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  1. AU="Sadowski, Peter"
  2. AU="Noguera, Austin"
  3. AU="Daigneault, Tina"
  4. AU="Flores-Martínez, José Juan"
  5. AU="Gan, Yu-Ling"
  6. AU=Banno Asoka AU=Banno Asoka
  7. AU="Bertolin, Kalyne"
  8. AU="Rising, James A"
  9. AU="Jackson Voelkel"
  10. AU="Arias, Marisa"
  11. AU="Le, Uyen Nguyen Phuong"
  12. AU="Shim, Yun M"
  13. AU="Ngan, Hau Lan"
  14. AU="Shah, Fawad Ali"
  15. AU="Rodriguez Chinesta, J M"
  16. AU="Reddy, Avril"
  17. AU="Vachani, Anil"
  18. AU="Lofland, Gabriela"
  19. AU="Zou, Xiaoyan"
  20. AU="Norhafizah Bt Sahril"

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  1. Buch: Der mündige Trinker

    Sadowski, Peter

    Selbstmanagement-Therapie für Alkoholkranke

    2007  

    Verfasserangabe Peter Sadowski
    Schlagwörter Alkoholismus ; Selbstmanagement-Therapie
    Schlagwörter Alkoholabhängigkeit ; Trunksucht ; Alkoholbedingte Krankheit ; Alkoholkrankheit ; Alkoholsucht ; Alkohol
    Thema/Rubrik (Code) 616.8610651
    Sprache Deutsch
    Umfang 196 S., graph. Darst., 24 cm
    Verlag Dgvt-Verl
    Erscheinungsort Tübingen
    Erscheinungsland Deutschland
    Dokumenttyp Buch
    HBZ-ID HT015447497
    ISBN 978-3-87159-066-5 ; 3-87159-066-5
    Datenquelle Katalog ZB MED Medizin, Gesundheit

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  2. Artikel: Performance of Progressive Generations of GPT on an Exam Designed for Certifying Physicians as Certified Clinical Densitometrists.

    Valdez, Dustin / Bunnell, Arianna / Lim, Sian Y / Sadowski, Peter / Shepherd, John A

    Journal of clinical densitometry : the official journal of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry

    2024  Band 27, Heft 2, Seite(n) 101480

    Abstract: Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT have demonstrated the ability to pass standardized exams. These models are not trained for a specific task, but instead trained to predict sequences of text from large ...

    Abstract Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) large language models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT have demonstrated the ability to pass standardized exams. These models are not trained for a specific task, but instead trained to predict sequences of text from large corpora of documents sourced from the internet. It has been shown that even models trained on this general task can pass exams in a variety of domain-specific fields, including the United States Medical Licensing Examination. We asked if large language models would perform as well on a much narrower subdomain tests designed for medical specialists. Furthermore, we wanted to better understand how progressive generations of GPT (generative pre-trained transformer) models may be evolving in the completeness and sophistication of their responses even while generational training remains general. In this study, we evaluated the performance of two versions of GPT (GPT 3 and 4) on their ability to pass the certification exam given to physicians to work as osteoporosis specialists and become a certified clinical densitometrists. The CCD exam has a possible score range of 150 to 400. To pass, you need a score of 300.
    Methods: A 100-question multiple-choice practice exam was obtained from a 3rd party exam preparation website that mimics the accredited certification tests given by the ISCD (International Society for Clinical Densitometry). The exam was administered to two versions of GPT, the free version (GPT Playground) and ChatGPT+, which are based on GPT-3 and GPT-4, respectively (OpenAI, San Francisco, CA). The systems were prompted with the exam questions verbatim. If the response was purely textual and did not specify which of the multiple-choice answers to select, the authors matched the text to the closest answer. Each exam was graded and an estimated ISCD score was provided from the exam website. In addition, each response was evaluated by a rheumatologist CCD and ranked for accuracy using a 5-level scale. The two GPT versions were compared in terms of response accuracy and length.
    Results: The average response length was 11.6 ±19 words for GPT-3 and 50.0±43.6 words for GPT-4. GPT-3 answered 62 questions correctly resulting in a failing ISCD score of 289. However, GPT-4 answered 82 questions correctly with a passing score of 342. GPT-3 scored highest on the "Overview of Low Bone Mass and Osteoporosis" category (72 % correct) while GPT-4 scored well above 80 % accuracy on all categories except "Imaging Technology in Bone Health" (65 % correct). Regarding subjective accuracy, GPT-3 answered 23 questions with nonsensical or totally wrong responses while GPT-4 had no responses in that category.
    Conclusion: If this had been an actual certification exam, GPT-4 would now have a CCD suffix to its name even after being trained using general internet knowledge. Clearly, more goes into physician training than can be captured in this exam. However, GPT algorithms may prove to be valuable physician aids in the diagnoses and monitoring of osteoporosis and other diseases.
    Mesh-Begriff(e) Humans ; Certification ; Artificial Intelligence ; Osteoporosis/diagnosis ; Clinical Competence ; Educational Measurement/methods ; United States
    Sprache Englisch
    Erscheinungsdatum 2024-02-17
    Erscheinungsland United States
    Dokumenttyp Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2040951-5
    ISSN 1094-6950
    ISSN 1094-6950
    DOI 10.1016/j.jocd.2024.101480
    Datenquelle MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Buch ; Online: Diffusion Models for High-Resolution Solar Forecasts

