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Article: Global deforestation revisited: The role of weak institutions

Dantas, Ianna / Söder, Mareike

Land use policy. 2022 Sept. 22,

2022

Abstract: Linking weak governance and forest degradation has received increasing attention in scientific and political spheres. Deforestation remains a global matter as a major agent of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, for endangering the lives of several plant and ...

Abstract	Linking weak governance and forest degradation has received increasing attention in scientific and political spheres. Deforestation remains a global matter as a major agent of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, for endangering the lives of several plant and animal species, and for triggering political disputes involving land tenure and rural violence. Political factors are acknowledged to have a direct impact on forest resources management. Corruption and weak governance are able to deflect policies to private interests, and encourage illegal logging and unlawful allowances to forest degradation even in protected areas. However, the effects of corruption and weak institutions in forest management are still uncertain. This paper offers empirical-based evidence about the relationship between institutional factors and forest cover conversion. The role of weak institutions is explored by employing a logistic model of recent high-resolution global remote sensing data from the European Space Agency (ESA) Climate Change Initiative Land Cover (CCI-LC) from 1992 and 2015. We assess the cross-country associations of the Corruption Perception Index (CPI) and the World Bank Government Effectiveness (GE) index while controlling for physiographic and structural variables. Results are robust and show, as expected, that difficult access areas pose considerable barriers to forest conversion, and regions of high agricultural suitability are more likely to be converted from forests to agricultural fields. Furthermore, higher government effectiveness with stronger political enforcement, policy design, and lower corruption perception are significantly related to a lower probability of deforestation. Further elaborating governance and corruption indicators with emphasis on forest management/conservation can potentially improve the accuracy of local and cross-country quantitative land use studies. Our findings support the continuous understanding of weak institutions in deforestation debates. The paper highlights the need to fight corruption and to build strong institutions into effective policy strategies.
Keywords	World Bank ; animals ; climate change ; deforestation ; forest management ; forests ; governance ; greenhouse gases ; land cover ; land policy ; land tenure ; land use ; logit analysis ; politics ; probability ; violence
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0922
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	Pre-press version
ZDB-ID	852476-2
ISSN	0264-8377
ISSN	0264-8377
DOI	10.1016/j.landusepol.2022.106383
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Extreme weather events cause significant crop yield losses at the farm level in German agriculture

Schmitt, Jonas / Offermann, Frank / Söder, Mareike / Frühauf, Cathleen / Finger, Robert

Food policy. 2022 Oct., v. 112

2022

Abstract: Extreme weather events frequently cause severe crop yield losses, affecting food security and farmers’ incomes. In this paper, we aim to provide a holistic assessment of these impacts across various extreme weather events and multiple crops. More ... ...

Abstract	Extreme weather events frequently cause severe crop yield losses, affecting food security and farmers’ incomes. In this paper, we aim to provide a holistic assessment of these impacts across various extreme weather events and multiple crops. More specifically, we estimate and compare the impact of frost, heat, drought and waterlogging on yields of winter wheat, winter barley, winter rapeseed and grain maize production in Germany. We analyse 423,815 farm-level yield observations between 1995 and 2019, and account for extreme weather conditions within critical phenological phases. Furthermore, we monetarize historical yield losses due to extreme weather events on a spatially disaggregated level. We find that drought is a main driver for farm-level grain yield and monetary losses in German agriculture. For instance, a single drought day can reduce winter wheat yields by up to 0.36%. It is estimated that during the period 1995–2019, summer drought led to yield losses in winter wheat, which, on average, caused annual revenues to sink by over 23 million Euro across Germany. We find that the impacts of extreme weather events vary considerably across space and time. For example, only the most important winter rapeseed production region in the North of Germany was prone to winter rapeseed yield losses due to heat during flowering. Moreover, waterlogging and frost are generally less relevant from an economic point of view, but can nevertheless cause crop- and regional-specific damage. Our analysis provides stakeholders with information for weather-related risk management and adaptation strategies.
Keywords	corn ; drought ; farms ; food policy ; food security ; frost ; grain yield ; heat ; phenology ; rapeseed ; risk management ; space and time ; stakeholders ; summer ; winter barley ; winter wheat ; Germany
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-10
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	194840-4
ISSN	0306-9192
ISSN	0306-9192
DOI	10.1016/j.foodpol.2022.102359
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Global deforestation revisited

