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  1. Article ; Online: CaMKII inhibition in human primary and pluripotent stem cell-derived chondrocytes modulates effects of TGFβ and BMP through SMAD signaling.

    Saitta, B / Elphingstone, J / Limfat, S / Shkhyan, R / Evseenko, D

    Osteoarthritis and cartilage

    2018  Volume 27, Issue 1, Page(s) 158–171

    Abstract: Objective: Upregulation of calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) is implicated in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA) and reactivation of articular cartilage hypertrophy. However, direct inhibition of CaMKII unexpectedly augmented symptoms ...

    Abstract Objective: Upregulation of calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) is implicated in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA) and reactivation of articular cartilage hypertrophy. However, direct inhibition of CaMKII unexpectedly augmented symptoms of OA in animal models. The role of CaMKII in OA remains unclear and requires further investigation.
    Methods: Analysis of CaMKII expression was performed in normal human and OA articular chondrocytes, and signaling mechanisms were assessed in articular, fetal and Pluripotent Stem Cell (PSC)-derived human chondrocytes using pharmacological (KN93), peptide (AC3-I) and small interfering RNA (siRNA) inhibitors of CaMKII.
    Results: Expression levels of phospho-CaMKII (pCaMKII) were significantly and consistently increased in human OA specimens. BMP2/4 activated expression of pCaMKII as well as COLII and COLX in human adult articular chondrocytes, and also increased the levels and nuclear localization of SMADs1/5/8, while TGFβ1 showed minimal or no activation of the chondrogenic program in adult chondrocytes. Targeted blockade of CaMKII with specific siRNAs decreased levels of pSMADs, COLII, COLX and proteoglycans in normal and OA adult articular chondrocytes in the presence of both BMP4 and TGFβ1. Both human fetal and PSC-derived chondrocytes also demonstrated a decrease of chondrogenic differentiation in the presence of small molecule and peptide inhibitors of CaMKII. Furthermore, immunoprecipitation for SMADs1/5/8 or 2/3 followed by western blotting for pCaMKII showed direct interaction between SMADs and pCaMKII in primary chondrocytes.
    Conclusion: Current study demonstrates a direct role for CaMKII in TGF-β and BMP-mediated responses in primary and PSC-derived chondrocytes. These findings have direct implications for tissue engineering of cartilage tissue from stem cells and therapeutic management of OA.
    MeSH term(s) Aged ; Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4/pharmacology ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2/antagonists & inhibitors ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2/metabolism ; Cartilage, Articular/cytology ; Cartilage, Articular/metabolism ; Cell Differentiation ; Cells, Cultured ; Chondrocytes/metabolism ; Collagen Type II/metabolism ; Collagen Type X/metabolism ; Extracellular Matrix Proteins/pharmacology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Osteoarthritis/metabolism ; Osteoarthritis/pathology ; Phosphorylation/drug effects ; Pluripotent Stem Cells/metabolism ; Signal Transduction/drug effects ; Smad Proteins, Receptor-Regulated/metabolism ; Smad Proteins, Receptor-Regulated/physiology ; Transforming Growth Factor beta/pharmacology ; Up-Regulation
    Chemical Substances BMP4 protein, human ; Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 ; Collagen Type II ; Collagen Type X ; Extracellular Matrix Proteins ; Smad Proteins, Receptor-Regulated ; Transforming Growth Factor beta ; betaIG-H3 protein (148710-76-3) ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Type 2 (EC 2.7.11.17)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-09-08
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 1167809-4
    ISSN 1522-9653 ; 1063-4584
    ISSN (online) 1522-9653
    ISSN 1063-4584
    DOI 10.1016/j.joca.2018.08.017
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Modelling the relative benefits of using the measles vaccine outside cold chain for outbreak response.

    Azam, James M / Saitta, Barbara / Bonner, Kimberly / Ferrari, Matthew J / Pulliam, Juliet R C

    Vaccine

    2021  Volume 39, Issue 40, Page(s) 5845–5853

    Abstract: Introduction: Rapid outbreak response vaccination is a strategy for measles control and elimination. Measles vaccines must be stored and transported within a specified temperature range, but this can present significant challenges when targeting remote ... ...

