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Article ; Online: An adiposity force induces obesity in humans independently of a normal energy balance system-a thought experiment.

Sørensen, Thorkild I A

Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences

2023 Volume 378, Issue 1885, Page(s) 20220203

Abstract: Obesity in humans represents a cumulative retention of a tiny fraction of total energy intake as fat, which is accompanied by growth of the metabolically active, energy-demanding, lean body mass. Since the energy balance regulation operates irrespective ... ...

Abstract	Obesity in humans represents a cumulative retention of a tiny fraction of total energy intake as fat, which is accompanied by growth of the metabolically active, energy-demanding, lean body mass. Since the energy balance regulation operates irrespective of the excess fat storage, availability of the required energy supplies is a permissive condition for obesity development. It occurs predominantly among people genetically predisposed and/or living with social or mental challenges. I propose a theory in which the body responds to social disruptions as threats of a future lack of food by an adiposity force building a reserve of energy independent of the regulation of the energy balance. It is based on the assumption that our evolutionary development required collaboration in gathering and sharing of food, combined with precautionary measures against anticipated failing food supplies. Social challenges are perceived as such threats, which activate the adiposity force through the brain to instigate the growth of fat and lean mass by neuro-hormonal signalling. If both perceived social threats and food abundance continue, the adiposity force pushes the fat accretion process to continue without inhibition by feedback signals from the fat mass, eventually leading to more obesity, and more so among the genetically predisposed. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Causes of obesity: theories, conjectures and evidence (Part I)'.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Adiposity/physiology ; Obesity/etiology ; Energy Intake/physiology ; Body Composition/physiology ; Signal Transduction ; Energy Metabolism/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-24
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	208382-6
ISSN	1471-2970 ; 0080-4622 ; 0264-3839 ; 0962-8436
ISSN (online)	1471-2970
ISSN	0080-4622 ; 0264-3839 ; 0962-8436
DOI	10.1098/rstb.2022.0203
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Article ; Online: Emergence of the obesity epidemic preceding the presumed obesogenic transformation of the society.

Pedersen, Mads Møller / Ekstrøm, Claus Thorn / Sørensen, Thorkild I A

Science advances

2023 Volume 9, Issue 37, Page(s) eadg6237

Abstract: The obesity epidemic, evolving in many countries since the 1970s, has been attributed to the widespread contemporary so-called obesogenic transformation of the societies, but what preceded the epidemic? Using quantile regression, we studied the trends by ...

Abstract	The obesity epidemic, evolving in many countries since the 1970s, has been attributed to the widespread contemporary so-called obesogenic transformation of the societies, but what preceded the epidemic? Using quantile regression, we studied the trends by year of birth in the percentile distribution of body mass index (BMI = weight/height
MeSH term(s)	Child ; Male ; Humans ; Body Mass Index ; Epidemics ; Obesity/epidemiology ; Obesity/etiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-09-13
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2810933-8
ISSN	2375-2548 ; 2375-2548
ISSN (online)	2375-2548
ISSN	2375-2548
DOI	10.1126/sciadv.adg6237
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Article ; Online: Body weight in childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood in relation to later risk of disabilities and early retirement among Danish female nurses.

Reiband, Hanna Kruse / Klemmensen, Rikke Tannenberg / Rosthøj, Susanne / Sørensen, Thorkild I A / Heitmann, Berit Lilienthal

International journal of obesity (2005)

2024

Abstract: Background: Obesity is now the most common health problem in the younger population in Western societies and obesity rates are higher in lower socioeconomic status (SES) groups. We investigated whether overweight in childhood, independently of ... ...

Abstract	Background: Obesity is now the most common health problem in the younger population in Western societies and obesity rates are higher in lower socioeconomic status (SES) groups. We investigated whether overweight in childhood, independently of overweight in adulthood, influenced adult employment status and later risk of having disabilities. Using data from the Danish Female Nurse Cohort study, we examined associations between overweight in childhood/adolescence, and young adulthood and disabilities and early retirement in later adulthood (>44 years) and whether it was influenced by menopausal age (<or ≥52 years). We analysed data from 10,363 female nurses recruited in 1999, who reported whether they, as children, were larger or of similar weight size as their peers at any age below 13 years, between 13 and 19 years, their weights, and heights at 25 years, their current work situation and whether they had had disabilities for more than 6 months.<br />Results: Our results showed that overweight in childhood, adolescence and young adulthood was associated with an increased risk of disabilities and early retirement. Especially childhood overweight that did not persist into adulthood was associated with an increased risk of disabilities (OR = 1.82, 95% CI = 1.26-2.63) and early retirement (OR = 2.05, 95% CI = 1.38-3.03) in the postmenopausal group. A similar increased risk for disabilities (OR = 1.76, 95% CI = 1.26-2.47) was seen for adolescent overweight that did not persist into adulthood. Conclusion: The results show that in a well-educated population of women, overweight in childhood and/or adolescence had adverse socioeconomic consequences for later risk of disabilities and early retirement irrespective of weight status in adulthood.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-14
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	752409-2
ISSN	1476-5497 ; 0307-0565
ISSN (online)	1476-5497
ISSN	0307-0565
DOI	10.1038/s41366-024-01487-6
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Article ; Online: Changes in adult obesity prevalence in Denmark, 1987-2021: age-period-cohort analysis of nationally representative data.