Moreira-Dantas, Ianna Raissa / Söder, Mareike

The role of weak institutions

2022

Abstract	Linking weak governance and forest degradation has received increasing attention in scientific and political spheres. Deforestation remains a global matter as a major agent of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, for endangering the lives of several plant and animal species, and for triggering political disputes involving land tenure and rural violence. Political factors are acknowledged to have a direct impact on forest resources management. Corruption and weak governance are able to deflect policies to private interests, and encourage illegal logging and unlawful allowances to forest degradation even in protected areas. However, the effects of corruption and weak institutions in forest management are still uncertain. This paper offers empirical-based evidence about the relationship between institutional factors and forest cover conversion. The role of weak institutions is explored by employing a logistic model of recent high-resolution global remote sensing data from the European Space Agency (ESA) Climate Change Initiative Land Cover (CCI-LC) from 1992 and 2015. We assess the cross-country associations of the Corruption Perception Index (CPI) and the World Bank Government Effectiveness (GE) index while controlling for physiographic and structural variables. Results are robust and show, as expected, that difficult access areas pose considerable barriers to forest conversion, and regions of high agricultural suitability are more likely to be converted from forests to agricultural fields. Furthermore, higher government effectiveness with stronger political enforcement, policy design, and lower corruption perception are significantly related to a lower probability of deforestation. Further elaborating governance and corruption indicators with emphasis on forest management/conservation can potentially improve the accuracy of local and cross-country quantitative land use studies. Our findings support the continuous understanding of weak institutions in deforestation debates. The paper highlights the need to fight ...
Keywords	article ; Text ; ddc:333.7 ; ddc:363.7 ; Corruption ; Drivers of deforestation ; Global deforestation ; Land-use change ; Political stability ; Weak institutions
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing country	de
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Health impacts of extreme weather events - Cascading risks in a changing climate.

Butsch, Carsten / Beckers, Liza-Marie / Nilson, Enno / Frassl, Marieke / Brennholt, Nicole / Kwiatkowski, René / Söder, Mareike

Journal of health monitoring

2023 Volume 8, Issue Suppl 4, Page(s) 33–56

Abstract: Background: Extreme weather events represent one of the most tangible impacts of anthropogenic climate change. They have increased in number and severity and a further increase is expected. This is accompanied by direct and indirect negative ... ...

Abstract	Background: Extreme weather events represent one of the most tangible impacts of anthropogenic climate change. They have increased in number and severity and a further increase is expected. This is accompanied by direct and indirect negative consequences for human health. Methods: Flooding events, storms and droughts are analysed here for Germany from a systemic perspective on the basis of a comprehensive literature review. Cascading risks beyond the initial event are also taken into account in order to depict downstream consequences. Results: In addition to the immediate health burdens caused by extreme weather events such as injuries, long-term consequences such as stress-related mental disorders occur. These stresses particularly affect certain vulnerable groups, e.g. older persons, children, pregnant women or first responders. Conclusions: A look at the cascading risks described in the international literature allows us to develop precautionary measures for adaptation to the consequences of climate change. Many adaptation measures protect against different risks at the same time. In addition to planning measures, these include, above all, increasing the population's ability to protect itself through knowledge and strengthening of social networks.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-09-06
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2511-2708
ISSN (online)	2511-2708
DOI	10.25646/11652
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Book ; Online: EU biofuel policies in practise

Söder, Mareike

a carbon map for Kalimantan and Sumatra

(Kiel working paper ; 1863)

2013

Abstract: It is still difficult for biofuel producers to proof the contribution of their biofuels to reducing carbon emissions because the production of biofuel feedstocks can cause land use change (LUC), which in turn causes carbon emissions. A carbon map can ... ...

