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Article ; Online: Detection of Porcine Deltacoronavirus RNA in the Upper and Lower Respiratory Tract and Biliary Fluid and the Effect of Infection on Serum Cholesterol Levels and Blood T Cell Population Frequencies in Gnotobiotic Piglets.

Bedsted, Amalie Ehlers / Jung, Kwonil / Saif, Linda J

2023 Volume 10, Issue 2

Abstract: Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) was first identified approximately a decade ago, but much is still obscure in terms of its pathogenesis. We aimed to further characterize PDCoV infection by investigating the presence of virus in respiratory and biliary ... ...

Abstract	Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) was first identified approximately a decade ago, but much is still obscure in terms of its pathogenesis. We aimed to further characterize PDCoV infection by investigating the presence of virus in respiratory and biliary tissues or fluids; T cell population frequencies in blood; and altered serum cholesterol levels. Twelve, 6-day-old, gnotobiotic piglets were inoculated oronasally with PDCoV OH-FD22 (2.6 × 10
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-04
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2768971-2
ISSN	2306-7381 ; 2306-7381
ISSN (online)	2306-7381
ISSN	2306-7381
DOI	10.3390/vetsci10020117
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Article ; Online: Bovine Immunology: Implications for Dairy Cattle.

Vlasova, Anastasia N / Saif, Linda J

Frontiers in immunology

2021 Volume 12, Page(s) 643206

Abstract: The growing world population (7.8 billion) exerts an increased pressure on the cattle industry amongst others. Intensification and expansion of milk and beef production inevitably leads to increased risk of infectious disease spread and exacerbation. ... ...

Abstract	The growing world population (7.8 billion) exerts an increased pressure on the cattle industry amongst others. Intensification and expansion of milk and beef production inevitably leads to increased risk of infectious disease spread and exacerbation. This indicates that improved understanding of cattle immune function is needed to provide optimal tools to combat the existing and future pathogens and improve food security. While dairy and beef cattle production is easily the world's most important agricultural industry, there are few current comprehensive reviews of bovine immunobiology. High-yielding dairy cattle and their calves are more vulnerable to various diseases leading to shorter life expectancy and reduced environmental fitness. In this manuscript, we seek to fill this paucity of knowledge and provide an up-to-date overview of immune function in cattle emphasizing the unresolved challenges and most urgent needs in rearing dairy calves. We will also discuss how the combination of available preventative and treatment strategies and herd management practices can maintain optimal health in dairy cows during the transition (periparturient) period and in neonatal calves.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Cattle/immunology ; Cattle Diseases/immunology ; Female ; Male
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-06-29
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2606827-8
ISSN	1664-3224 ; 1664-3224
ISSN (online)	1664-3224
ISSN	1664-3224
DOI	10.3389/fimmu.2021.643206
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Article: Bovine Coronavirus and the Associated Diseases.

Vlasova, Anastasia N / Saif, Linda J

Frontiers in veterinary science

2021 Volume 8, Page(s) 643220

Abstract: Coronaviruses (CoVs) possess the largest and most complex RNA genome (up to 32 kb) that encodes for 16 non-structural proteins regulating RNA synthesis and modification. Coronaviruses are known to infect a wide range of mammalian and avian species ... ...

Abstract	Coronaviruses (CoVs) possess the largest and most complex RNA genome (up to 32 kb) that encodes for 16 non-structural proteins regulating RNA synthesis and modification. Coronaviruses are known to infect a wide range of mammalian and avian species causing remarkably diverse disease syndromes. Variable tissue tropism and the ability to easily cross interspecies barriers are the well-known characteristics of certain CoVs. The 21st century epidemics of severe acute respiratory CoV (SARS-CoV), Middle East respiratory CoV and the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic further highlight these characteristics and emphasize the relevance of CoVs to the global public health. Bovine CoVs (BCoVs) are betacoronaviruses associated with neonatal calf diarrhea, and with winter dysentery and shipping fever in older cattle. Of interest, no distinct genetic or antigenic markers have been identified in BCoVs associated with these distinct clinical syndromes. In contrast, like other CoVs, BCoVs exist as quasispecies. Besides cattle, BCoVs and bovine-like CoVs were identified in various domestic and wild ruminant species (water buffalo, sheep, goat, dromedary camel, llama, alpaca, deer, wild cattle, antelopes, giraffes, and wild goats), dogs and humans. Surprisingly, bovine-like CoVs also cannot be reliably distinguished from BCoVs using comparative genomics. Additionally, there are historical examples of zoonotic transmission of BCoVs. This article will discuss BCoV pathogenesis, epidemiology, interspecies transmission, immune responses, vaccines, and diagnostics.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-31
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2834243-4
ISSN	2297-1769
ISSN	2297-1769
DOI	10.3389/fvets.2021.643220
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Article ; Online: Replication of porcine deltacoronavirus is limited in the gastrointestinal tract of neonatal piglets co-infected simultaneously or 16 hours prior with virulent porcine epidemic diarrhea virus.

