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Article ; Online: Serological Evidence of Backyard Pig Exposure to Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H5N8 Virus during 2016–2017 Epizootic in France

Séverine Hervé / Audrey Schmitz / François-Xavier Briand / Stéphane Gorin / Stéphane Quéguiner / Éric Niqueux / Frédéric Paboeuf / Axelle Scoizec / Sophie Le Bouquin-Leneveu / Nicolas Eterradossi / Gaëlle Simon

Pathogens, Vol 10, Iss 621, p

2021 Volume 621

Abstract: In autumn/winter 2016–2017, HPAI-H5N8 viruses belonging to the A/goose/Guandong/1/1996 (Gs/Gd) lineage, clade 2.3.4.4b, were responsible for outbreaks in domestic poultry in Europe, and veterinarians were requested to reinforce surveillance of pigs bred ... ...

Abstract	In autumn/winter 2016–2017, HPAI-H5N8 viruses belonging to the A/goose/Guandong/1/1996 (Gs/Gd) lineage, clade 2.3.4.4b, were responsible for outbreaks in domestic poultry in Europe, and veterinarians were requested to reinforce surveillance of pigs bred in HPAI-H5Nx confirmed mixed herds. In this context, ten pig herds were visited in southwestern France from December 2016 to May 2017 and serological analyses for influenza A virus (IAV) infections were carried out by ELISA and hemagglutination inhibition assays. In one herd, one backyard pig was shown to have produced antibodies directed against a virus bearing a H5 from clade 2.3.4.4b, suggesting it would have been infected naturally after close contact with HPAI-H5N8 contaminated domestic ducks. Whereas pigs and other mammals, including humans, may have limited sensitivity to HPAI-H5 clade 2.3.4.4b, this information recalls the importance of implementing appropriate biosecurity measures in pig and poultry farms to avoid IAV interspecies transmission, a prerequisite for co-infections and subsequent emergence of new viral genotypes whose impact on both animal and human health cannot be predicted.
Keywords	poultry ; swine ; influenza outbreak ; mixed herd ; hemagglutination inhibition test ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	630
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-05-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Serological survey of influenza A viruses in domestic and wild Suidae in Corsica (France), a Mediterranean island environment

Grech-Angelini, Sébastien / Séverine Hervé / Nicolas Rose / Nicolas Barbier / François Casabianca / Oscar Maestrini / Alessandra Falchi / Gaëlle Simon

Preventive veterinary medicine. 2018 Sept. 01, v. 157

2018

Abstract: Corsica is a mountainous French island in the north-western Mediterranean Sea. It is a rural area, where pig farming is a major economic activity. Although no acute respiratory outbreaks due to swine influenza A viruses (swIAVs) have ever been reported ... ...

Abstract	Corsica is a mountainous French island in the north-western Mediterranean Sea. It is a rural area, where pig farming is a major economic activity. Although no acute respiratory outbreaks due to swine influenza A viruses (swIAVs) have ever been reported in this free-ranging pig breeding system, influenza A viruses (IAVs) could be circulating within this pig population. A serological study was conducted as a first approach to domestic pigs and wild boars. Serum samples from 543 pigs raised on 91 different farms were collected during the 2013–2014 slaughtering season, and 279 sera from wild boars were obtained over four hunting seasons (between 2009 and 2014). They were first analysed by ELISA and then IAV positive and doubtful sera were subjected to haemagglutination inhibition tests using antigens representative of the four major enzootic swIAV lineages in Europe, i.e. avian-like swine H1N1 (H1avN1), pandemic-like swine H1N1 (H1N1pdm), H1N2 and H3N2. According to the ELISA results, 26.4% (CI95%: 17.7–36.7%) of herds had at least one positive animal (positive or doubtful by ELISA) and 12.4% (CI95%: 7.8–19.8%) of the pigs tested positive. Using the test characteristics (sensitivity and specificity), the true seroprevalence among Corsican pigs was estimated to be 16.4% (95% CI: 9.9–26.3). Antibodies directed against two different viral lineages were identified: H1N1pdm (in 66.2% and 45.8% of the IAV positive pigs and farms respectively) and H1avN1 (15.0% and 20.8% respectively). Evidence of exposure to viruses from two distinct lineages were detected on a single farm but in two different animals. Among the wild boars, 1.4% (CI95%: 0.4–3.6%) tested positive by ELISA and antibodies against the same two viruses were detected. Altogether, these results suggest that swIAVs from at least two different lineages are circulating among Corsican pigs, i.e. the H1N1pdm virus, probably introduced during the 2009 pandemic, and the H1avN1 virus, which is the most frequent swIAV in Europe. The low frequency of positive results observed in the Corsican wild boars hunted suggests that they would not play a major role in IAV dispersion dynamics on the island.
Keywords	Influenza A virus ; Suidae ; antibodies ; antigens ; blood serum ; enzootic diseases ; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ; farms ; herds ; livestock production ; mountains ; pandemic ; pig breeding ; rural areas ; serological surveys ; seroprevalence ; slaughter ; swine ; swine influenza ; viruses ; wild boars ; Corsica ; France
Language	English
Dates of publication	2018-0901
Size	p. 94-98.
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	43399-8
ISSN	1873-1716 ; 0167-5877
ISSN (online)	1873-1716
ISSN	0167-5877
DOI	10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.06.004
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Virus persistence in pig herds led to successive reassortment events between swine and human influenza A viruses, resulting in the emergence of a novel triple-reassortant swine influenza virus