    Hatanaka, Yusuke / Glaser, Yannik / Galgon, Geoff / Torri, Giuseppe / Sadowski, Peter

    2023  

    Abstract: Forecasting future weather and climate is inherently difficult. Machine learning offers new approaches to increase the accuracy and computational efficiency of forecasts, but current methods are unable to accurately model uncertainty in high-dimensional ... ...

    Abstract Forecasting future weather and climate is inherently difficult. Machine learning offers new approaches to increase the accuracy and computational efficiency of forecasts, but current methods are unable to accurately model uncertainty in high-dimensional predictions. Score-based diffusion models offer a new approach to modeling probability distributions over many dependent variables, and in this work, we demonstrate how they provide probabilistic forecasts of weather and climate variables at unprecedented resolution, speed, and accuracy. We apply the technique to day-ahead solar irradiance forecasts by generating many samples from a diffusion model trained to super-resolve coarse-resolution numerical weather predictions to high-resolution weather satellite observations.
    Schlagwörter Computer Science - Machine Learning ; Physics - Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics
    Erscheinungsdatum 2023-01-31
    Erscheinungsland us
    Dokumenttyp Buch ; Online
    Datenquelle BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (Lebenswissenschaftliche Auswahl)

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  4. Artikel ; Online: Oral to subcutaneous methotrexate dose-conversion strategy in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.

    Schiff, Michael H / Sadowski, Peter

    Rheumatology international

    2017  Band 37, Heft 2, Seite(n) 213–218

    Abstract: Both the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) and European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) guidelines recommend the use of methotrexate (MTX) for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) when there is no contraindication. While MTX is the ... ...

    Abstract Both the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) and European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) guidelines recommend the use of methotrexate (MTX) for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) when there is no contraindication. While MTX is the foundation of RA therapy (Singh et al. in Arthritis Care Res 64:625-639,2012), absorption saturation compromises its oral bioavailability (BA). Differences in the relative BA of oral versus subcutaneous (SC) MTX demonstrate the need for guidance on successful dose-conversion strategies. This study was designed to compare MTX PK profiles as a result of MTX administration via three different treatment administrations: oral, SC MTX administered via an auto-injector (MTXAI) into the abdomen (MTXAI
    Mesh-Begriff(e) Administration, Oral ; Aged ; Antirheumatic Agents/administration & dosage ; Antirheumatic Agents/therapeutic use ; Arthritis, Rheumatoid/drug therapy ; Cross-Over Studies ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Female ; Humans ; Injections, Subcutaneous ; Male ; Methotrexate/administration & dosage ; Methotrexate/therapeutic use ; Middle Aged ; Treatment Outcome
    Chemische Substanzen Antirheumatic Agents ; Methotrexate (YL5FZ2Y5U1)
    Sprache Englisch
    Erscheinungsdatum 2017-02
    Erscheinungsland Germany
    Dokumenttyp Journal Article ; Multicenter Study ; Randomized Controlled Trial
    ZDB-ID 8286-7
    ISSN 1437-160X ; 0172-8172
    ISSN (online) 1437-160X
    ISSN 0172-8172
    DOI 10.1007/s00296-016-3621-1
    Datenquelle MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Buch ; Online: Tourbillon

