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Article: Are Brain-Computer Interfaces Feasible With Integrated Photonic Chips?

Salari, Vahid / Rodrigues, Serafim / Saglamyurek, Erhan / Simon, Christoph / Oblak, Daniel

2022 Volume 15, Page(s) 780344

Abstract: The present paper examines the viability of a radically novel idea for brain-computer interface (BCI), which could lead to novel technological, experimental, and clinical applications. BCIs are computer-based systems that enable either one-way or two-way ...

Abstract	The present paper examines the viability of a radically novel idea for brain-computer interface (BCI), which could lead to novel technological, experimental, and clinical applications. BCIs are computer-based systems that enable either one-way or two-way communication between a living brain and an external machine. BCIs read-out brain signals and transduce them into task commands, which are performed by a machine. In closed loop, the machine can stimulate the brain with appropriate signals. In recent years, it has been shown that there is some ultraweak light emission from neurons within or close to the visible and near-infrared parts of the optical spectrum. Such ultraweak photon emission (UPE) reflects the cellular (and body) oxidative status, and compelling pieces of evidence are beginning to emerge that UPE may well play an informational role in neuronal functions. In fact, several experiments point to a direct correlation between UPE intensity and neural activity, oxidative reactions, EEG activity, cerebral blood flow, cerebral energy metabolism, and release of glutamate. Therefore, we propose a novel skull implant BCI that uses UPE. We suggest that a photonic integrated chip installed on the interior surface of the skull may enable a new form of extraction of the relevant features from the UPE signals. In the current technology landscape, photonic technologies are advancing rapidly and poised to overtake many electrical technologies, due to their unique advantages, such as miniaturization, high speed, low thermal effects, and large integration capacity that allow for high yield, volume manufacturing, and lower cost. For our proposed BCI, we are making some very major conjectures, which need to be experimentally verified, and therefore we discuss the controversial parts, feasibility of technology and limitations, and potential impact of this envisaged technology if successfully implemented in the future.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-07
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2411902-7
ISSN	1662-453X ; 1662-4548
ISSN (online)	1662-453X
ISSN	1662-4548
DOI	10.3389/fnins.2021.780344
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: An optimizing method for performance and resource utilization in quantum machine learning circuits.

Salehi, Tahereh / Zomorodi, Mariam / Plawiak, Pawel / Abbaszade, Mina / Salari, Vahid

Scientific reports

2022 Volume 12, Issue 1, Page(s) 16949

Abstract: Quantum computing is a new and advanced topic that refers to calculations based on the principles of quantum mechanics. It makes certain kinds of problems be solved easier compared to classical computers. This advantage of quantum computing can be used ... ...

Abstract	Quantum computing is a new and advanced topic that refers to calculations based on the principles of quantum mechanics. It makes certain kinds of problems be solved easier compared to classical computers. This advantage of quantum computing can be used to implement many existing problems in different fields incredibly effectively. One important field that quantum computing has shown great results in machine learning. Until now, many different quantum algorithms have been presented to perform different machine learning approaches. In some special cases, the execution time of these quantum algorithms will be reduced exponentially compared to the classical ones. But at the same time, with increasing data volume and computation time, taking care of systems to prevent unwanted interactions with the environment can be a daunting task and since these algorithms work on machine learning problems, which usually includes big data, their implementation is very costly in terms of quantum resources. Here, in this paper, we have proposed an approach to reduce the cost of quantum circuits and to optimize quantum machine learning circuits in particular. To reduce the number of resources used, in this paper an approach including different optimization algorithms is considered. Our approach is used to optimize quantum machine learning algorithms for big data. In this case, the optimized circuits run quantum machine learning algorithms in less time than the original ones and by preserving the original functionality. Our approach improves the number of quantum gates by 10.7% and 14.9% in different circuits respectively. This is the amount of reduction for one iteration of a given sub-circuit U in the main circuit. For cases where this sub-circuit is repeated more times in the main circuit, the optimization rate is increased. Therefore, by applying the proposed method to circuits with big data, both cost and performance are improved.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-10-10
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-022-20375-5
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Article ; Online: Toxicity assessment of total petroleum hydrocarbons in aquatic environments using the bioluminescent bacterium Aliivibrio fischeri.