Amélie Chastagner / Emilie Bonin / Christelle Fablet / Stéphane Quéguiner / Edouard Hirchaud / Pierrick Lucas / Stéphane Gorin / Nicolas Barbier / Véronique Béven / Emmanuel Garin / Yannick Blanchard / Nicolas Rose / Séverine Hervé / Gaëlle Simon

Veterinary Research, Vol 50, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2019 Volume 9

Abstract: Abstract This report describes the detection of a triple reassortant swine influenza A virus of H1avN2 subtype. It evolved from an avian-like swine H1avN1 that first acquired the N2 segment from a seasonal H3N2, then the M segment from a 2009 pandemic ... ...

Abstract	Abstract This report describes the detection of a triple reassortant swine influenza A virus of H1avN2 subtype. It evolved from an avian-like swine H1avN1 that first acquired the N2 segment from a seasonal H3N2, then the M segment from a 2009 pandemic H1N1, in two reassortments estimated to have occurred 10 years apart. This study illustrates how recurrent influenza infections increase the co-infection risk and facilitate evolutionary jumps by successive gene exchanges. It recalls the importance of appropriate biosecurity measures inside holdings to limit virus persistence and interspecies transmissions, which both contribute to the emergence of new potentially zoonotic viruses.
Keywords	Veterinary medicine ; SF600-1100
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-10-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BMC
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Bidirectional Human–Swine Transmission of Seasonal Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Virus in Pig Herd, France, 2018

Amélie Chastagner / Vincent Enouf / David Peroz / Séverine Hervé / Pierrick Lucas / Stéphane Quéguiner / Stéphane Gorin / Véronique Beven / Sylvie Behillil / Philippe Leneveu / Emmanuel Garin / Yannick Blanchard / Sylvie van der Werf / Gaëlle Simon

Emerging Infectious Diseases, Vol 25, Iss 10, Pp 1940-

2019 Volume 1943

Abstract: In 2018, a veterinarian became sick shortly after swabbing sows exhibiting respiratory syndrome on a farm in France. Epidemiologic data and genetic analyses revealed consecutive human-to-swine and swine-to-human influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus transmission, ...

Abstract	In 2018, a veterinarian became sick shortly after swabbing sows exhibiting respiratory syndrome on a farm in France. Epidemiologic data and genetic analyses revealed consecutive human-to-swine and swine-to-human influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus transmission, which occurred despite some biosecurity measures. Providing pig industry workers the annual influenza vaccine might reduce transmission risk.
Keywords	influenza ; A(H1N1)pdm09 ; interspecies transmission ; pandemic ; zoonotic disease ; reverse zoonosis ; Medicine ; R ; Infectious and parasitic diseases ; RC109-216
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-10-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Molecular subtyping of European swine influenza viruses and scaling to high-throughput analysis

Bonin, Emilie / Stéphane Quéguiner / Cédric Woudstra / Stéphane Gorin / Nicolas Barbier / Timm C. Harder / Patrick Fach / Séverine Hervé / Gaëlle Simon

Virology journal. 2018 Dec., v. 15, no. 1

2018

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Swine influenza is a respiratory infection of pigs that may have a significant economic impact in affected herds and pose a threat to the human population since swine influenza A viruses (swIAVs) are zoonotic pathogens. Due to the increasing ... ...