    Abstract Introduction: Rapid outbreak response vaccination is a strategy for measles control and elimination. Measles vaccines must be stored and transported within a specified temperature range, but this can present significant challenges when targeting remote populations. Measles vaccine licensure for delivery outside cold chain (OCC) could provide more vaccine transport/storage space without ice packs, and a solution to shorten response times. However, due to vaccine safety and wastage considerations, the OCC strategy will require other operational changes, potentially including the use of 1-dose (monodose) instead of 10-dose vials, requiring larger transport/storage equipment currently achieved with 10-dose vials. These trade-offs require quantitative comparisons of vaccine delivery options to evaluate their relative benefits.
    Methods: We developed a modelling framework combining elements of the vaccine supply chain - cold chain, vial, team, and transport equipment types - with a measles transmission dynamics model to compare vaccine delivery options. We compared 10 strategies resulting from combinations of the vaccine supply elements and grouped into three main classes: OCC, partial cold chain (PCC), and full cold chain (FCC). For each strategy, we explored a campaign with 20 teams sequentially targeting 5 locations with 100,000 individuals each. We characterised the time needed to freeze ice packs and complete the campaign (campaign duration), vaccination coverage, and cases averted, assuming a fixed pre-deployment delay before campaign commencement. We performed sensitivity analyses of the pre-deployment delay, population sizes, and two team allocation schemes.
    Results: The OCC, PCC, and FCC strategies achieve campaign durations of 50, 51, and 52 days, respectively. Nine of the ten strategies can achieve a vaccination coverage of 80%, and OCC averts the most cases.
    Discussion: The OCC strategy, therefore, presents improved operational and epidemiological outcomes relative to current practice and the other options considered.
    MeSH term(s) Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control ; Drug Storage ; Humans ; Measles/epidemiology ; Measles/prevention & control ; Measles Vaccine ; Refrigeration
    Chemical Substances Measles Vaccine
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-09-01
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 605674-x
    ISSN 1873-2518 ; 0264-410X
    ISSN (online) 1873-2518
    ISSN 0264-410X
    DOI 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.08.053
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Metformin improves relevant disease parameters in an autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease mouse model.

    Pastor-Soler, Núria M / Li, Hui / Pham, Jessica / Rivera, Daniel / Ho, Pei-Yin / Mancino, Valeria / Saitta, Biagio / Hallows, Kenneth R

    American journal of physiology. Renal physiology

    2021  Volume 322, Issue 1, Page(s) F27–F41

    Abstract: Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), caused by mutations in the polycystin 1 ( ...

    Abstract Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), caused by mutations in the polycystin 1 (
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Cell Proliferation/drug effects ; Disease Models, Animal ; Disease Progression ; Female ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Glomerular Filtration Rate/drug effects ; Inflammation Mediators/metabolism ; Kidney/drug effects ; Kidney/metabolism ; Kidney/pathology ; Kidney/physiopathology ; Kidney Failure, Chronic/metabolism ; Kidney Failure, Chronic/pathology ; Kidney Failure, Chronic/physiopathology ; Kidney Failure, Chronic/prevention & control ; Male ; Metformin/pharmacology ; Mice, 129 Strain ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Mice, Transgenic ; Mutation ; Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant/drug therapy ; Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant/metabolism ; Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant/pathology ; Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant/physiopathology ; Renal Agents/pharmacology ; TRPP Cation Channels/genetics ; Time Factors ; Mice
    Chemical Substances Inflammation Mediators ; Renal Agents ; TRPP Cation Channels ; polycystic kidney disease 1 protein ; Metformin (9100L32L2N)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-11-22
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 603837-2
    ISSN 1522-1466 ; 0363-6127
    ISSN (online) 1522-1466
    ISSN 0363-6127
    DOI 10.1152/ajprenal.00298.2021
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article: Application of an external fixator vascular compressor (EFVC) in the critically injured trauma patient: a novel damage control technique.

    Saitta, Bradley / Edgington, Jonathan / Hart, Theodore / Wilson, Kenneth / An, Gary / Daccarett, Miguel / Strelzow, Jason

    European journal of orthopaedic surgery & traumatology : orthopedie traumatologie

    2019  Volume 29, Issue 6, Page(s) 1337–1345

    Abstract: Methods of controlling hemorrhage in penetrating abdominal injuries are varied, ranging from electrocautery, ligation, laparotomy sponge packing, angiography, hemostatic agents, and direct manual pressure. Unfortunately, traditional methods are sometimes ...