Jung, Kwonil / Saif, Linda J

Veterinary microbiology

2021 Volume 261, Page(s) 109206

Abstract: Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) cause acute diarrhea/vomiting in neonatal pigs and share similar tissue or cellular tropisms in the gastrointestinal tract. We investigated if or how these two swine enteric ... ...

Abstract	Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) cause acute diarrhea/vomiting in neonatal pigs and share similar tissue or cellular tropisms in the gastrointestinal tract. We investigated if or how these two swine enteric coronaviruses interact with each other in gnotobiotic (Gn) piglets. Seventeen 9-10-day-old Gn piglets were randomly assigned to 5 groups and inoculated with PEDV strain PC21A [9.3 log
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Coinfection/veterinary ; Coinfection/virology ; Deltacoronavirus/physiology ; Gastrointestinal Tract/virology ; Microbial Interactions/physiology ; Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus/physiology ; Random Allocation ; Swine ; Swine Diseases/virology ; Virus Replication
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-08-12
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	753154-0
ISSN	1873-2542 ; 0378-1135
ISSN (online)	1873-2542
ISSN	0378-1135
DOI	10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109206
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Article: Replication of porcine deltacoronavirus is limited in the gastrointestinal tract of neonatal piglets co-infected simultaneously or 16 hours prior with virulent porcine epidemic diarrhea virus

Jung, Kwonil / Saif, Linda J.

Veterinary microbiology. 2021 Oct., v. 261

2021

Abstract	Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) and porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) cause acute diarrhea/vomiting in neonatal pigs and share similar tissue or cellular tropisms in the gastrointestinal tract. We investigated if or how these two swine enteric coronaviruses interact with each other in gnotobiotic (Gn) piglets. Seventeen 9−10-day-old Gn piglets were randomly assigned to 5 groups and inoculated with PEDV strain PC21A [9.3 log₁₀ genomic equivalents (GE)/pig] and/or PDCoV strain OH-FD22 (8.6 log₁₀ GE/pig) as follows: dually with PEDV and PDCoV [16 h later (n = 4) or simultaneously (n = 3)] or singly with PEDV (n = 4), PDCoV (n = 4), or mock (n = 3). No enhanced clinical disease or fecal PEDV shedding were observed in dually inoculated pigs compared with PEDV or PDCoV singly inoculated pigs, coinciding with no significant differences in jejunal VH:CD ratios and PEDV antigen-positive scores at post-inoculation days (PIDs) 3–4 among the groups. These observations indicate no increased severity of PEDV infectivity by PDCoV co-infection. Notably, compared with PDCoV singly inoculated pigs, low to moderate fecal PDCoV RNA titers were detected only at PID 1 in both dually inoculated pig groups. At PIDs 2–4, however, there was no detectable PDCoV RNA in the feces, coinciding with no or few PDCoV antigen-positive cells in the small and large intestine of the dually inoculated pigs at PIDs 3–4. These observations indicate a possible interference or inhibition of PDCoV replication in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs co-infected with PEDV and may influence PDCoV infection in PEDV co-infected pigs.
Keywords	Porcine deltacoronaviruses ; Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus ; RNA ; diarrhea ; digestive tract ; feces ; genomics ; germ-free animals ; jejunum ; large intestine ; microbiology ; mixed infection ; virulence
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-10
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	753154-0
ISSN	1873-2542 ; 0378-1135
ISSN (online)	1873-2542
ISSN	0378-1135
DOI	10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109206
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Intestinal colonization with Escherichia fergusonii enhances infectivity of GII.12 human norovirus in gnotobiotic pigs.

Jung, Kwonil / Wang, Qiuhong / Chang, Kyeong-Ok / Saif, Linda J

Virus research

2023 Volume 336, Page(s) 199219

Abstract: The role of gut microbiota [especially, histo-blood group antigen (HBGA)-expressing bacteria] in influencing human norovirus (HuNoV) infections is unclear. We investigated if infectivity of GII.12 HuNoV in gnotobiotic (Gn) pigs is altered by intestinal ... ...