Abstract	BACKGROUND: Swine influenza is a respiratory infection of pigs that may have a significant economic impact in affected herds and pose a threat to the human population since swine influenza A viruses (swIAVs) are zoonotic pathogens. Due to the increasing genetic diversity of swIAVs and because novel reassortants or variants may become enzootic or have zoonotic implications, surveillance is strongly encouraged. Therefore, diagnostic tests and advanced technologies able to identify the circulating strains rapidly are critically important. RESULTS: Several reverse transcription real-time PCR assays (RT-qPCRs) were developed to subtype European swIAVs in clinical samples previously identified as containing IAV genome. The RT-qPCRs aimed to discriminate HA genes of four H1 genetic lineages (H1ₐᵥ, H1ₕᵤ, H1ₕᵤΔ₁₄₆–₁₄₇, H1pdm) and one H3 lineage, and NA genes of two N1 lineages (N1, N1pdm) and one N2 lineage. After individual validation, each RT-qPCR was adapted to high-throughput analyses in parallel to the amplification of the IAV M gene (target for IAV detection) and the β-actin gene (as an internal control), in order to test the ten target genes simultaneously on a large number of clinical samples, using low volumes of reagents and RNA extracts. CONCLUSION: The RT-qPCRs dedicated to IAV molecular subtyping enabled the identification of swIAVs from the four viral subtypes that are known to be enzootic in European pigs, i.e. H1ₐᵥN1, H1ₕᵤN2, H3N2 and H1N1pdm. They also made it possible to discriminate a new antigenic variant (H1ₕᵤN2Δ₁₄₆–₁₄₇) among H1ₕᵤN2 viruses, as well as reassortant viruses, such as H1ₕᵤN1 or H1ₐᵥN2 for example, and virus mixtures. These PCR techniques exhibited a gain in sensitivity as compared to end-point RT-PCRs, enabling the characterization of biological samples with low genetic loads, with considerable time saving. Adaptation to high-throughput analyses appeared effective, both in terms of specificity and sensitivity. This new development opens novel perspectives in diagnostic capacities that could be very useful for swIAV surveillance and large-scale epidemiological studies.
Keywords	Influenza A virus ; RNA ; actin ; diagnostic techniques ; economic impact ; enzootic diseases ; epidemiological studies ; genes ; genetic load ; genetic variation ; herds ; human population ; monitoring ; pathogens ; quantitative polymerase chain reaction ; reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction ; swine ; swine influenza ; viruses
Language	English
Dates of publication	2018-12
Size	p. 7.
Publishing place	BioMed Central
Document type	Article
ISSN	1743-422X
DOI	10.1186/s12985-018-0920-z
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Maternally-derived antibodies do not inhibit swine influenza virus replication in piglets but decrease excreted virus infectivity and impair post-infectious immune responses

Deblanc, Céline / Séverine Hervé / Stéphane Gorin / Charlie Cador / Mathieu Andraud / Stéphane Quéguiner / Nicolas Barbier / Frédéric Paboeuf / Nicolas Rose / Gaëlle Simon

Veterinary microbiology. 2018 Mar., v. 216

2018

Abstract: Maternally-derived antibodies (MDA) reduce piglet susceptibility to swine influenza A virus, but interfere with post-infectious immune responses, raising questions about protection after waning of passive immunity. We therefore analysed the impact of ... ...

Abstract	Maternally-derived antibodies (MDA) reduce piglet susceptibility to swine influenza A virus, but interfere with post-infectious immune responses, raising questions about protection after waning of passive immunity. We therefore analysed the impact of different levels of residual MDA on virus excretion and immune responses in piglets born to vaccinated sows (MDA+) and infected with H1N1 at 5, 7 or 11 weeks of age, in comparison to piglets born to unvaccinated sows (MDA-). Subsequent protection against a second homologous infection occurring 4 weeks after the primo-infection was also investigated. MDA- pigs showed clinical signs, shed the virus, and developed specific immune responses despite some age-dependent differences: 7-week-old pigs were less affected clinically, showed a 2-day delayed excretion peak and excreted less virus than younger pigs. In MDA+ animals, clinical signs increased together with the decrease of MDA levels related to the age at infection-time. Virus shedding was not prevented and genome quantification profiles were similar to those obtained in MDA- piglets. However, viral particles excreted by 5-week-old MDA+ piglets appeared to be less infectious than those shed by MDA- piglets at the same age. Humoral response was affected by MDA as illustrated by the absence of HI and neutralizing response regardless the infection age, but anti-NP/M responses were less affected. Proliferative T cell responses were slightly delayed by high MDA levels. Nevertheless, MDA+ animals were all protected from a second infection, like MDA- piglets. In conclusion, responses of pigs to H1N1 were affected by both the physiological development of animals at infection and the MDA level.
Keywords	Influenza A virus ; T-lymphocytes ; antibodies ; excretion ; genome ; humoral immunity ; immune response ; neutralization ; passive immunity ; pathogenicity ; piglets ; sows ; swine influenza ; viral shedding ; virion ; virus replication ; viruses
Language	English
Dates of publication	2018-03
Size	p. 142-152.
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	753154-0
ISSN	1873-2542 ; 0378-1135
ISSN (online)	1873-2542
ISSN	0378-1135
DOI	10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.01.019
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Virus in Pigs, Réunion Island