    Abstract Methods of controlling hemorrhage in penetrating abdominal injuries are varied, ranging from electrocautery, ligation, laparotomy sponge packing, angiography, hemostatic agents, and direct manual pressure. Unfortunately, traditional methods are sometimes unsuccessful due to the location or nature of the hemorrhage, and manual pressure cannot be held indefinitely. We describe a novel damage control technique for hemorrhage control in these situations, followed by three cases where an external fixator vascular compressor (EFVC) was used to hold continual pressure. Three patients are presented to a Level 1 trauma center following multiple ballistic injuries, all requiring emergent exploratory laparotomy. The first had a two-pin iliac crest EFVC placed during repeat exploratory laparotomy to control bleeding. The second patient had a supra-acetabular EFVC placed during initial exploratory laparotomy after emergent embolization failed to control bleeding from the L3 vertebral body. The third patient had a two-pin iliac crest EFVC placed at initial exploratory laparotomy due to uncontrollable bleeding from the sacral venous plexus and internal iliac veins. Of the three patients, two stabilized and survived, while one passed away due to multi-organ failure. We describe a novel damage control technique that may be a useful means of temporarily stemming intraabdominal bleeding that is otherwise recalcitrant to traditional hemostatic methods. Additionally, we provided a limited case series of patients who have undergone this technique to illustrate its utility and versatility. This technique is simple, fast, effective, and adaptable to a variety of circumstances that may be encountered in patients with intraabdominal bleeding recalcitrant to conventional hemorrhage control.
    MeSH term(s) Abdominal Injuries/complications ; Abdominal Injuries/surgery ; Adolescent ; Adult ; Equipment Design ; External Fixators ; Hemorrhage/etiology ; Hemorrhage/therapy ; Hemostasis, Surgical/instrumentation ; Hemostasis, Surgical/methods ; Humans ; Injury Severity Score ; Laparotomy/methods ; Male ; Multiple Trauma/complications ; Multiple Trauma/surgery ; Treatment Outcome ; Wounds, Penetrating/complications
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-04-16
    Publishing country France
    Document type Case Reports ; Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 1231084-0
    ISSN 1432-1068 ; 1633-8065 ; 0948-4817 ; 0940-3264
    ISSN (online) 1432-1068
    ISSN 1633-8065 ; 0948-4817 ; 0940-3264
    DOI 10.1007/s00590-019-02439-x
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Association of Longitudinal Urinary Metabolic Biomarkers With ADPKD Severity and Response to Metformin in TAME-PKD Clinical Trial Participants.

    Hallows, Kenneth R / Abebe, Kaleab Z / Li, Hui / Saitta, Biagio / Althouse, Andrew D / Bae, Kyongtae T / Lalama, Christina M / Miskulin, Dana C / Perrone, Ronald D / Seliger, Stephen L / Watnick, Terry J

    Kidney international reports

    2022  Volume 8, Issue 3, Page(s) 467–477

    Abstract: Introduction: Dysregulated cellular metabolism contributes to autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) pathogenesis. The Trial of Administration of Metformin in Polycystic Kidney Disease (TAME-PKD) tested the effects of metformin treatment ... ...

    Abstract Introduction: Dysregulated cellular metabolism contributes to autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) pathogenesis. The Trial of Administration of Metformin in Polycystic Kidney Disease (TAME-PKD) tested the effects of metformin treatment over 2 years in adult ADPKD patients with mild-moderate disease severity. Metformin was found to be safe and tolerable with an insignificant trend toward reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) decline compared to placebo. Here we tested whether targeted urinary metabolic biomarkers measured in TAME-PKD participants correlated with disease progression, severity, and metformin treatment in cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses.
    Methods: Concentrations of total protein, targeted metabolites (lactate, pyruvate, and succinate), and glycolytic enzymes (pyruvate kinase-M2, lactate dehydrogenase-A, and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-1) were measured and normalized by creatinine or osmolality in urine specimens and compared with height-adjusted total kidney volume (htTKV) and eGFR at the different study timepoints.
    Results: In cross-sectional analyses utilizing placebo group data, urinary succinate normalized by creatinine negatively correlated with ln (htTKV), whereas protein excretion strongly positively correlated with ln (htTKV), and negatively correlated with eGFR. Significant time-varying negative associations occurred with eGFR and the lactate/pyruvate ratio and with urine protein normalized by osmolality, indicating correlations of these biomarkers with disease progression. In secondary analyses, urinary pyruvate normalized by osmolality was preserved in metformin-treated participants but declined in placebo over the 2-year study period with a significant between-arm difference, suggesting time-dependent urinary pyruvate changes may serve as a discriminator for metformin treatment effects in this study population.
    Conclusion: Proteinuria with enhanced glycolytic and reduced oxidative metabolic markers generally correlated with disease severity and risk of progression in the TAME-PKD study population.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-12-05
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2468-0249
    ISSN (online) 2468-0249
    DOI 10.1016/j.ekir.2022.11.019
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article: Beneficial effects of bempedoic acid treatment in polycystic kidney disease cells and mice.

