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Article ; Online: Founder events and subsequent genetic bottlenecks underlie karyotype evolution in the Ibero-North African endemic Carex helodes.

Escudero, Marcial / Arroyo, Juan Miguel / Sánchez-Ramírez, Santiago / Jordano, Pedro

2023 Volume 133, Issue 5-6, Page(s) 871–882

Abstract: Background and aims: Despite chromosomal evolution being one of the major drivers of diversification in plants, we do not yet have a clear view of how new chromosome rearrangements become fixed within populations, which is a crucial step forward for ... ...

Abstract	Background and aims: Despite chromosomal evolution being one of the major drivers of diversification in plants, we do not yet have a clear view of how new chromosome rearrangements become fixed within populations, which is a crucial step forward for understanding chromosomal speciation. Methods: In this study, we test the role of genetic drift in the establishment of new chromosomal variants in the context of hybrid dysfunction models of chromosomal speciation. We genotyped 178 individuals from seven populations (plus 25 seeds from one population) across the geographical range of Carex helodes (Cyperaceae). We also characterized karyotype geographical patterns of the species across its distribution range. For one of the populations, we performed a detailed study of the fine-scale, local spatial distribution of its individuals and their genotypes and karyotypes. Key results: Synergistically, phylogeographical and karyotypic evidence revealed two main genetic groups: southwestern Iberian Peninsula vs. northwestern African populations; and within Europe our results suggest a west-to-east expansion with signals of genetic bottlenecks. Additionally, we inferred a pattern of descending dysploidy, plausibly as a result of a west-to-east process of post-glacial colonization in Europe. Conclusions: Our results give experimental support to the role of geographical isolation, drift and inbreeding in the establishment of new karyotypes, which is key in the speciation models of hybrid dysfunction.
MeSH term(s)	Carex Plant/genetics ; Karyotype ; Genetic Drift ; Africa, Northern ; Phylogeography ; Founder Effect ; Spain ; Chromosomes, Plant/genetics ; Evolution, Molecular ; Genetic Variation ; Biological Evolution ; Genetic Speciation ; North African People
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-28
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1461328-1
ISSN	1095-8290 ; 0305-7364
ISSN (online)	1095-8290
ISSN	0305-7364
DOI	10.1093/aob/mcad087
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Article ; Online: Sexual Dimorphism through the Lens of Genome Manipulation, Forward Genetics, and Spatiotemporal Sequencing.

Kasimatis, Katja R / Sánchez-Ramírez, Santiago / Stevenson, Zachary C

Genome biology and evolution

2021 Volume 13, Issue 2

Abstract: Sexual reproduction often leads to selection that favors the evolution of sex-limited traits or sex-specific variation for shared traits. These sexual dimorphisms manifest due to sex-specific genetic architectures and sex-biased gene expression across ... ...

Abstract	Sexual reproduction often leads to selection that favors the evolution of sex-limited traits or sex-specific variation for shared traits. These sexual dimorphisms manifest due to sex-specific genetic architectures and sex-biased gene expression across development, yet the molecular mechanisms underlying these patterns are largely unknown. The first step is to understand how sexual dimorphisms arise across the genotype-phenotype-fitness map. The emergence of "4D genome technologies" allows for efficient, high-throughput, and cost-effective manipulation and observations of this process. Studies of sexual dimorphism will benefit from combining these technological advances (e.g., precision genome editing, inducible transgenic systems, and single-cell RNA sequencing) with clever experiments inspired by classic designs (e.g., bulked segregant analysis, experimental evolution, and pedigree tracing). This perspective poses a synthetic view of how manipulative approaches coupled with cutting-edge observational methods and evolutionary theory are poised to uncover the molecular genetic basis of sexual dimorphism with unprecedented resolution. We outline hypothesis-driven experimental paradigms for identifying genetic mechanisms of sexual dimorphism among tissues, across development, and over evolutionary time.
MeSH term(s)	Directed Molecular Evolution ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Genome-Wide Association Study ; Genomics ; Haplotypes ; Pedigree ; Sequence Analysis, DNA ; Sex Characteristics ; Transcription Factors/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Transcription Factors
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-28
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2495328-3
ISSN	1759-6653 ; 1759-6653
ISSN (online)	1759-6653
ISSN	1759-6653
DOI	10.1093/gbe/evaa243
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Article ; Online: Diversity-dependent cladogenesis throughout western Mexico: Evolutionary biogeography of rattlesnakes (Viperidae: Crotalinae: Crotalus and Sistrurus).