    Tavakoli, Mohammadamin / Baldi, Pierre / Sadowski, Peter

    a Physically Plausible Neural Architecture

    2021  

    Abstract: In a physical neural system, backpropagation is faced with a number of obstacles including: the need for labeled data, the violation of the locality learning principle, the need for symmetric connections, and the lack of modularity. Tourbillon is a new ... ...

    Abstract In a physical neural system, backpropagation is faced with a number of obstacles including: the need for labeled data, the violation of the locality learning principle, the need for symmetric connections, and the lack of modularity. Tourbillon is a new architecture that addresses all these limitations. At its core, it consists of a stack of circular autoencoders followed by an output layer. The circular autoencoders are trained in self-supervised mode by recirculation algorithms and the top layer in supervised mode by stochastic gradient descent, with the option of propagating error information through the entire stack using non-symmetric connections. While the Tourbillon architecture is meant primarily to address physical constraints, and not to improve current engineering applications of deep learning, we demonstrate its viability on standard benchmark datasets including MNIST, Fashion MNIST, and CIFAR10. We show that Tourbillon can achieve comparable performance to models trained with backpropagation and outperform models that are trained with other physically plausible algorithms, such as feedback alignment.
    Schlagwörter Computer Science - Machine Learning ; Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence
    Thema/Rubrik (Code) 006
    Erscheinungsdatum 2021-07-13
    Erscheinungsland us
    Dokumenttyp Buch ; Online
    Datenquelle BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (Lebenswissenschaftliche Auswahl)

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  6. Artikel ; Online: Generative deep learning furthers the understanding of local distributions of fat and muscle on body shape and health using 3D surface scans.

    Leong, Lambert T / Wong, Michael C / Liu, Yong E / Glaser, Yannik / Quon, Brandon K / Kelly, Nisa N / Cataldi, Devon / Sadowski, Peter / Heymsfield, Steven B / Shepherd, John A

    Communications medicine

    2024  Band 4, Heft 1, Seite(n) 13

    Abstract: Background: Body shape, an intuitive health indicator, is deterministically driven by body composition. We developed and validated a deep learning model that generates accurate dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans from three-dimensional optical ... ...

    Abstract Background: Body shape, an intuitive health indicator, is deterministically driven by body composition. We developed and validated a deep learning model that generates accurate dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans from three-dimensional optical body scans (3DO), enabling compositional analysis of the whole body and specified subregions. Previous works on generative medical imaging models lack quantitative validation and only report quality metrics.
    Methods: Our model was self-supervised pretrained on two large clinical DXA datasets and fine-tuned using the Shape Up! Adults study dataset. Model-predicted scans from a holdout test set were evaluated using clinical commercial DXA software for compositional accuracy.
    Results: Predicted DXA scans achieve R
    Conclusions: This work highlights the potential of generative models in medical imaging and reinforces the importance of quantitative validation for assessing their clinical utility.
    Sprache Englisch
    Erscheinungsdatum 2024-01-30
    Erscheinungsland England
    Dokumenttyp Journal Article
    ISSN 2730-664X
    ISSN (online) 2730-664X
    DOI 10.1038/s43856-024-00434-w
    Datenquelle MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Artikel ; Online: A theory of local learning, the learning channel, and the optimality of backpropagation.

    Baldi, Pierre / Sadowski, Peter

    Neural networks : the official journal of the International Neural Network Society

    2016  Band 83, Seite(n) 51–74

    Abstract: In a physical neural system, where storage and processing are intimately intertwined, the rules for adjusting the synaptic weights can only depend on variables that are available locally, such as the activity of the pre- and post-synaptic neurons, ... ...