    Hallows, Kenneth R / Li, Hui / Saitta, Biagio / Sepehr, Saman / Huang, Polly / Pham, Jessica / Wang, Jonathan / Mancino, Valeria / Chung, Eun Ji / Pinkosky, Stephen L / Pastor-Soler, Núria M

    Frontiers in molecular biosciences

    2022  Volume 9, Page(s) 1001941

    Abstract: ADPKD has few therapeutic options. Tolvaptan slows disease but has side effects limiting its tolerability. Bempedoic acid (BA), an ATP citrate-lyase (ACLY) inhibitor FDA-approved for hypercholesterolemia, catalyzes a key step in fatty acid/sterol ... ...

    Abstract ADPKD has few therapeutic options. Tolvaptan slows disease but has side effects limiting its tolerability. Bempedoic acid (BA), an ATP citrate-lyase (ACLY) inhibitor FDA-approved for hypercholesterolemia, catalyzes a key step in fatty acid/sterol synthesis important for cell proliferation. BA is activated by very long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase (FATP2) expressed primarily in kidney and liver. BA also activates AMPK. We hypothesized that BA could be a novel ADPKD therapy by inhibiting cyst growth, proliferation, injury, and metabolic dysregulation
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-11-25
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2814330-9
    ISSN 2296-889X
    ISSN 2296-889X
    DOI 10.3389/fmolb.2022.1001941
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article ; Online: Association of Baseline Urinary Metabolic Biomarkers with ADPKD Severity in TAME-PKD Clinical Trial Participants.

    Hallows, Kenneth R / Althouse, Andrew D / Li, Hui / Saitta, Biagio / Abebe, Kaleab Z / Bae, Kyongtae T / Miskulin, Dana C / Perrone, Ronald D / Seliger, Stephen L / Watnick, Terry J

    Kidney360

    2021  Volume 2, Issue 5, Page(s) 795–808

    Abstract: Background: Recent work suggests that dysregulated cellular metabolism may play a key role in the pathogenesis of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). The TAME-PKD clinical trial is testing the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of ... ...

    Abstract Background: Recent work suggests that dysregulated cellular metabolism may play a key role in the pathogenesis of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). The TAME-PKD clinical trial is testing the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of metformin, a regulator of cell metabolism, in patients with ADPKD. This study investigates the cross-sectional association of urinary metabolic biomarkers with ADPKD severity among TAME-PKD trial participants at baseline.
    Methods: Concentrations of total protein, targeted metabolites (lactate, pyruvate, succinate, and cAMP), and key glycolytic enzymes (pyruvate kinase M2 [PKM2], lactate dehydrogenase A [LDHA], and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 [PDK1]) were measured by ELISA, enzymatic assays, and immunoblotting in baseline urine specimens of 95 TAME-PKD participants. These analytes, normalized by urinary creatinine or osmolality to estimate excretion, were correlated with patients' baseline height-adjusted total kidney volumes (htTKVs) by MRI and eGFR. Additional analyses were performed, adjusting for participants' age and sex, using multivariable linear regression.
    Results: Greater htTKV correlated with lower eGFR (
    Conclusions: Proteinuria correlated with ADPKD severity, and urinary excretion of PKM2 and LDHA correlated with ADPKD severity at baseline in the TAME-PKD study population. These findings are the first to provide evidence in human urine samples that upregulated glycolytic flux is a feature of ADPKD severity. Future analysis may reveal if metformin treatment affects both disease progression and the various urinary metabolic biomarkers in patients throughout the study.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Biomarkers/metabolism ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Glomerular Filtration Rate ; Humans ; Kidney/metabolism ; Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant/complications
    Chemical Substances Biomarkers
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-07-26
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Clinical Trial ; Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
    ISSN 2641-7650
    ISSN (online) 2641-7650
    DOI 10.34067/KID.0005962020
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article ; Online: Lentiviral Gene Therapy for Bone Repair Using Human Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells.

