Biological Specimen Banks ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/diagnosis ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/epidemiology ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/complications ; Glomerular Filtration Rate ; Kidney ; United Kingdom/epidemiology
    Chemical Substances Creatinine (AYI8EX34EU) ; Cystatin C
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-01-25
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2653953-6
    ISSN 2047-9980 ; 2047-9980
    ISSN (online) 2047-9980
    ISSN 2047-9980
    DOI 10.1161/JAHA.122.027079
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  6. Article ; Online: Potential impact of NICE guidelines on referrals from primary care to nephrology: a primary care database and prospective research study.

    Sullivan, Michael K / Jani, Bhautesh Dinesh / Rutherford, Elaine / Welsh, Paul / McConnachie, Alex / Major, Rupert W / McAllister, David / Nitsch, Dorothea / Mair, Frances S / Mark, Patrick B / Lees, Jennifer S

    The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners

    2023  Volume 73, Issue 727, Page(s) e141–e147

    Abstract: Background: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence 2021 guidelines on chronic kidney disease (CKD) recommend the use of the Kidney Failure Risk Equation (KFRE), which includes measurement of albuminuria. The equation to calculate estimated ... ...

    Abstract Background: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence 2021 guidelines on chronic kidney disease (CKD) recommend the use of the Kidney Failure Risk Equation (KFRE), which includes measurement of albuminuria. The equation to calculate estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) has also been updated.
    Aim: To investigate the impact of the use of KFRE and the updated eGFR equation on CKD diagnosis (eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m
    Design and setting: Primary care database (Secure Anonymised Information Linkage Databank [SAIL]) and prospective cohort study (UK Biobank) using data available between 2013 and 2020.
    Method: CKD diagnosis rates were assessed when using the updated eGFR equation. Among people with eGFR 30-59 mL/min/1.73 m
    Results: Using the updated eGFR equation resulted in a 1.2-fold fall in new CKD diagnoses in the predominantly White population in SAIL, whereas CKD prevalence rose by 1.9-fold among Black participants in UK Biobank. Rates of albuminuria testing have been consistently below 30% since 2015. In 2019, using KFRE >5% identified 182/61 721 (0.3%) patients at high risk of CKD progression before their eGFR declined and 361/61 721 (0.6%) low-risk patients who were no longer eligible for referral. Ethnic groups 'Asian' and 'other' had disproportionately raised KFREs.
    Conclusion: Application of KFRE criteria in primary care will lead to referral of more patients at elevated risk of kidney failure (particularly among minority ethnic groups) and fewer low-risk patients. Albuminuria testing needs to be expanded to enable wider KFRE implementation.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Prospective Studies ; Nephrology ; Albuminuria/diagnosis ; Albuminuria/epidemiology ; Disease Progression ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/diagnosis ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/epidemiology ; Glomerular Filtration Rate ; Renal Insufficiency ; Referral and Consultation ; Primary Health Care
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-01-26
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1043148-2
    ISSN 1478-5242 ; 0035-8797 ; 0960-1643
    ISSN (online) 1478-5242
    ISSN 0035-8797 ; 0960-1643
    DOI 10.3399/BJGP.2022.0145
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  7. Article ; Online: Sex differences in associations between creatinine and cystatin C-based kidney function measures with stroke and major bleeding.

    Lees, Jennifer Susan / De La Mata, Nicole L / Sullivan, Michael K / Wyld, Melanie L / Rosales, Brenda M / Cutting, Rachel / Hedley, James Alan / Rutherford, Elaine / Mark, Patrick Barry / Webster, Angela C

    European stroke journal

    2023  Volume 8, Issue 3, Page(s) 756–768

    Abstract: Purpose: We sought to explore whether adding kidney function biomarkers based on creatinine (eGFR: Method: We included participants from the UK Biobank who had not had a previous ischaemic or haemorrhagic stroke or major bleeding episode, and who had ...

    Abstract Purpose: We sought to explore whether adding kidney function biomarkers based on creatinine (eGFR
    Method: We included participants from the UK Biobank who had not had a previous ischaemic or haemorrhagic stroke or major bleeding episode, and who had kidney function measures available at baseline. Cause-specific Cox proportional hazards models tested associations between eGFR
    Findings: Among 452,879 eligible participants, 246,244 (54.4%) were women. Over 11.5 (IQR 10.8-12.2) years, there were 3706 ischaemic strokes, 795 haemorrhagic strokes, 26,025 major bleeding events and 28,851 deaths. eGFR
    Discussion: To a greater degree than is seen in men, eGFR
    Conclusion: Enhanced measurement of cystatin C may improve risk stratification for ischaemic stroke and major bleeding and clinical treatment decisions in a general population setting, particularly for women.
    MeSH term(s) Female ; Humans ; Male ; Stroke/diagnosis ; Creatinine ; Hemorrhagic Stroke ; Cystatin C ; Sex Characteristics ; Brain Ischemia ; Hemorrhage ; Ischemic Stroke ; Kidney
    Chemical Substances Creatinine (AYI8EX34EU) ; Cystatin C
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-05-12
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2851287-X
    ISSN 2396-9881 ; 2396-9873
    ISSN (online) 2396-9881
    ISSN 2396-9873
    DOI 10.1177/23969873231173282
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  8. Article: Characterizing Cardiac Involvement in Chronic Kidney Disease Using CMR-a Systematic Review.

    Mangion, Kenneth / McDowell, Kirsty / Mark, Patrick B / Rutherford, Elaine

    Current cardiovascular imaging reports

    2018  Volume 11, Issue 1, Page(s) 2

    Abstract: Purpose of review: The aim of the review was to identify and describe recent advances (over the last 3 years) in cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). We conducted a literature review in line with ... ...