Author's details	by Mareike Lange
Series title	Kiel working paper ; 1863
Abstract	It is still difficult for biofuel producers to proof the contribution of their biofuels to reducing carbon emissions because the production of biofuel feedstocks can cause land use change (LUC), which in turn causes carbon emissions. A carbon map can serve as a basis to proof such contribution. I show how to calculate a carbon map according to the sustainability requirements for biofuel production adopted by the European Commission (EU-RED) for Kalimantan and Sumatra in Indonesia. Based on the carbon map and the carbon balance of the production process I derive maps showing the possible emission savings that would be generated by biofuels based on palm if an area were to be converted to produce feedstock for this biodiesel options. I evaluate these maps according to the criterion contained in the EU-RED of 35% minimum emission savings for each biofuel option compared to its fossil alternative. In addition, to avoid indirect LUC effects of the EU-RED that might offset any contribution of biofuels to reducing carbon emissions, I argue that all agricultural production should be subject to sustainability assessments and that for an effective forest protection policies need to address the manifold drivers of deforestation in the country. In this effort, my resulting carbon maps can be the basis for a sustainable land use planning with a strategy to reactivate degraded areas that is binding for all agricultural production in the country
Keywords	biofuels ; carbon emissions ; Renewable Energy directive ; carbon map ; land use change ; Indonesia
Language	English
Size	Online-Ressource ([54] S.), Kt.
Publisher	Kiel Inst. for the World Economy
Publishing place	Kiel
Document type	Book ; Online
Note	IMD-Felder maschinell generiert
Database	ECONomics Information System

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Book ; Article ; Online: Who benefits really from phasing out palmoil-based biodiesel in the EU?

Delzeit, Ruth / Heimann, Tobias / Schünemann, Franziska / Söder, Mareike

2021

Abstract: The latest Renewable Energy Directive (RED II) by the European Union (EU) provides an updated framework for the use of renewable energy in the EU transport sector until 2030. We employ the computable general equilibrium (CGE) model DART-BIO for a ... ...

Abstract	The latest Renewable Energy Directive (RED II) by the European Union (EU) provides an updated framework for the use of renewable energy in the EU transport sector until 2030. We employ the computable general equilibrium (CGE) model DART-BIO for a scenario-based policy analysis and evaluate different possible futures of biofuel use under four specifications of the RED II. Our results show that conventional biofuels will not become cost competitive to oil-based fuels. Moreover, we demonstrate the impact of the RED II specifications on the global production of food and feed crops. A further focus of this paper lies on the palm oil phase-out as feedstock for biofuels in the EU, to halt deforestation and land-use change in tropical countries. We find that this phase-out has a relatively small impact on global palm fruit production. Moreover, this study shows that the regulation has the potential to act as a technical barrier to trade, discriminating palm oil producing countries in favour of European rapeseed producers.
Keywords	ddc:330 ; C68 ; D58 ; F18 ; O13 ; Q16 ; Q17 ; Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) ; EU Renewable Energy Directive (RED II) ; Biofuels ; Land Use ; Land Use Change ; High iLUC-Risk ; Palm Oil Biodiesel ; Palm Oil Phase-Out
Subject code	381
Language	English
Publisher	Kiel: Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW)
Publishing country	de
Document type	Book ; Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Extreme weather events cause significant crop yield losses at the farm level in German agriculture

Schmitt, Jonas / Offermann, Frank / Söder, Mareike / Frühauf, Cathleen / Finger, Robert

2022

Abstract	Extreme weather events frequently cause severe crop yield losses, affecting food security and farmers’ incomes. In this paper, we aim to provide a holistic assessment of these impacts across various extreme weather events and multiple crops. More specifically, we estimate and compare the impact of frost, heat, drought and waterlogging on yields of winter wheat, winter barley, winter rapeseed and grain maize production in Germany. We analyse 423,815 farm-level yield observations between 1995 and 2019, and account for extreme weather conditions within critical phenological phases. Furthermore, we monetarize historical yield losses due to extreme weather events on a spatially disaggregated level. We find that drought is a main driver for farm-level grain yield and monetary losses in German agriculture. For instance, a single drought day can reduce winter wheat yields by up to 0.36%. It is estimated that during the period 1995–2019, summer drought led to yield losses in winter wheat, which, on average, caused annual revenues to sink by over 23 million Euro across Germany. We find that the impacts of extreme weather events vary considerably across space and time. For example, only the most important winter rapeseed production region in the North of Germany was prone to winter rapeseed yield losses due to heat during flowering. Moreover, waterlogging and frost are generally less relevant from an economic point of view, but can nevertheless cause crop- and regional-specific damage. Our analysis provides stakeholders with information for weather-related risk management and adaptation strategies.
Keywords	Text ; ddc:630 ; Extreme weather -- Crop yield -- Climate risk -- Revenue losses
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing country	de
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Land Use Change under Biofuel Policies and a Tax on Meat and Dairy Products: Considering Complexity in Agricultural Production Chains Matters

Delzeit, Ruth / Söder, Mareike / Winkler, Malte

Sustainability. 2018 Feb. 06, v. 10, no. 2

2018

Abstract: Growing demand for meat and dairy products (MDP), biofuels, and scarcity of agricultural land are drivers of global land use competition. Impacts of policies targeting demand for MDP or biofuels have only been analysed separately. We use the computable ... ...