Mirjani, Marzieh / Soleimani, Mohsen / Salari, Vahid

Ecotoxicology and environmental safety

2020 Volume 207, Page(s) 111554

Abstract: Toxicity monitoring of environmental pollutants especially petroleum hydrocarbons as priority pollutants is an important environmental issue. This study addresses a rapid, sensitive and cost effective method for the detection of total petroleum ... ...

Abstract	Toxicity monitoring of environmental pollutants especially petroleum hydrocarbons as priority pollutants is an important environmental issue. This study addresses a rapid, sensitive and cost effective method for the detection of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) using Aliivibrio fischeri bioluminescence inhibition bioassay. At the first step, the optimum conditions including time, pH and temperature for growth of A. fischeri were determined. Then, two methods were used to evaluate the toxicity of petroleum compounds. In the first method, short-term (15 min) and long-term (16 h) toxicity assays were performed. In the second method luminescence kinetics of A. fischeri was investigated during 24 h. The results demonstrated the most appropriate time for the bacterial growth occurred 16 h after inoculation and optimum temperature and pH were found 25 °C and 7, respectively. Short-term and long-term toxicity did not indicate any toxicity for various concentrations of TPHs (30, 50, 110, 160, 220 mg/L). Considering the luminescence kinetics of A. fischeri the long-term assay was introduced as 6 h. The half maximal effective concentration (EC
MeSH term(s)	Aliivibrio fischeri/drug effects ; Biological Assay/methods ; Environmental Pollutants/toxicity ; Hydrocarbons/toxicity ; Luminescence ; Luminescent Measurements ; Petroleum/toxicity ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity
Chemical Substances	Environmental Pollutants ; Hydrocarbons ; Petroleum ; Water Pollutants, Chemical
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-11-02
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	436536-7
ISSN	1090-2414 ; 0147-6513
ISSN (online)	1090-2414
ISSN	0147-6513
DOI	10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111554
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Zs.A 1418: Show issues

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Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (1.OG)
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Article ; Online: Quantum face recognition protocol with ghost imaging.

Salari, Vahid / Paneru, Dilip / Saglamyurek, Erhan / Ghadimi, Milad / Abdar, Moloud / Rezaee, Mohammadreza / Aslani, Mehdi / Barzanjeh, Shabir / Karimi, Ebrahim

Scientific reports

2023 Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) 2401

Abstract: Face recognition is one of the most ubiquitous examples of pattern recognition in machine learning, with numerous applications in security, access control, and law enforcement, among many others. Pattern recognition with classical algorithms requires ... ...

Abstract	Face recognition is one of the most ubiquitous examples of pattern recognition in machine learning, with numerous applications in security, access control, and law enforcement, among many others. Pattern recognition with classical algorithms requires significant computational resources, especially when dealing with high-resolution images in an extensive database. Quantum algorithms have been shown to improve the efficiency and speed of many computational tasks, and as such, they could also potentially improve the complexity of the face recognition process. Here, we propose a quantum machine learning algorithm for pattern recognition based on quantum principal component analysis, and quantum independent component analysis. A novel quantum algorithm for finding dissimilarity in the faces based on the computation of trace and determinant of a matrix (image) is also proposed. The overall complexity of our pattern recognition algorithm is [Formula: see text]-N is the image dimension. As an input to these pattern recognition algorithms, we consider experimental images obtained from quantum imaging techniques with correlated photons, e.g. "interaction-free" imaging or "ghost" imaging. Interfacing these imaging techniques with our quantum pattern recognition processor provides input images that possess a better signal-to-noise ratio, lower exposures, and higher resolution, thus speeding up the machine learning process further. Our fully quantum pattern recognition system with quantum algorithm and quantum inputs promises a much-improved image acquisition and identification system with potential applications extending beyond face recognition, e.g., in medical imaging for diagnosing sensitive tissues or biology for protein identification.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-10
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-022-25280-5
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Article ; Online: Effect of methamphetamine on ultraweak photon emission and level of reactive oxygen species in male rat brain.

Esmaeilpour, Tahereh / Lotfealian, Azam / Anvari, Morteza / Namavar, Mohammadreza / Karbalaei, Narges / Shahedi, Abbas / Bokkon, Istvan / Salari, Vahid / Oblak, Daniel

Neuroscience letters

2023 Volume 801, Page(s) 137136

Abstract: All living cells, including neurons, generate ultra-weak photon emission (UPE) during biological activity, and in particular, in the brain, it has been shown that UPE is correlated with neuronal activity and associated metabolic processes. Various ... ...

