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  1. AU="Sandra Heskamp"
  2. AU="Omid Sadeghi"
  3. AU="Antaya, Richard"
  4. AU="Papadopoulos, G"
  5. AU="Boughen, Santiago"
  6. AU="Brink, P. L."

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  1. Artikel ; Online: Utilizing MRI, [18F]FDG-PET and [89Zr]Zr-DFO-28H1 FAP-PET tracer to assess inflammation and fibrogenesis in a reproducible lung injury rat model

    Milou Boswinkel / René Raavé / Andor Veltien / Tom WJ Scheenen / Nina Fransén Petterson / René in ‘t Zandt / Lars E. Olsson / Karin von Wachenfeldt / Sandra Heskamp / Irma Mahmutovic Persson

    Frontiers in Nuclear Medicine, Vol

    a multimodal imaging study

    2023  Band 3

    Abstract: ObjectiveAccurate imaging biomarkers that indicate disease progression at an early stage are highly important to enable timely mitigation of symptoms in progressive lung disease. In this context, reproducible experimental models and readouts are key. ... ...

    Abstract ObjectiveAccurate imaging biomarkers that indicate disease progression at an early stage are highly important to enable timely mitigation of symptoms in progressive lung disease. In this context, reproducible experimental models and readouts are key. Here, we aim to show reproducibility of a lung injury rat model, by inducing disease and assessing disease progression by multi-modal non-invasive imaging techniques at two different research sites. Furthermore, we evaluated the potential of fibroblast activating protein (FAP) as an imaging biomarker in the early stage of lung fibrosis.MethodsAn initial lung injury rat model was set up at one research site (Lund University, Lund, Sweden) and repeated at a second site (Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands). To induce lung injury, Sprague-Dawley rats received intratracheal instillation of bleomycin as one single dose (1,000 iU in 200 µL) or saline as control. Thereafter, longitudinal images were acquired to track inflammation in the lungs, at 1 and 2 weeks after the bleomycin challenge by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and [18F]FDG-PET. After the final [18F]FDG-PET scan, rats received an intravenous tracer [89Zr]Zr-DFO-28H1 (anti-FAP antibody) and were imaged at day 15, to track fibrogenesis. Upon termination, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed to assess cell and protein concentration. Subsequently, the biodistribution of [89Zr]Zr-DFO-28H1 was measured ex vivo and the spatial distribution in lung tissue was studied by autoradiography. Lung sections were stained, and fibrosis assessed using the modified Ashcroft score.ResultsBleomycin-challenged rats showed body weight loss and increased numbers of immune cells and protein concentrations after BAL compared with control animals. The initiation and progression of the disease were reproduced at both research sites. Lung lesions in bleomycin-exposed rats were visualized by MRI and confirmed by histology. [18F]FDG uptake was higher in the lungs of bleomycin-challenged rats compared with the controls, similar to ...
    Schlagwörter bleomycin ; imaging ; fibroblast activating protein (FAP) ; magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) ; positron emission tomography (PET) ; reproducibility experiments ; Medical physics. Medical radiology. Nuclear medicine ; R895-920
    Thema/Rubrik (Code) 610
    Sprache Englisch
    Erscheinungsdatum 2023-12-01T00:00:00Z
    Verlag Frontiers Media S.A.
    Dokumenttyp Artikel ; Online
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  2. Artikel ; Online: Imaging carbonic anhydrase IX as a method for monitoring hypoxia-related radioresistance in preclinical head and neck cancer models

    Fokko J. Huizing / Bianca A.W. Hoeben / Jasper Lok / Otto C. Boerman / Sandra Heskamp / Johan Bussink

    Physics and Imaging in Radiation Oncology, Vol 19, Iss , Pp 145-

    2021  Band 150

    Abstract: Background and purpose: Tumor hypoxia is an important cause of radioresistance and is associated with poor outcome.SPECT (Single-photon emission computed tomography) imaging enables visualizing tumor characteristics. We investigated the SPECT-radiotracer ...