Abstract	The role of gut microbiota [especially, histo-blood group antigen (HBGA)-expressing bacteria] in influencing human norovirus (HuNoV) infections is unclear. We investigated if infectivity of GII.12 HuNoV in gnotobiotic (Gn) pigs is altered by intestinal colonization with Escherichia fergusonii known to express HBGA A and H on their cell surface. Fifteen piglets were randomly grouped: (1) E. fergusonii + HuNoV (n = 6), (2) HuNoV alone (n = 6), and (3) Mock-inoculated (n = 3). Pigs (8-11-day-old) were inoculated orally with GII.12 HuNoV strain HS206 (9.5 log
MeSH term(s)	Swine ; Humans ; Animals ; Norovirus/genetics ; Intestines ; Blood Group Antigens/metabolism ; Germ-Free Life ; RNA
Chemical Substances	Blood Group Antigens ; RNA (63231-63-0)
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-09-11
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	605780-9
ISSN	1872-7492 ; 0168-1702
ISSN (online)	1872-7492
ISSN	0168-1702
DOI	10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199219
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Article ; Online: Emerging Viruses without Borders: The Wuhan Coronavirus.

Liu, Shan-Lu / Saif, Linda

Viruses

2020 Volume 12, Issue 2

Abstract: The recently emerged coronavirus in Wuhan, China has claimed at least two lives as of January 17 and infected hundreds if not thousands of individuals. The situation has drawn international attention, including from the virology community. We applaud the ...

Abstract	The recently emerged coronavirus in Wuhan, China has claimed at least two lives as of January 17 and infected hundreds if not thousands of individuals. The situation has drawn international attention, including from the virology community. We applaud the rapid release to the public of the genome sequence of the new virus by Chinese virologists, but we also believe that increased transparency on disease reporting and data sharing with international colleagues are crucial for curbing the spread of this newly emerging virus to other parts of the world.
MeSH term(s)	Betacoronavirus/genetics ; COVID-19 ; China/epidemiology ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging/epidemiology ; Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology ; Coronavirus Infections/virology ; Genome, Viral ; Humans ; Information Dissemination ; International Cooperation ; Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology ; Pneumonia, Viral/virology ; SARS-CoV-2
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-01-22
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Editorial
ZDB-ID	2516098-9
ISSN	1999-4915 ; 1999-4915
ISSN (online)	1999-4915
ISSN	1999-4915
DOI	10.3390/v12020130
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Article ; Online: Comparative Pathogenesis of Bovine and Porcine Respiratory Coronaviruses in the Animal Host Species and SARS-CoV-2 in Humans.

Saif, Linda J / Jung, Kwonil

Journal of clinical microbiology

2020 Volume 58, Issue 8

Abstract: Discovery of bats with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-related coronaviruses (CoVs) raised the specter of potential future outbreaks of zoonotic SARS-CoV-like disease in humans, which largely went unheeded. Nevertheless, the novel SARS-CoV-2 of ... ...