Blair, Christopher / Sánchez-Ramírez, Santiago

Molecular phylogenetics and evolution

2016 Volume 97, Page(s) 145–154

Abstract: Rattlesnakes (Crotalus and Sistrurus) represent a radiation of approximately 42 species distributed throughout the New World from southern Canada to Argentina. Interest in this enigmatic group of snakes continues to accrue due, in part, to their ... ...

Abstract	Rattlesnakes (Crotalus and Sistrurus) represent a radiation of approximately 42 species distributed throughout the New World from southern Canada to Argentina. Interest in this enigmatic group of snakes continues to accrue due, in part, to their ecomorphological diversity, contributions to global envenomations, and potential medicinal importance. Although the group has garnered substantial attention from systematists and evolutionary biologists for decades, little is still known regarding patterns of lineage diversification. In addition, few studies have statistically quantified broad-scale biogeographic patterns in rattlesnakes to ascertain how dispersal occurred throughout the New World, particularly among the different major biomes of the Americas. To examine diversification and biogeographic patterns in this group of snakes we assemble a multilocus data set consisting of over 6700bp encompassing three nuclear loci (NT-3, RAG-1, C-mos) and seven mitochondrial genes (12S, 16S, ATPase6, ATPase8, ND4, ND5, cytb). Fossil-calibrated phylogenetic and subsequent diversification rate analyses are implemented using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference, to examine their evolutionary history and temporal dynamics of diversity. Based on ancestral area reconstructions we explore dispersal patterns throughout the New World. Cladogenesis occurred predominantly during the Miocene and Pliocene with only two divergences during the Pleistocene. Two different diversification rate models, advocating diversity-dependence, are strongly supported. These models indicate an early rapid radiation followed by a recent speciation rate decline. Biogeographic analyses suggest that the high elevation pine-oak forests of western Mexico served as a major speciation pump for the majority of lineages, with the desert biome of western North America colonized independently at least twice. All together, these results provide evidence for rapid diversification of rattlesnakes throughout the Mexican highlands during the Neogene, likely in response to continual orogenesis of Mexico's major mountain systems, followed by more recent dispersal into desert and tropical biomes.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Bayes Theorem ; Cell Nucleus/genetics ; Crotalus/classification ; Crotalus/genetics ; Desert Climate ; Forests ; Fossils ; Genes, Mitochondrial/genetics ; Genetic Speciation ; Likelihood Functions ; Mexico ; North America ; Phylogeny ; Phylogeography
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-04
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	33610-5
ISSN	1095-9513 ; 1055-7903
ISSN (online)	1095-9513
ISSN	1055-7903
DOI	10.1016/j.ympev.2015.12.020
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Article ; Online: Widespread misregulation of inter-species hybrid transcriptomes due to sex-specific and sex-chromosome regulatory evolution.

Sánchez-Ramírez, Santiago / Weiss, Jörg G / Thomas, Cristel G / Cutter, Asher D

PLoS genetics

2021 Volume 17, Issue 3, Page(s) e1009409

Abstract: When gene regulatory networks diverge between species, their dysfunctional expression in inter-species hybrid individuals can create genetic incompatibilities that generate the developmental defects responsible for intrinsic post-zygotic reproductive ... ...