Abstract	Growing demand for meat and dairy products (MDP), biofuels, and scarcity of agricultural land are drivers of global land use competition. Impacts of policies targeting demand for MDP or biofuels have only been analysed separately. We use the computable general equilibrium model DART-BIO to investigate combined effects, since MDP and biofuel production are closely related via feestock use and co-production of animal feed. We implement four scenarios: (a) a baseline scenario; (b) halving MDP consumption in industrialised countries by a tax; (c) abolishing current biofuel policies; and (d) no exogenous land use change. We find that a MDP tax and exogenous land use change have larger effects on land use and food markets than biofuel policies. International trade is affected in all scenarios. With respect to combined effects of a MDP tax and biofuel policies, we find decreasing biodiesel but increasing bioethanol production. In addition, the MDP tax decreases the impact of biofuel policies on agricultural markets and land use. Our results highlight the importance of a detailed representation of different vegetable oils used in biodiesel production and related by-products. Finally, since the MDP tax increases the use of fossil fuels, the net climate mitigation potentials of such a tax should be investigated further.
Keywords	agricultural land ; biodiesel ; byproducts ; climate ; dairy products ; developed countries ; energy policy ; ethanol production ; feeds ; fossil fuels ; fuel production ; international trade ; land use change ; markets ; meat ; models ; vegetable oil
Language	English
Dates of publication	2018-0206
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2518383-7
ISSN	2071-1050
ISSN	2071-1050
DOI	10.3390/su10020419
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Klimafolgen und Klimaanpassungsoptionen in der Landwirtschaft in Deutschland - ein Überblick

Heidecke, Claudia / Frühauf, Cathleen / Krengel-Horney, Sandra / Söder, Mareike

2021

Abstract: Der Klimawandel hat bereits in den letzten Jahren deutlich die Nahrungsmittelproduktion und die Ernährungssicherheit weltweit beeinträchtigt, insbesondere aufgrund von Erwärmung, sich ändernder Niederschlagsmuster und einer höheren Häufigkeit extremer ... ...

Abstract	Der Klimawandel hat bereits in den letzten Jahren deutlich die Nahrungsmittelproduktion und die Ernährungssicherheit weltweit beeinträchtigt, insbesondere aufgrund von Erwärmung, sich ändernder Niederschlagsmuster und einer höheren Häufigkeit extremer Wetterereignisse.1 Damit steht die Landwirtschaft nicht nur vor der Herausforderung, einen Beitrag zur Reduzierung von Treibhausgasen zu leisten, sondern auch, sich an verändernde Klimabedingungen anzupassen. Der vorliegende Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über die Entwicklungen von für die hiesige landwirtschaftliche Produktion relevanten Wetterereignissen und klimatischen Bedingungen in Deutschland, verdeutlicht die Wahrnehmung und die Bedeutung des Klimawandels für deutsche landwirtschaftliche Betriebe und fasst einige wichtige Anpassungsmöglichkeiten zusammen.
Keywords	Text ; ddc:630
Language	German
Publishing country	de
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Book ; Thesis: Essays on the challenges of global land change science

Söder, Mareike / Rehdanz, Katrin

2015

Author's details	vorgelegt von Mareike Söder
Keywords	Borneo ; Brasilien ; Licht ; Kartographie ; Regionalentwicklung ; Räumliche Verteilung ; Schätzung ; Indien ; Landnutzung ; Regionalplanung ; Agrarboden ; Treibhausgas-Emissionen ; Biokraftstoff ; Umweltbericht ; EU-Staaten ; Welt ; Sumatra
Language	English
Size	X, 207 S., graph. Darst., Kt.
Document type	Book ; Thesis
Thesis / German Habilitation thesis	Univ., Diss.--Kiel, 2015
Note	Besteht aus 5 teilweise bereits publizierten, teilweise bisher unveröffentlichten Aufsätzen
Database	ECONomics Information System

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