    Abstract In a physical neural system, where storage and processing are intimately intertwined, the rules for adjusting the synaptic weights can only depend on variables that are available locally, such as the activity of the pre- and post-synaptic neurons, resulting in local learning rules. A systematic framework for studying the space of local learning rules is obtained by first specifying the nature of the local variables, and then the functional form that ties them together into each learning rule. Such a framework enables also the systematic discovery of new learning rules and exploration of relationships between learning rules and group symmetries. We study polynomial local learning rules stratified by their degree and analyze their behavior and capabilities in both linear and non-linear units and networks. Stacking local learning rules in deep feedforward networks leads to deep local learning. While deep local learning can learn interesting representations, it cannot learn complex input-output functions, even when targets are available for the top layer. Learning complex input-output functions requires local deep learning where target information is communicated to the deep layers through a backward learning channel. The nature of the communicated information about the targets and the structure of the learning channel partition the space of learning algorithms. For any learning algorithm, the capacity of the learning channel can be defined as the number of bits provided about the error gradient per weight, divided by the number of required operations per weight. We estimate the capacity associated with several learning algorithms and show that backpropagation outperforms them by simultaneously maximizing the information rate and minimizing the computational cost. This result is also shown to be true for recurrent networks, by unfolding them in time. The theory clarifies the concept of Hebbian learning, establishes the power and limitations of local learning rules, introduces the learning channel which enables a formal analysis of the optimality of backpropagation, and explains the sparsity of the space of learning rules discovered so far.
    Mesh-Begriff(e) Algorithms ; Feedback ; Machine Learning ; Neural Networks (Computer)
    Sprache Englisch
    Erscheinungsdatum 2016-11
    Erscheinungsland United States
    Dokumenttyp Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 740542-x
    ISSN 1879-2782 ; 0893-6080
    ISSN (online) 1879-2782
    ISSN 0893-6080
    DOI 10.1016/j.neunet.2016.07.006
    Datenquelle MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Artikel: Learning in the Machine: Random Backpropagation and the Deep Learning Channel.

    Baldi, Pierre / Sadowski, Peter / Lu, Zhiqin

    Artificial intelligence

    2018  Band 260, Seite(n) 1–35

    Abstract: Random backpropagation (RBP) is a variant of the backpropagation algorithm for training neural networks, where the transpose of the forward matrices are replaced by fixed random matrices in the calculation of the weight updates. It is remarkable both ... ...

    Abstract Random backpropagation (RBP) is a variant of the backpropagation algorithm for training neural networks, where the transpose of the forward matrices are replaced by fixed random matrices in the calculation of the weight updates. It is remarkable both because of its effectiveness, in spite of using random matrices to communicate error information, and because it completely removes the taxing requirement of maintaining symmetric weights in a physical neural system. To better understand random backpropagation, we first connect it to the notions of local learning and learning channels. Through this connection, we derive several alternatives to RBP, including skipped RBP (SRPB), adaptive RBP (ARBP), sparse RBP, and their combinations (e.g. ASRBP) and analyze their computational complexity. We then study their behavior through simulations using the MNIST and CIFAR-10 bechnmark datasets. These simulations show that most of these variants work robustly, almost as well as backpropagation, and that multiplication by the derivatives of the activation functions is important. As a follow-up, we study also the low-end of the number of bits required to communicate error information over the learning channel. We then provide partial intuitive explanations for some of the remarkable properties of RBP and its variations. Finally, we prove several mathematical results, including the convergence to fixed points of linear chains of arbitrary length, the convergence to fixed points of linear autoencoders with decorrelated data, the long-term existence of solutions for linear systems with a single hidden layer and convergence in special cases, and the convergence to fixed points of non-linear chains, when the derivative of the activation functions is included.
    Sprache Englisch
    Erscheinungsdatum 2018-04-03
    Erscheinungsland Netherlands
    Dokumenttyp Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1468341-6
    ISSN 0004-3702
    ISSN 0004-3702
    DOI 10.1016/j.artint.2018.03.003
    Datenquelle MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Artikel ; Online: Deep learning predicts all-cause mortality from longitudinal total-body DXA imaging.