    Abstract Background and purpose: Tumor hypoxia is an important cause of radioresistance and is associated with poor outcome.SPECT (Single-photon emission computed tomography) imaging enables visualizing tumor characteristics. We investigated the SPECT-radiotracer [111In]-girentuximab-F(ab’)2 to image Carbonic Anhydrase IX (CAIX), an enzyme upregulated under hypoxic conditions. Materials and methods: Athymic mice with subcutaneous FaDu or SCCNij202 head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) xenografts were treated with atovaquone or were housed in a hypoxic chamber (8% O2). Next, [111In]-girentuximab-F(ab’)2 was injected and 24 h later mice were euthanized for ex vivo biodistribution, autoradiography of the tumor, and immunohistochemical staining of the tumor. Tumor sections were analyzed for hypoxia, CAIX expression, vessels, and perfusion. Also, the effect of atovaquone on microSPECT scans was determined in the FaDu model. Results: Atovaquone decreased CAIX expression by 69% (p = 0.017) compared with control tumors in FaDu, while in the SCCNij202 tumors no difference was observed. Hypoxic breathing did not increase CAIX expression or hypoxia staining in either tumor model, but did affect the necrotic tumor fraction. Ex vivo tracer uptake in the atovaquone treated group did not differ significantly from the control group, despite the difference in CAIX expression. Furthermore, SPECT imaging with [111In]-girentuximab-F(ab’)2 did not discriminate atovaquone-treated versus control tumors. Conclusion: Atovaquone decreased CAIX expression only in the FaDu tumor model. [111In]-girentuximab-F(ab’)2 specifically targets CAIX-expressing areas in HNSCC xenografts, but differences in vessel density and necrosis most likely affected tracer uptake in the tumors and therefore complicated quantification of changes in CAIX expression.
    Schlagwörter Head and neck xenografts ; Hypoxia ; CAIX imaging ; Functional imaging ; Girentuximab ; Atovaquone ; Medical physics. Medical radiology. Nuclear medicine ; R895-920 ; Neoplasms. Tumors. Oncology. Including cancer and carcinogens ; RC254-282
    Sprache Englisch
    Erscheinungsdatum 2021-07-01T00:00:00Z
    Verlag Elsevier
    Dokumenttyp Artikel ; Online
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  3. Artikel ; Online: T-cell stimulating vaccines empower CD3 bispecific antibody therapy in solid tumors

    Jim Middelburg / Marjolein Sluijter / Gaby Schaap / Büşra Göynük / Katy Lloyd / Vitalijs Ovcinnikovs / Gijs G. Zom / Renoud J. Marijnissen / Christianne Groeneveldt / Lisa Griffioen / Gerwin G. W. Sandker / Sandra Heskamp / Sjoerd H. van der Burg / Tsolere Arakelian / Ferry Ossendorp / Ramon Arens / Janine Schuurman / Kristel Kemper / Thorbald van Hall

    Nature Communications, Vol 15, Iss 1, Pp 1-

    2024  Band 15

    Abstract: Abstract CD3 bispecific antibody (CD3 bsAb) therapy is clinically approved for refractory hematological malignancies, but responses in solid tumors have been limited so far. One of the main hurdles in solid tumors is the lack of sufficient T-cell ... ...

    Abstract Abstract CD3 bispecific antibody (CD3 bsAb) therapy is clinically approved for refractory hematological malignancies, but responses in solid tumors have been limited so far. One of the main hurdles in solid tumors is the lack of sufficient T-cell infiltrate. Here, we show that pre-treatment vaccination, even when composed of tumor-unrelated antigens, induces CXCR3-mediated T-cell influx in immunologically ‘cold’ tumor models in male mice. In the absence of CD3 bsAb, the infiltrate is confined to the tumor invasive margin, whereas subsequent CD3 bsAb administration induces infiltration of activated effector CD8 T cells into the tumor cell nests. This combination therapy installs a broadly inflamed Th1-type tumor microenvironment, resulting in effective tumor eradication. Multiple vaccination formulations, including synthetic long peptides and viruses, empower CD3 bsAb therapy. Our results imply that eliciting tumor infiltration with vaccine-induced tumor-(un)related T cells can greatly improve the efficacy of CD3 bsAbs in solid tumors.
    Schlagwörter Science ; Q
    Sprache Englisch
    Erscheinungsdatum 2024-01-01T00:00:00Z
    Verlag Nature Portfolio
    Dokumenttyp Artikel ; Online
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  4. Artikel ; Online: Carbonic Anhydrase IX-Targeted α-Radionuclide Therapy with 225Ac Inhibits Tumor Growth in a Renal Cell Carcinoma Model

    Robin I. J. Merkx / Mark Rijpkema / Gerben M. Franssen / Annemarie Kip / Bart Smeets / Alfred Morgenstern / Frank Bruchertseifer / Eddie Yan / Michael P. Wheatcroft / Egbert Oosterwijk / Peter F. A. Mulders / Sandra Heskamp

    Pharmaceuticals, Vol 15, Iss 570, p

    2022  Band 570

    Abstract: In this study, we compared the tumor-targeting properties, therapeutic efficacy, and tolerability of the humanized anti-CAIX antibody (hG250) labeled with either the α-emitter actinium-225 ( 225 Ac) or the β - -emitter lutetium-177 ( 177 Lu) in mice. ... ...