Schramm, Stine / Sørensen, Thorkild I A / Davidsen, Michael / Tolstrup, Janne S

European journal of public health

2023 Volume 33, Issue 3, Page(s) 463–467

Abstract: Background: During the last decades, the prevalence of obesity [body mass index (BMI): weight/height2), ≥30.00 kg/m2] among adults has increased considerably. We examined whether this increase in a high-income, welfare state, like Denmark was driven by ... ...

Abstract	Background: During the last decades, the prevalence of obesity [body mass index (BMI): weight/height2), ≥30.00 kg/m2] among adults has increased considerably. We examined whether this increase in a high-income, welfare state, like Denmark was driven by age, period or cohort effects, which would inform preventive strategies aiming at reducing the prevalence. Methods: We used data from the National Representative Health and Morbidity Studies, which are representative surveys of the Danish adult population (age 16 years and above), conducted in 1987, 1994, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2013, 2017 and 2021 (N = 91 684). Participants reported height and weight, from which BMI was calculated after correction for systematic bias in self-reported data and non-response. Age, survey year and birth cohorts were mutually adjusted and adjusted for sex in generalized linear models. Results: The obesity prevalence increased from 6.1% in 1987 to 18.4% in 2021, similarly in men (18.8%) and women (18.0%) and in all age groups. Age had an inverted u-shaped effect on the prevalence. Compared with individuals aged 16-24 years, the highest rate of obesity was seen for the age group 55-64 years [rate ratio 3.27, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.58; 4.14]. The increasing rate for each recent survey year over time was compatible with a period effect without any birth cohort effects. The rate for obesity in 2021 was 4.16 in 1987 vs. 1987 (95% CI: 3.10; 5.59). Conclusions: Obesity prevalence in Denmark increased steadily during the period 1987 through 2021, primarily driven by secular changes over time across all ages and birth cohorts.
MeSH term(s)	Male ; Adult ; Humans ; Female ; Prevalence ; Obesity/epidemiology ; Body Mass Index ; Cohort Studies ; Denmark/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-25
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1129243-x
ISSN	1464-360X ; 1101-1262
ISSN (online)	1464-360X
ISSN	1101-1262
DOI	10.1093/eurpub/ckad024
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Article ; Online: Changes in weight status during the COVID-19 pandemic: impact of educational level and mental health.

Rosenkilde, Siri / Sørensen, Thorkild I A / Algren, Maria H / Thygesen, Lau C

European journal of public health

2023 Volume 34, Issue 1, Page(s) 190–195

Abstract: Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a disruption of daily routines and changes in health behaviors leading to widespread concerns about unfavorable changes in weight status and a potential increase in the prevalence of obesity. This study ... ...

Abstract	Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in a disruption of daily routines and changes in health behaviors leading to widespread concerns about unfavorable changes in weight status and a potential increase in the prevalence of obesity. This study examined the long-term impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on changes in weight status and its possible dependency on educational level and mental health. Methods: The study utilizes the Danish Health and Well-being Survey with repeated self-reported information on weight status collected before the COVID-19 pandemic (autumn of 2019) and twice during the pandemic (autumns of 2020 and 2021). Information on educational level was derived from registers, whereas mental health was measured using validated scales. Generalized estimating equations were performed to investigate changes in mean weight and body mass index (BMI) category (BMI < 30 to BMI ≥ 30) between 2019 and 2021 and to investigate potential differences in changes in weight status by pre-pandemic educational level and mental health. Results: Mean weight significantly increased by 0.34 kg [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.16-0.51] in 2020 and by 0.46 kg (95% CI: 0.26-0.66) in 2021 compared with pre-pandemic weight status. The increase was greater among individuals with lower educational levels and poorer mental health. There were no significant changes in BMI category during the pandemic. Conclusion: The results showed a significant increase in mean weight among the Danish population, particularly among individuals with lower educational levels and poorer mental health, but without detectable differences in obesity, supporting a long-term but minor impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on weight status.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Mental Health ; COVID-19 ; Pandemics ; Educational Status ; Obesity/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-14
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1129243-x
ISSN	1464-360X ; 1101-1262
ISSN (online)	1464-360X
ISSN	1101-1262
DOI	10.1093/eurpub/ckad188
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Article ; Online: Do gene-environment interactions have implications for the precision prevention of type 2 diabetes?

Sørensen, Thorkild I A / Metz, Sophia / Kilpeläinen, Tuomas O

Diabetologia

2022 Volume 65, Issue 11, Page(s) 1804–1813

Abstract: The past decades have seen a rapid global rise in the incidence of type 2 diabetes. This surge has been driven by diabetogenic environmental changes that may act together with a genetic predisposition to type 2 diabetes. It is possible that there is a ... ...