Abstract	All living cells, including neurons, generate ultra-weak photon emission (UPE) during biological activity, and in particular, in the brain, it has been shown that UPE is correlated with neuronal activity and associated metabolic processes. Various intracellular factors, as well as external factors, can reduce or increase the intensity of UPE. In this study, we have used Methamphetamine (METH) as one potentially effective external factor, which is a substance that has the property of stimulating the central nervous system. METH can impair mitochondrial function by causing toxicity via various pathways, including an increase in the number of mitochondria, hyperthermia, the increased metabolic activity of the brain, and the production of glutamate and excess calcium. In addition to mitochondrial dysfunction, METH alters cellular homeostasis, leading to cell damage and the production of excess ROS. The aim of this study is to measure and compare the UPE intensity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels of the prefrontal, motor, and visual cortex before and after METH administration. Twenty male rats were randomly assigned to two groups, the control, and METH groups. In the control group, 2 h after injection of normal saline and without any intervention, and in the experimental group 2 h after IP injection of 20 mg/kg METH, sections were prepared from three areas: prefrontal, motor, and V1-V2 cortex, which were used to evaluate the emission of UPE using a photomultiplier tube (PMT) device and to evaluate the amount of ROS. The results showed that the amount of ROS and UPE in the experimental group in all three areas significantly increased compared to the control group. So, METH increases UPE and ROS in the prefrontal, motor, and visual regions, and there is a direct relationship between UPE intensity and ROS production. Therefore, UPE may be used as a dynamic reading tool to monitor oxidative metabolism in physiological processes related to ROS and METH research. Also, the results of this experiment may create a new avenue to test the hypothesis that the excess in UPE generation may lead to the phenomenon of phosphene and visual hallucinations.
MeSH term(s)	Male ; Rats ; Animals ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; Methamphetamine/pharmacology ; Photons ; Neurons/metabolism ; Brain/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Reactive Oxygen Species ; Methamphetamine (44RAL3456C)
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-18
Publishing country	Ireland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	194929-9
ISSN	1872-7972 ; 0304-3940
ISSN (online)	1872-7972
ISSN	0304-3940
DOI	10.1016/j.neulet.2023.137136
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Zs.A 1166: Show issues

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Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (1.OG)
ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)

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Book ; Online: Parametrized Quantum Circuits of Synonymous Sentences in Quantum Natural Language Processing

Abbaszadeh, Mina / Mousavi, S. Shahin / Salari, Vahid

2021

Abstract: In this paper, we develop a compositional vector-based semantics of positive transitive sentences in quantum natural language processing for a non-English language, i.e. Persian, to compare the parametrized quantum circuits of two synonymous sentences in ...

Abstract	In this paper, we develop a compositional vector-based semantics of positive transitive sentences in quantum natural language processing for a non-English language, i.e. Persian, to compare the parametrized quantum circuits of two synonymous sentences in two languages, English and Persian. By considering grammar+meaning of a transitive sentence, we translate DisCoCat diagram via ZX-calculus into quantum circuit form. Also, we use a bigraph method to rewrite DisCoCat diagram and turn into quantum circuit in the semantic side.
Keywords	Quantum Physics ; Computer Science - Computation and Language
Publishing date	2021-02-02
Publishing country	us
Document type	Book ; Online
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Article ; Online: Additional evidence supporting the view of the neural signal as a propagating density pulse--A comment on Barz et al. (2013).

Scholkmann, Felix / Salari, Vahid

Medical hypotheses

2014 Volume 82, Issue 2, Page(s) 243

MeSH term(s)	Action Potentials/physiology ; Animals ; Humans ; Ion Transport/physiology ; Models, Neurological ; Nervous System Physiological Phenomena ; Pressure
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-02
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Comment ; Letter
ZDB-ID	193145-3
ISSN	1532-2777 ; 0306-9877
ISSN (online)	1532-2777
ISSN	0306-9877
DOI	10.1016/j.mehy.2013.11.029
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Zs.A 1132: Show issues

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bis Jg. 1994: Bestellungen von Artikeln über das Online-Bestellformular
Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (1.OG)
ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)

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Article ; Online: Validity Examination of the Dissipative Quantum Model of Olfaction.

Tirandaz, Arash / Taher Ghahramani, Farhad / Salari, Vahid

Scientific reports

2017 Volume 7, Issue 1, Page(s) 4432

Abstract: Despite some inconclusive experimental evidences for the vibrational model of olfaction, the validity of the model has not been examined yet and therefore it suffers from the lack of conclusive experimental support. Here, we generalize the model and ... ...