Abstract	When gene regulatory networks diverge between species, their dysfunctional expression in inter-species hybrid individuals can create genetic incompatibilities that generate the developmental defects responsible for intrinsic post-zygotic reproductive isolation. Both cis- and trans-acting regulatory divergence can be hastened by directional selection through adaptation, sexual selection, and inter-sexual conflict, in addition to cryptic evolution under stabilizing selection. Dysfunctional sex-biased gene expression, in particular, may provide an important source of sexually-dimorphic genetic incompatibilities. Here, we characterize and compare male and female/hermaphrodite transcriptome profiles for sibling nematode species Caenorhabditis briggsae and C. nigoni, along with allele-specific expression in their F1 hybrids, to deconvolve features of expression divergence and regulatory dysfunction. Despite evidence of widespread stabilizing selection on gene expression, misexpression of sex-biased genes pervades F1 hybrids of both sexes. This finding implicates greater fragility of male genetic networks to produce dysfunctional organismal phenotypes. Spermatogenesis genes are especially prone to high divergence in both expression and coding sequences, consistent with a "faster male" model for Haldane's rule and elevated sterility of hybrid males. Moreover, underdominant expression pervades male-biased genes compared to female-biased and sex-neutral genes and an excess of cis-trans compensatory regulatory divergence for X-linked genes underscores a "large-X effect" for hybrid male expression dysfunction. Extensive regulatory divergence in sex determination pathway genes likely contributes to demasculinization of XX hybrids. The evolution of genetic incompatibilities due to regulatory versus coding sequence divergence, however, are expected to arise in an uncorrelated fashion. This study identifies important differences between the sexes in how regulatory networks diverge to contribute to sex-biases in how genetic incompatibilities manifest during the speciation process.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Caenorhabditis/genetics ; Evolution, Molecular ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Hybridization, Genetic ; Male ; Sex Chromosomes ; Sex Factors ; Species Specificity ; Spermatogenesis ; Transcriptome
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-05
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2186725-2
ISSN	1553-7404 ; 1553-7390
ISSN (online)	1553-7404
ISSN	1553-7390
DOI	10.1371/journal.pgen.1009409
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Article ; Online: Historical biogeography and diversification of ringless Amanita (section Vaginatae) support an African origin and suggest niche conservatism in the Americas

Evans I. Codjia, Jean / Sánchez-Ramírez, Santiago / Ndolo Ebika, Sydney T. / Gang, Wu / Margaritescu, Simona / Leimi Komura, Dirce / J. S. Oliveira, Jadson / Ryberg, Martin / Tulloss, Rodham E. / Yorou, Nourou S. / Moncalvo, Jean-Marc / Yang, Zhu L.

Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 2022 Oct. 07, p.107644-

2022 , Page(s) 107644–

Abstract: Ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECM) sustain nutrient recycling in most terrestrial ecosystems, yet we know little about what major biogeographical events gave rise to present-day diversity and distribution patterns. Given the strict relationship between some ECM ...

Abstract	Ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECM) sustain nutrient recycling in most terrestrial ecosystems, yet we know little about what major biogeographical events gave rise to present-day diversity and distribution patterns. Given the strict relationship between some ECM lineages and their hosts, geographically well-sampled phylogenies are central to understanding major evolutionary processes of fungal biodiversity patterns. Here, we focus on Amanita sect. Vaginatae to address global diversity and distribution patterns. Ancestral-state-reconstruction based on a 4-gene timetree with over 200 species supports an African origin between the late Paleocene and the early Eocene (ca. 56 Ma). Major biogeographic “out-of-Africa” events include multiple dispersal events to Southeast Asia (ca. 45-21 Ma), Madagascar (ca. 18 Ma), and the current Amazonian basin (ca. 45-36 Ma), the last two likely trans-oceanic. Later events originating in Southeast Asia involve Nearctic dispersal to North America (ca. 20-5 Ma), Oceania (Australia and New Zealand; ca. 15 Ma), and Europe (ca. 10-5 Ma). Subsequent dispersals were also inferred from Southeast Asia to East Asia (ca. 4 Ma); from North America to East Asia (ca. 11–8 Ma), Southeast Asia (ca. 19–2 Ma), Northern Andes (ca. 15 Ma), and Europe (ca. 15–2 Ma), respectively; and from the Amazon to the Caribbean region (ca. 25–20 Ma). Finally, we detected a significant increase in the net diversification rates in the branch leading to most northern temperate species in addition to higher state-dependent diversification rates in temperate lineages, consistent with previous findings. These results suggest that species of sect. Vaginatae likely have higher dispersal ability and higher adaptability to new environments, in particular compared to those of its sister clade, sect. Caesareae. Overall, the much wider distribution of A. sect. Vaginatae, from pan-tropical to pan-arctic, provides a unique window to understanding niche conservatism across a species-rich clade of ECM fungi.
Keywords	Amanita ; Eocene epoch ; Nearctic region ; Paleocene epoch ; basins ; biodiversity ; biogeography ; ectomycorrhizae ; fungi ; geographical distribution ; niche conservatism ; phylogeny ; Andes region ; Australia ; Caribbean ; Europe ; Madagascar ; New Zealand ; North America ; South East Asia ; African origin ; macroevolution ; global dispersal ; tropical and temperate ; relaxed molecular clock dating
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-1007
Publishing place	Elsevier Inc.
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	Pre-press version
ZDB-ID	33610-5
ISSN	1095-9513 ; 1055-7903
ISSN (online)	1095-9513
ISSN	1055-7903
DOI	10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107644
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Article ; Online: Using comprehensive genomic and functional analyses for resolving genotype-phenotype mismatches in children with suspected CMMRD in Lebanon: an IRRDC study.