Abstract	Discovery of bats with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-related coronaviruses (CoVs) raised the specter of potential future outbreaks of zoonotic SARS-CoV-like disease in humans, which largely went unheeded. Nevertheless, the novel SARS-CoV-2 of bat ancestral origin emerged to infect humans in Wuhan, China, in late 2019 and then became a global pandemic. Less than 5 months after its emergence, millions of people worldwide have been infected asymptomatically or symptomatically and at least 360,000 have died. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in severely affected patients includes atypical pneumonia characterized by a dry cough, persistent fever, and progressive dyspnea and hypoxia, sometimes accompanied by diarrhea and often followed by multiple organ failure, especially of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems. In this minireview, we focus on two endemic respiratory CoV infections of livestock: bovine coronavirus (BCoV) and porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV). Both animal respiratory CoVs share some common features with SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. BCoV has a broad host range including wild ruminants and a zoonotic potential. BCoV also has a dual tropism for the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. These aspects, their interspecies transmission, and certain factors that impact disease severity in cattle parallel related facets of SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 in humans. PRCV has a tissue tropism for the upper and lower respiratory tracts and a cellular tropism for type 1 and 2 pneumocytes in lung but is generally a mild infection unless complicated by other exacerbating factors, such as bacterial or viral coinfections and immunosuppression (corticosteroids).
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Betacoronavirus/growth & development ; Betacoronavirus/pathogenicity ; COVID-19 ; Cattle ; Cattle Diseases/pathology ; Cattle Diseases/physiopathology ; Cattle Diseases/virology ; Coronavirus Infections/pathology ; Coronavirus Infections/physiopathology ; Coronavirus Infections/veterinary ; Coronavirus, Bovine/growth & development ; Coronavirus, Bovine/pathogenicity ; Host Specificity ; Humans ; Pandemics ; Pneumonia, Viral/pathology ; Pneumonia, Viral/physiopathology ; Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus/growth & development ; Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus/pathogenicity ; Respiratory Tract Infections/pathology ; Respiratory Tract Infections/physiopathology ; Respiratory Tract Infections/veterinary ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Swine ; Swine Diseases/pathology ; Swine Diseases/physiopathology ; Swine Diseases/virology ; Viral Tropism
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-07-23
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Comparative Study ; Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	390499-4
ISSN	1098-660X ; 0095-1137
ISSN (online)	1098-660X
ISSN	0095-1137
DOI	10.1128/JCM.01355-20
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Article ; Online: Anti-rotavirus Properties and Mechanisms of Selected Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Probiotics on Polarized Human Colonic (HT-29) Cells

Kumar, Anand / Helmy, Yosra A. / Fritts, Zachary / Vlasova, Anastasia / Saif, Linda J. / Rajashekara, Gireesh

Probiotics & Antimicro. Prot.. 2023 Feb., v. 15, no. 1 p.107-128

2023

Abstract: Probiotics have been investigated to improve the universal rotavirus (RV) vaccination as well as to ameliorate the RV infection. However, underlying mechanisms how probiotics mediate beneficial effects needs more investigation. Thus, in the present study, ...

Abstract	Probiotics have been investigated to improve the universal rotavirus (RV) vaccination as well as to ameliorate the RV infection. However, underlying mechanisms how probiotics mediate beneficial effects needs more investigation. Thus, in the present study, we used polarized HT-29 cells to assess the anti-RV properties of Gram-positive, (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG, and Bifidobacterium subsp. Lactis Bb12) and Gram negative, (Escherichia coli Nissle 1917) probiotics and study their underlying mechanisms. Our results showed that pre-treatment of HT-29 cells for 4 h with probiotics, significantly reduced (p < 0.05) human RV replication and this effect was most pronounced for E. coli Nissle followed by L. acidophilus and L. rhamnosus GG. Strikingly, only pre-treatment with live bacteria or their supernatants demonstrated anti-RV properties. Except Gram negative E. coli Nissle, the Gram-positive probiotics tested did not bind to RV. Ingenuity pathway analysis of tight junction (TJ)- and innate immune-associated genes indicated that E. coli Nissle or E. coli Nissle + RV treatments improved cell–cell adhesion and cell contact, while L. acidophilus or L. acidophilus + RV treatments also activated cell–cell contact but inhibited cell movement functions. RV alone inhibited migration of cells event. Additionally, E. coli Nissle activated pathways such as the innate immune and inflammatory responses via production of TNF, while RV infection activated NK cells and inflammatory responses. In conclusion, E. coli Nissle’s ability to bind RV, modulate expression of TJ events, innate immune and inflammatory responses, via specific upstream regulators may explain superior anti-RV properties of E. coli Nissle. Therefore, prophylactic use of E. coli Nissle might help to reduce the RV disease burden in infants in endemic areas.
Keywords	Bifidobacterium ; Escherichia coli ; Lactobacillus acidophilus ; Rotavirus ; burden of disease ; cell adhesion ; cell movement ; humans ; probiotics ; tight junctions ; vaccination
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-02
Size	p. 107-128.
Publishing place	Springer US
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	2487792-X
ISSN	1867-1314 ; 1867-1306
ISSN (online)	1867-1314
ISSN	1867-1306
DOI	10.1007/s12602-021-09884-3
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Porcine Rotaviruses

Vlasova, Anastasia N. / Amimo, Joshua O. / Saif, Linda J.

Viruses

Epidemiology, Immune Responses and Control Strategies

2023

Keywords	epidemiology ; strategies ; virology ; infectious diseases
Publishing date	2023-03-10T14:38:36Z
Publisher	MDPI
Publishing country	fr
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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