    Glaser, Yannik / Shepherd, John / Leong, Lambert / Wolfgruber, Thomas / Lui, Li-Yung / Sadowski, Peter / Cummings, Steven R

    Communications medicine

    2022  Band 2, Seite(n) 102

    Abstract: Background: Mortality research has identified biomarkers predictive of all-cause mortality risk. Most of these markers, such as body mass index, are predictive cross-sectionally, while for others the longitudinal change has been shown to be predictive, ... ...

    Abstract Background: Mortality research has identified biomarkers predictive of all-cause mortality risk. Most of these markers, such as body mass index, are predictive cross-sectionally, while for others the longitudinal change has been shown to be predictive, for instance greater-than-average muscle and weight loss in older adults. And while sometimes markers are derived from imaging modalities such as DXA, full scans are rarely used. This study builds on that knowledge and tests two hypotheses to improve all-cause mortality prediction. The first hypothesis is that features derived from raw total-body DXA imaging using deep learning are predictive of all-cause mortality with and without clinical risk factors, meanwhile, the second hypothesis states that sequential total-body DXA scans and recurrent neural network models outperform comparable models using only one observation with and without clinical risk factors.
    Methods: Multiple deep neural network architectures were designed to test theses hypotheses. The models were trained and evaluated on data from the 16-year-long Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study including over 15,000 scans from over 3000 older, multi-race male and female adults. This study further used explainable AI techniques to interpret the predictions and evaluate the contribution of different inputs.
    Results: The results demonstrate that longitudinal total-body DXA scans are predictive of all-cause mortality and improve performance of traditional mortality prediction models. On a held-out test set, the strongest model achieves an area under the receiver operator characteristic curve of 0.79.
    Conclusion: This study demonstrates the efficacy of deep learning for the analysis of DXA medical imaging in a cross-sectional and longitudinal setting. By analyzing the trained deep learning models, this work also sheds light on what constitutes healthy aging in a diverse cohort.
    Sprache Englisch
    Erscheinungsdatum 2022-08-16
    Erscheinungsland England
    Dokumenttyp Journal Article
    ISSN 2730-664X
    ISSN (online) 2730-664X
    DOI 10.1038/s43856-022-00166-9
    Datenquelle MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Artikel ; Online: Learning in the machine: The symmetries of the deep learning channel.

    Baldi, Pierre / Sadowski, Peter / Lu, Zhiqin

    Neural networks : the official journal of the International Neural Network Society

    2017  Band 95, Seite(n) 110–133

    Abstract: In a physical neural system, learning rules must be local both in space and time. In order for learning to occur, non-local information must be communicated to the deep synapses through a communication channel, the deep learning channel. We identify ... ...

    Abstract In a physical neural system, learning rules must be local both in space and time. In order for learning to occur, non-local information must be communicated to the deep synapses through a communication channel, the deep learning channel. We identify several possible architectures for this learning channel (Bidirectional, Conjoined, Twin, Distinct) and six symmetry challenges: (1) symmetry of architectures; (2) symmetry of weights; (3) symmetry of neurons; (4) symmetry of derivatives; (5) symmetry of processing; and (6) symmetry of learning rules. Random backpropagation (RBP) addresses the second and third symmetry, and some of its variations, such as skipped RBP (SRBP) address the first and the fourth symmetry. Here we address the last two desirable symmetries showing through simulations that they can be achieved and that the learning channel is particularly robust to symmetry variations. Specifically, random backpropagation and its variations can be performed with the same non-linear neurons used in the main input-output forward channel, and the connections in the learning channel can be adapted using the same algorithm used in the forward channel, removing the need for any specialized hardware in the learning channel. Finally, we provide mathematical results in simple cases showing that the learning equations in the forward and backward channels converge to fixed points, for almost any initial conditions. In symmetric architectures, if the weights in both channels are small at initialization, adaptation in both channels leads to weights that are essentially symmetric during and after learning. Biological connections are discussed.
    Sprache Englisch
    Erscheinungsdatum 2017-11
    Erscheinungsland United States
    Dokumenttyp Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 740542-x
    ISSN 1879-2782 ; 0893-6080
    ISSN (online) 1879-2782
    ISSN 0893-6080
    DOI 10.1016/j.neunet.2017.08.008
    Datenquelle MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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