Hamideh, Dima / Das, Anirban / Bianchi, Vanessa / Chung, Jiil / Negm, Logine / Levine, Adrian / Basbous, Maya / Sanchez-Ramirez, Santiago / Mikael, Leonie / Jabado, Nada / Atweh, Lamya / Lteif, Mireille / Mahfouz, Rami / Tarek, Nidale / Abboud, Miguel / Muwakkit, Samar / Hawkins, Cynthia / Tabori, Uri / Saab, Raya

Human genetics

2023 Volume 142, Issue 4, Page(s) 563–576

Abstract: Constitutional mismatch repair deficiency (CMMRD) is an aggressive and highly penetrant cancer predisposition syndrome. Because of its variable clinical presentation and phenotypical overlap with neurofibromatosis, timely diagnosis remains challenging, ... ...

Abstract	Constitutional mismatch repair deficiency (CMMRD) is an aggressive and highly penetrant cancer predisposition syndrome. Because of its variable clinical presentation and phenotypical overlap with neurofibromatosis, timely diagnosis remains challenging, especially in countries with limited resources. Since current tests are either difficult to implement or interpret or both we used a novel and relatively inexpensive functional genomic assay (LOGIC) which has been recently reported to have high sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing CMMRD. Here we report the clinical and molecular characteristics of nine patients diagnosed with cancer and suspected to have CMMRD and highlight the challenges with variant interpretation and immunohistochemical analysis that led to an uncertain interpretation of genetic findings in 6 of the 9 patients. Using LOGIC, we were able to confirm the diagnosis of CMMRD in 7 and likely exclude it in 2 patients, resolving ambiguous result interpretation. LOGIC also enabled predictive testing of asymptomatic siblings for early diagnosis and implementation of surveillance. This study highlights the varied manifestations and practical limitations of current diagnostic criteria for CMMRD, and the importance of international collaboration for implementing robust and low-cost functional assays for resolving diagnostic challenges.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Lebanon ; Brain Neoplasms/diagnosis ; Colorectal Neoplasms/diagnosis ; Phenotype ; Genomics ; Genotype
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-15
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	223009-4
ISSN	1432-1203 ; 0340-6717
ISSN (online)	1432-1203
ISSN	0340-6717
DOI	10.1007/s00439-023-02530-8
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Article ; Online: Historical biogeography and diversification of ringless Amanita (section Vaginatae) support an African origin and suggest niche conservatism in the Americas.