Abstract	The past decades have seen a rapid global rise in the incidence of type 2 diabetes. This surge has been driven by diabetogenic environmental changes that may act together with a genetic predisposition to type 2 diabetes. It is possible that there is a synergistic gene-environment interaction, where the effects of the diabetogenic environment depend on the genetic predisposition to type 2 diabetes. Randomised trials have shown that it is possible to delay, or even prevent the development of type 2 diabetes in individuals at elevated risk through behavioural modification, focusing on weight loss, physical activity and diet. There is wide heterogeneity between individuals regarding the effectiveness of these interventions, which could, in part, be due to genetic differences. However, the studies of gene-environment interactions performed thus far suggest that behavioural modifications appear equally effective in reducing the incidence of type 2 diabetes from the stage of impaired glucose tolerance, regardless of the known underlying genetic predisposition. Recent studies suggest that there may be several subtypes of type 2 diabetes, which give new opportunities for gaining insight into gene-environment interactions. At present, the role of gene-environment interactions in the development of type 2 diabetes remains unclear. With many puzzle pieces missing in the general picture of type 2 diabetes development, the available evidence of gene-environment interactions is not ready for translation to individualised type 2 diabetes prevention based on genetic profiling.
MeSH term(s)	Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/epidemiology ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/prevention & control ; Exercise ; Gene-Environment Interaction ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Humans ; Life Style ; Weight Loss
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-07
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	1694-9
ISSN	1432-0428 ; 0012-186X
ISSN (online)	1432-0428
ISSN	0012-186X
DOI	10.1007/s00125-021-05639-5
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Article ; Online: An integrated model of obesity pathogenesis that revisits causal direction.

Ludwig, David S / Sørensen, Thorkild I A

Nature reviews. Endocrinology

2022 Volume 18, Issue 5, Page(s) 261–262

MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Obesity/epidemiology ; Retrospective Studies ; Time Factors
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-02-08
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2489381-X
ISSN	1759-5037 ; 1759-5029
ISSN (online)	1759-5037
ISSN	1759-5029
DOI	10.1038/s41574-022-00635-0
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Article ; Online: [No title information]

Sørensen, Thorkild I A

Ugeskrift for laeger

2018 Volume 180, Issue 24

Title translation	Godkendelse af personlig medicin.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Precision Medicine/standards ; United States ; United States Food and Drug Administration
Language	Danish
Publishing date	2018-06-11
Publishing country	Denmark
Document type	Editorial
ZDB-ID	124102-3
ISSN	1603-6824 ; 0041-5782
ISSN (online)	1603-6824
ISSN	0041-5782
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Article ; Online: From fat cells through an obesity theory.

Sørensen, Thorkild I A

European journal of clinical nutrition

2018 Volume 72, Issue 10, Page(s) 1329–1335

MeSH term(s)	Adipocytes/metabolism ; Adipose Tissue/cytology ; Adipose Tissue/metabolism ; Biomedical Research/history ; Denmark ; History, 20th Century ; History, 21st Century ; Humans ; Obesity/etiology ; Obesity/history ; Obesity/metabolism
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-03-13
Publishing country	England
Document type	Autobiography ; Historical Article ; Journal Article ; Portrait
ZDB-ID	639358-5
ISSN	1476-5640 ; 0954-3007
ISSN (online)	1476-5640
ISSN	0954-3007
DOI	10.1038/s41430-018-0100-7
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Article ; Online: The social origins of obesity within and across generations

Hemmingsson, Erik / Nowicka, Paulina / Ulijaszek, Stanley / Sørensen, Thorkild I. A.

Obesity Reviews. 2023 Jan., v. 24, no. 1 p.e13514-

2023

Abstract: We propose a model for obesity development that traces a considerable part of its origins to the social domain (mainly different forms of prolonged social adversity), both within and across generations, working in tandem with a genetic predisposition. To ...

Abstract	We propose a model for obesity development that traces a considerable part of its origins to the social domain (mainly different forms of prolonged social adversity), both within and across generations, working in tandem with a genetic predisposition. To facilitate overview of social pathways, we place particular focus on three areas that form a cascading sequence: (A) social adversity within the family (parents having a low education, a low social position, poverty and financial insecurity; offspring being exposed to gestational stress, unmet social and emotional needs, abuse, maltreatment and other negative life events, social deprivation and relationship discord); (B) increasing levels of insecurity, negative emotions, chronic stress, and a disruption of energy homeostasis; and (C) weight gain and obesity, eliciting further social stress and weight stigma in both generations. Social adversity, when combined with genetic predisposition, thereby substantially contributes to highly effective transmission of obesity from parents to offspring, as well as to obesity development within current generations. Prevention efforts may benefit from mitigating multiple types of social adversity in individuals, families, and communities, notably poverty and financial strain, and by improving education levels.
Keywords	energy ; genetic predisposition to disease ; homeostasis ; low educational status ; models ; obesity ; poverty ; progeny ; psychosocial factors ; stigma ; weight gain
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-01
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	REVIEW
ZDB-ID	2147980-X
ISSN	1467-789X ; 1467-7881
ISSN (online)	1467-789X
ISSN	1467-7881
DOI	10.1111/obr.13514
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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