Eric Cardinale / Hervé Pascalis / Sarah Temmam / Séverine Hervé / Aure Saulnier / Magali Turpin / Nicolas Barbier / Johny Hoarau / Stéphane Quéguiner / Stéphane Gorin / Coralie Foray / Matthieu Roger / Vincent Porphyre / Paul André / Thierry Thomas / Xavier de Lamballerie / Koussay Dellagi / Gaëlle Simon

Emerging Infectious Diseases, Vol 18, Iss 10, Pp 1665-

2012 Volume 1668

Abstract: During 2009, pandemic influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus affected humans on Réunion Island. Since then, the virus has sustained circulation among local swine herds, raising concerns about the potential for genetic evolution of the virus and possible ... ...

Abstract	During 2009, pandemic influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus affected humans on Réunion Island. Since then, the virus has sustained circulation among local swine herds, raising concerns about the potential for genetic evolution of the virus and possible retransmission back to humans of variants with increased virulence. Continuous surveillance of A(H1N1)pdm09 infection in pigs is recommended.
Keywords	influenza A virus ; pandemics ; pigs ; humans ; zoonoses ; H1N1 subtype ; Medicine ; R ; Infectious and parasitic diseases ; RC109-216
Language	English
Publishing date	2012-10-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: European surveillance network for influenza in pigs

PLoS ONE, Vol 9, Iss 12, p e

surveillance programs, diagnostic tools and Swine influenza virus subtypes identified in 14 European countries from 2010 to 2013.

2014 Volume 115815

Abstract: Swine influenza causes concern for global veterinary and public health officials. In continuing two previous networks that initiated the surveillance of swine influenza viruses (SIVs) circulating in European pigs between 2001 and 2008, a third European ... ...

Abstract	Swine influenza causes concern for global veterinary and public health officials. In continuing two previous networks that initiated the surveillance of swine influenza viruses (SIVs) circulating in European pigs between 2001 and 2008, a third European Surveillance Network for Influenza in Pigs (ESNIP3, 2010-2013) aimed to expand widely the knowledge of the epidemiology of European SIVs. ESNIP3 stimulated programs of harmonized SIV surveillance in European countries and supported the coordination of appropriate diagnostic tools and subtyping methods. Thus, an extensive virological monitoring, mainly conducted through passive surveillance programs, resulted in the examination of more than 9 000 herds in 17 countries. Influenza A viruses were detected in 31% of herds examined from which 1887 viruses were preliminary characterized. The dominating subtypes were the three European enzootic SIVs: avian-like swine H1N1 (53.6%), human-like reassortant swine H1N2 (13%) and human-like reassortant swine H3N2 (9.1%), as well as pandemic A/H1N1 2009 (H1N1pdm) virus (10.3%). Viruses from these four lineages co-circulated in several countries but with very different relative levels of incidence. For instance, the H3N2 subtype was not detected at all in some geographic areas whereas it was still prevalent in other parts of Europe. Interestingly, H3N2-free areas were those that exhibited highest frequencies of circulating H1N2 viruses. H1N1pdm viruses were isolated at an increasing incidence in some countries from 2010 to 2013, indicating that this subtype has become established in the European pig population. Finally, 13.9% of the viruses represented reassortants between these four lineages, especially between previous enzootic SIVs and H1N1pdm. These novel viruses were detected at the same time in several countries, with increasing prevalence. Some of them might become established in pig herds, causing implications for zoonotic infections.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	500
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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