    Bougioukli, Sofia / Saitta, Biagio / Sugiyama, Osamu / Tang, Amy H / Elphingstone, Joseph / Evseenko, Denis / Lieberman, Jay R

    Human gene therapy

    2019  Volume 30, Issue 7, Page(s) 906–917

    Abstract: Umbilical cord blood (UCB) has been increasingly explored as an alternative source of stem cells for use in regenerative medicine due to several advantages over other stem-cell sources, including the need for less stringent human leukocyte antigen ... ...

    Abstract Umbilical cord blood (UCB) has been increasingly explored as an alternative source of stem cells for use in regenerative medicine due to several advantages over other stem-cell sources, including the need for less stringent human leukocyte antigen matching. Combined with an osteoinductive signal, UCB-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) could revolutionize the treatment of challenging bone defects. This study aimed to develop an
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Biomarkers ; Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2/genetics ; Bone Regeneration ; Cell Differentiation/genetics ; Cells, Cultured ; Disease Models, Animal ; Fetal Blood/cytology ; Gene Expression ; Gene Order ; Gene Transfer Techniques ; Genetic Therapy/methods ; Genetic Vectors/genetics ; Humans ; Lentivirus/genetics ; Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation ; Mesenchymal Stem Cells/metabolism ; Mice ; Phenotype ; Transduction, Genetic ; Transgenes
    Chemical Substances Biomarkers ; Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-04-22
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1028152-6
    ISSN 1557-7422 ; 1043-0342
    ISSN (online) 1557-7422
    ISSN 1043-0342
    DOI 10.1089/hum.2018.054
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  9. Article ; Online: Ensuring access to affordable, timely vaccines in emergencies.

    Elder, Kate / Saitta, Barbara / Ducomble, Tanja / Alia, Miriam / Close, Ryan / Scheele, Suzanne / Erickson, Elise / Scourse, Rosalind / Kahn, Patricia / Elder, Greg

    Bulletin of the World Health Organization

    2019  Volume 97, Issue 12, Page(s) 851–853

    MeSH term(s) Developing Countries ; Drug Industry/organization & administration ; Emergencies ; Global Health ; Humans ; Pneumococcal Vaccines/economics ; Pneumococcal Vaccines/supply & distribution ; Relief Work ; Vaccines/economics ; Vaccines/supply & distribution ; World Health Organization
    Chemical Substances Pneumococcal Vaccines ; Vaccines
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-10-28
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 80213-x
    ISSN 1564-0604 ; 0042-9686 ; 0366-4996 ; 0510-8659
    ISSN (online) 1564-0604
    ISSN 0042-9686 ; 0366-4996 ; 0510-8659
    DOI 10.2471/BLT.18.228585
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  10. Article: Ex vivo kidney slice preparations as a model system to study signaling cascades in kidney epithelial cells.

    Saitta, Biagio / Jalili, Michael F / Zohoorkari, Hamidreza / Rao, Renee / Hallows, Kenneth R / Baty, Catherine J / Pastor-Soler, Nuria M

    Methods in cell biology

    2019  Volume 153, Page(s) 185–203

    Abstract: Several model systems have been used to study signaling cascades in kidney epithelial cells, including kidney histology after systemic treatments, ex vivo isolated tubule perfusion, epithelial cell lines in culture, kidney micropuncture, and ex vivo ... ...

    Abstract Several model systems have been used to study signaling cascades in kidney epithelial cells, including kidney histology after systemic treatments, ex vivo isolated tubule perfusion, epithelial cell lines in culture, kidney micropuncture, and ex vivo kidney slices. We and others have found the ex vivo kidney slice method useful to study the signaling cascades involved in the regulation of kidney transport proteins. In this chapter we describe our adaptations to this classic method for the study of the regulation of kinases and endocytosis in rodent kidney epithelial cells. Briefly, slices are obtained by sectioning of freshly harvested rat or mouse kidneys using a Stadie-Riggs tissue slicer. Alternatively, a vibratome can be used to obtain slices at a more consistent and finer thickness. The harvested kidney and kidney slices are kept viable in either cell culture media or in buffers that mimic physiological conditions equilibrated with 5% CO
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Biological Assay/instrumentation ; Biological Assay/methods ; Epithelial Cells/metabolism ; Histocytological Preparation Techniques/instrumentation ; Histocytological Preparation Techniques/methods ; Kidney/cytology ; Kidney/metabolism ; Mice ; Microscopy, Confocal/instrumentation ; Microscopy, Confocal/methods ; Rats ; Signal Transduction
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-06-06
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ISSN 0091-679X
    ISSN 0091-679X
    DOI 10.1016/bs.mcb.2019.04.017
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