Codjia, Jean Evans I / Sánchez-Ramírez, Santiago / Ndolo Ebika, Sydney T / Wu, Gang / Margaritescu, Simona / Komura, Dirce Leimi / Oliveira, Jadson J S / Ryberg, Martin / Tulloss, Rodham E / Yorou, Nourou S / Moncalvo, Jean-Marc / Yang, Zhu L

Molecular phylogenetics and evolution

2022 Volume 178, Page(s) 107644

Abstract	Ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECM) sustain nutrient recycling in most terrestrial ecosystems, yet we know little about what major biogeographical events gave rise to present-day diversity and distribution patterns. Given the strict relationship between some ECM lineages and their hosts, geographically well-sampled phylogenies are central to understanding major evolutionary processes of fungal biodiversity patterns. Here, we focus on Amanita sect. Vaginatae to address global diversity and distribution patterns. Ancestral-state-reconstruction based on a 4-gene timetree with over 200 species supports an African origin between the late Paleocene and the early Eocene (ca. 56 Ma). Major biogeographic "out-of-Africa" events include multiple dispersal events to Southeast Asia (ca. 45-21 Ma), Madagascar (ca. 18 Ma), and the current Amazonian basin (ca. 45-36 Ma), the last two likely trans-oceanic. Later events originating in Southeast Asia involve Nearctic dispersal to North America (ca. 20-5 Ma), Oceania (Australia and New Zealand; ca. 15 Ma), and Europe (ca. 10-5 Ma). Subsequent dispersals were also inferred from Southeast Asia to East Asia (ca. 4 Ma); from North America to East Asia (ca. 11-8 Ma), Southeast Asia (ca. 19-2 Ma), Northern Andes (ca. 15 Ma), and Europe (ca. 15-2 Ma), respectively; and from the Amazon to the Caribbean region (ca. 25-20 Ma). Finally, we detected a significant increase in the net diversification rates in the branch leading to most northern temperate species in addition to higher state-dependent diversification rates in temperate lineages, consistent with previous findings. These results suggest that species of sect. Vaginatae likely have higher dispersal ability and higher adaptability to new environments, in particular compared to those of its sister clade, sect. Caesareae. Overall, the much wider distribution of A. sect. Vaginatae, from pan-tropical to pan-arctic, provides a unique window to understanding niche conservatism across a species-rich clade of ECM fungi.
MeSH term(s)	Phylogeny ; Amanita ; Ecosystem ; Biological Evolution ; Americas ; Phylogeography
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-10-13
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	33610-5
ISSN	1095-9513 ; 1055-7903
ISSN (online)	1095-9513
ISSN	1055-7903
DOI	10.1016/j.ympev.2022.107644
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Article ; Online ; Research data: (with research data) High speciation rate at temperate latitudes explains unusual diversity gradients in a clade of ectomycorrhizal fungi.

Sánchez-Ramírez, Santiago / Etienne, Rampal S / Moncalvo, Jean-Marc

Evolution; international journal of organic evolution

2015 Volume 69, Issue 8, Page(s) 2196–2209

Abstract: Understanding the patterns of biodiversity through time and space is a challenging task. However, phylogeny-based macroevolutionary models allow us to account and measure many of the processes responsible for diversity buildup, namely speciation and ... ...

Abstract	Understanding the patterns of biodiversity through time and space is a challenging task. However, phylogeny-based macroevolutionary models allow us to account and measure many of the processes responsible for diversity buildup, namely speciation and extinction. The general latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) is a well-recognized pattern describing a decline in species richness from the equator polewards. Recent macroecological studies in ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungi have shown that their LDG is shifted, peaking at temperate rather than tropical latitudes. Here we investigate this phenomenon from a macroevolutionary perspective, focusing on a well-sampled group of edible EM mushrooms from the genus Amanita-the Caesar's mushrooms, which follow similar diversity patterns. Our approach consisted in applying a suite of models including (1) nontrait-dependent time-varying diversification (Bayesian analysis of macroevolutionary mixtures [BAMM]), (2) continuous trait-dependent diversification (quantitative-state speciation and extinction [QuaSSE]), and (3) diversity-dependent diversification. In short, results give strong support for high speciation rates at temperate latitudes (BAMM and QuaSSE). We also find some evidence for different diversity-dependence thresholds in "temperate" and "tropical" subclades, and little differences in diversity due to extinction. We conclude that our analyses on the Caesar's mushrooms give further evidence of a temperate-peaking LDG in EM fungi, highlighting the importance and the implications of macroevolutionary processes in explaining diversity gradients in microorganisms.
MeSH term(s)	Amanita/genetics ; Amanita/physiology ; Bayes Theorem ; Biodiversity ; Biological Evolution ; Climate ; Genetic Speciation ; Mycorrhizae/genetics ; Mycorrhizae/physiology ; Phylogeny ; Population Dynamics
Language	English
Publishing date	2015
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2036375-8
ISSN	1558-5646 ; 0014-3820 ; 0014-3820
ISSN (online)	1558-5646
ISSN	0014-3820
DOI	10.1111/evo.12722
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Article ; Online: Using comprehensive genomic and functional analyses for resolving genotype–phenotype mismatches in children with suspected CMMRD in Lebanon: an IRRDC study