    Abstract Purpose of review: The aim of the review was to identify and describe recent advances (over the last 3 years) in cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). We conducted a literature review in line with current guidelines.
    Recent findings: The authors identified 22 studies. Patients with CKD had left ventricular global and regional dysfunction and adverse remodeling. Stress testing with CMR revealed a reduced stress-response in CKD patients. Native T1 relaxation times (as a surrogate markers of fibrosis) are elevated in CKD patients, proportional to disease duration. Patients with CKD have reduced strain magnitudes and reduced aortic distensibility.
    Summary: CMR has diagnostic utility to identify and characterize cardiac involvement in this patient group. A number of papers have described novel findings over the last 3 years, suggesting that CMR has potential to become more widely used in studies in this patient group.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-01-31
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 2489102-2
    ISSN 1941-9074 ; 1941-9066
    ISSN (online) 1941-9074
    ISSN 1941-9066
    DOI 10.1007/s12410-018-9441-9
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  9. Article ; Online: Pentaerythrityl tetranitrate (PETN): a better nitrate?

    Rutherford, Elaine / Struthers, Allan D

    European heart journal

    2013  Volume 40, Issue 46, Page(s) e23–e25

    MeSH term(s) Angina, Stable ; Double-Blind Method ; Humans ; Nitrates ; Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate ; Vasodilator Agents
    Chemical Substances Nitrates ; Vasodilator Agents ; Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate (10L39TRG1Z)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2013-02-11
    Publishing country England
    Document type Editorial ; Comment
    ZDB-ID 603098-1
    ISSN 1522-9645 ; 0195-668X
    ISSN (online) 1522-9645
    ISSN 0195-668X
    DOI 10.1093/eurheartj/eht403
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  10. Article ; Online: Assessment of Cystatin C Level for Risk Stratification in Adults With Chronic Kidney Disease.

    Lees, Jennifer S / Rutherford, Elaine / Stevens, Kathryn I / Chen, Debbie C / Scherzer, Rebecca / Estrella, Michelle M / Sullivan, Michael K / Ebert, Natalie / Mark, Patrick B / Shlipak, Michael G

    JAMA network open

    2022  Volume 5, Issue 10, Page(s) e2238300

    Abstract: Importance: Kidney function is usually estimated from serum creatinine level, whereas an alternative glomerular filtration marker (cystatin C level) associates more closely with future risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality.: Objectives: ... ...

    Abstract Importance: Kidney function is usually estimated from serum creatinine level, whereas an alternative glomerular filtration marker (cystatin C level) associates more closely with future risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality.
    Objectives: To evaluate whether testing concordance between estimated glomerular filtration rates based on cystatin C (eGFRcys) and creatinine (eGFRcr) levels would improve risk stratification for future outcomes and whether estimations differ by age.
    Design, setting, and participants: A prospective population-based cohort study (UK Biobank), with participants recruited between 2006-2010 with median follow-up of 11.5 (IQR, 10.8-12.2) years; data were collected until August 31, 2020. Participants had eGFRcr greater than or equal to 45 mL/min/1.73 m2, albuminuria (albumin <30 mg/g), and no preexisting CVD or kidney failure.
    Exposures: Chronic kidney disease status was categorized by concordance between eGFRcr and eGFRcys across the threshold for hronic kidney disease (CKD) diagnosis (60 mL/min/1.73 m2).
    Main outcomes and measures: Ten-year probabilities of CVD, mortality, and kidney failure were assessed according to CKD status. Multivariable-adjusted Cox proportional hazards models tested associations between CVD and mortality. Area under the receiving operating curve tested discrimination of eGFRcr and eGFRcys for CVD and mortality. The Net Reclassification Index assessed the usefulness of eGFRcr and eGFRcys for CVD risk stratification. Analyses were stratified by older (age 65-73 years) and younger (age <65 years) age.
    Results: There were 428 402 participants: median age was 57 (IQR, 50-63) years and 237 173 (55.4%) were women. Among 76 629 older participants, there were 9335 deaths and 5205 CVD events. Among 351 773 younger participants, there were 14 776 deaths and 9328 CVD events. The 10-year probability of kidney failure was less than 0.1%. Regardless of the eGFRcr, the 10-year probabilities of CVD and mortality were low when eGFRcys was greater than or equal to 60 mL/min/1.73 m2; conversely, with eGFRcys less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m2, 10-year risks were nearly doubled in older adults and more than doubled in younger adults. Use of eGFRcys better discriminated CVD and mortality risk than eGFRcr. Across a 7.5% 10-year risk threshold for CVD, eGFRcys improved case Net Reclassification Index by 0.7% (95% CI, 0.6%-0.8%) in older people and 0.7% (95% CI, 0.7%-0.8%) in younger people; eGFRcr did not add to CVD risk estimation.
    Conclusions and relevance: The findings of this study suggest that eGFRcr 45 to 59 mL/min/1.73 m2 includes a proportion of individuals at low risk and fails to capture a substantial proportion of individuals at high-risk for CVD and mortality. The eGFRcys appears to be more sensitive and specific for CVD and mortality risks in mild CKD.
    MeSH term(s) Female ; Humans ; Aged ; Middle Aged ; Male ; Cystatin C ; Creatinine ; Cohort Studies ; Prospective Studies ; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic ; Cardiovascular Diseases/epidemiology ; Risk Assessment ; Albumins
    Chemical Substances Cystatin C ; Creatinine (AYI8EX34EU) ; Albumins
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-10-03
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ISSN 2574-3805
    ISSN (online) 2574-3805
    DOI 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.38300
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