Abstract	Despite some inconclusive experimental evidences for the vibrational model of olfaction, the validity of the model has not been examined yet and therefore it suffers from the lack of conclusive experimental support. Here, we generalize the model and propose a numerical analysis of the dissipative odorant-mediated inelastic electron tunneling mechanism of olfaction, to be used as a potential examination in experiments. Our analysis gives several predictions on the model such as efficiency of elastic and inelastic tunneling of electrons through odorants, sensitivity thresholds in terms of temperature and pressure, isotopic effect on sensitivity, and the chiral recognition for discrimination between the similar and different scents. Our predictions should yield new knowledge to design new experimental protocols for testing the validity of the model.
MeSH term(s)	Algorithms ; Humans ; Models, Biological ; Odorants ; Olfactory Mucosa/physiology ; Olfactory Perception ; Pressure ; Receptors, Odorant/metabolism ; Smell ; Temperature
Chemical Substances	Receptors, Odorant
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-06-30
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-017-04846-8
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Article ; Online: Quantum Interference and Selectivity through Biological Ion Channels.

Salari, Vahid / Naeij, Hamidreza / Shafiee, Afshin

Scientific reports

2017 Volume 7, Page(s) 41625

Abstract: The mechanism of selectivity in ion channels is still an open question in biology for more than half a century. Here, we suggest that quantum interference can be a solution to explain the selectivity mechanism in ion channels since interference happens ... ...

Abstract	The mechanism of selectivity in ion channels is still an open question in biology for more than half a century. Here, we suggest that quantum interference can be a solution to explain the selectivity mechanism in ion channels since interference happens between similar ions through the same size of ion channels. In this paper, we simulate two neighboring ion channels on a cell membrane with the famous double-slit experiment in physics to investigate whether there is any possibility of matter-wave interference of ions via movement through ion channels. Our obtained decoherence timescales indicate that the quantum states of ions can only survive for short times, i.e. ≈100 picoseconds in each channel and ≈17-53 picoseconds outside the channels, giving the result that the quantum interference of ions seems unlikely due to environmental decoherence. However, we discuss our results and raise few points, which increase the possibility of interference.
MeSH term(s)	Algorithms ; Animals ; Humans ; Ion Channel Gating ; Ion Channels/chemistry ; Ion Channels/metabolism ; Ions/chemistry ; Ions/metabolism ; Models, Biological ; Models, Molecular ; Protein Conformation ; Structure-Activity Relationship
Chemical Substances	Ion Channels ; Ions
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-01-30
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/srep41625
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Article ; Online: Monitoring Alzheimer's disease via ultraweak photon emission.

Sefati, Niloofar / Esmaeilpour, Tahereh / Salari, Vahid / Zarifkar, Asadollah / Dehghani, Farzaneh / Ghaffari, Mahdi Khorsand / Zadeh-Haghighi, Hadi / Császár, Noémi / Bókkon, István / Rodrigues, Serafim / Oblak, Daniel

iScience

2023 Volume 27, Issue 1, Page(s) 108744

Abstract: In an innovative experiment, we detected ultraweak photon emission (UPE) from the hippocampus of male rat brains and found significant correlations between Alzheimer's disease (AD), memory decline, oxidative stress, and UPE intensity. These findings may ... ...

Abstract	In an innovative experiment, we detected ultraweak photon emission (UPE) from the hippocampus of male rat brains and found significant correlations between Alzheimer's disease (AD), memory decline, oxidative stress, and UPE intensity. These findings may open up novel methods for screening, detecting, diagnosing, and classifying neurodegenerative diseases, particularly AD. The study suggests that UPE from the brain's neural tissue can serve as a valuable indicator. It also proposes the development of a minimally invasive brain-computer interface (BCI) photonic chip for monitoring and diagnosing AD, offering high spatiotemporal resolution of brain activity. The study used a rodent model of sporadic AD, demonstrating that STZ-induced sAD resulted in increased hippocampal UPE, which was associated with oxidative stress. Treatment with donepezil reduced UPE and improved oxidative stress. These findings support the potential utility of UPE as a screening and diagnostic tool for AD and other neurodegenerative diseases.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-14
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2589-0042
ISSN (online)	2589-0042
DOI	10.1016/j.isci.2023.108744
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