Hamideh, Dima / Dāśa, Anirbāṇa / Bianchi, Vanessa / Chung, Jiil / Negm, Logine / Levine, Adrian / Basbous, Maya / Sanchez-Ramirez, Santiago / Mikael, Leonie / Jabado, Nada / Atweh, Lamya / Lteif, Mireille / Mahfouz, Rami / Tarek, Nidale / Abboud, Miguel / Muwakkit, Samar / Hawkins, Cynthia / Tabori, Uri / Saab, Raya

Hum Genet. 2023 Apr., v. 142, no. 4 p.563-576

2023

Institution	The International Replication Repair Deficiency Consortium (IRRDC)
Abstract	Constitutional mismatch repair deficiency (CMMRD) is an aggressive and highly penetrant cancer predisposition syndrome. Because of its variable clinical presentation and phenotypical overlap with neurofibromatosis, timely diagnosis remains challenging, especially in countries with limited resources. Since current tests are either difficult to implement or interpret or both we used a novel and relatively inexpensive functional genomic assay (LOGIC) which has been recently reported to have high sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing CMMRD. Here we report the clinical and molecular characteristics of nine patients diagnosed with cancer and suspected to have CMMRD and highlight the challenges with variant interpretation and immunohistochemical analysis that led to an uncertain interpretation of genetic findings in 6 of the 9 patients. Using LOGIC, we were able to confirm the diagnosis of CMMRD in 7 and likely exclude it in 2 patients, resolving ambiguous result interpretation. LOGIC also enabled predictive testing of asymptomatic siblings for early diagnosis and implementation of surveillance. This study highlights the varied manifestations and practical limitations of current diagnostic criteria for CMMRD, and the importance of international collaboration for implementing robust and low-cost functional assays for resolving diagnostic challenges.
Keywords	early diagnosis ; genomics ; genotype-phenotype correlation ; immunohistochemistry ; monitoring ; Lebanon
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-04
Size	p. 563-576.
Publishing place	Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	223009-4
ISSN	1432-1203 ; 0340-6717
ISSN (online)	1432-1203
ISSN	0340-6717
DOI	10.1007/s00439-023-02530-8
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Article ; Online: Unveiling underestimated species diversity within the Central American Coralsnake, a medically important complex of venomous taxa.

Scientific reports

2023 Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) 11674

Abstract: Coralsnakes of the genus Micrurus are a diverse group of venomous snakes ranging from the southern United States to southern South America. Much uncertainty remains over the genus diversity, and understanding Micrurus systematics is of medical importance. ...

Abstract	Coralsnakes of the genus Micrurus are a diverse group of venomous snakes ranging from the southern United States to southern South America. Much uncertainty remains over the genus diversity, and understanding Micrurus systematics is of medical importance. In particular, the widespread Micrurus nigrocinctus spans from Mexico throughout Central America and into Colombia, with a number of described subspecies. This study provides new insights into the phylogenetic relationships within M. nigrocinctus by examining sequence data from a broad sampling of specimens from Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama. The recovered phylogenetic relationships suggest that M. nigrocinctus is a species complex originating in the Pliocene and composed of at least three distinct species-level lineages. In addition, recovery of highly divergent clades supports the elevation of some currently recognized subspecies to the full species rank while others may require synonymization.
MeSH term(s)	United States ; Phylogeny ; Venoms ; Central America ; Panama ; Mexico
Chemical Substances	Venoms
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-19
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-023-37734-5
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