    Abstract In this study, we compared the tumor-targeting properties, therapeutic efficacy, and tolerability of the humanized anti-CAIX antibody (hG250) labeled with either the α-emitter actinium-225 ( 225 Ac) or the β - -emitter lutetium-177 ( 177 Lu) in mice. BALB/c nude mice were grafted with human renal cell carcinoma SK-RC-52 cells and intravenously injected with 30 µg [ 225 Ac] Ac-DOTA-hG250 ( 225 Ac-hG250) or 30 µg [ 177 Lu] Lu-DOTA-hG250 ( 177 Lu-hG250), followed by ex vivo biodistribution studies. Therapeutic efficacy was evaluated in mice receiving 5, 15, and 25 kBq of 225 Ac-hG250; 13 MBq of 177 Lu-hG250; or no treatment. Tolerability was evaluated in non-tumor-bearing animals. High tumor uptake of both radioimmunoconjugates was observed and increased up to day 7 (212.8 ± 50.2 %IA/g vs. 101.0 ± 18.4 %IA/g for 225 Ac-hG250 and 177 Lu-hG250, respectively). Survival was significantly prolonged in mice treated with 15 kBq 225 Ac-hG250, 25 kBq 225 Ac-hG250, and 13 MBq 177 Lu-hG250 compared to untreated control ( p < 0.05). Non-tumor-bearing mice that received single-dose treatment with 15 or 25 kBq 225 Ac-hG250 showed weight loss at the end of the experiment (day 126), and immunohistochemical analysis suggested radiation-induced nephrotoxicity. These results demonstrate the therapeutic potential of CAIX-targeted α-therapy in renal cell carcinoma. Future studies are required to find an optimal balance between therapeutic efficacy and toxicity.
    Schlagwörter radioimmunotherapy ; RCC ; actinium-225 ; CAIX ; G250 ; Medicine ; R ; Pharmacy and materia medica ; RS1-441
    Sprache Englisch
    Erscheinungsdatum 2022-05-01T00:00:00Z
    Verlag MDPI AG
    Dokumenttyp Artikel ; Online
    Datenquelle BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (Lebenswissenschaftliche Auswahl)

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  5. Artikel ; Online: Tracers for non-invasive radionuclide imaging of immune checkpoint expression in cancer

    Peter Wierstra / Gerwin Sandker / Erik Aarntzen / Martin Gotthardt / Gosse Adema / Johan Bussink / René Raavé / Sandra Heskamp

    EJNMMI Radiopharmacy and Chemistry, Vol 4, Iss 1, Pp 1-

    2019  Band 20

    Abstract: Abstract Immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors demonstrates impressive improvements in the treatment of several types of cancer. Unfortunately, not all patients respond to therapy while severe immune-related adverse effects are prevalent. Currently, ... ...

    Abstract Abstract Immunotherapy with checkpoint inhibitors demonstrates impressive improvements in the treatment of several types of cancer. Unfortunately, not all patients respond to therapy while severe immune-related adverse effects are prevalent. Currently, patient stratification is based on immunotherapy marker expression through immunohistochemical analysis on biopsied material. However, expression can be heterogeneous within and between tumor lesions, amplifying the sampling limitations of biopsies. Analysis of immunotherapy target expression by non-invasive quantitative molecular imaging with PET or SPECT may overcome this issue. In this review, an overview of tracers that have been developed for preclinical and clinical imaging of key immunotherapy targets, such as programmed cell death-1, programmed cell death ligand-1, IDO1 and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 is presented. We discuss important aspects to consider when developing such tracers and outline the future perspectives of molecular imaging of immunotherapy markers. Graphical abstract Current techniques in immune checkpoint imaging and its potential for future applications
    Schlagwörter Immune checkpoint ; Immune checkpoint imaging ; Tumor expression ; PET ; SPECT ; PD-1 ; Medical physics. Medical radiology. Nuclear medicine ; R895-920 ; Therapeutics. Pharmacology ; RM1-950
    Thema/Rubrik (Code) 616
    Sprache Englisch
    Erscheinungsdatum 2019-11-01T00:00:00Z
    Verlag SpringerOpen
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    Datenquelle BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (Lebenswissenschaftliche Auswahl)

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  6. Artikel ; Online: CAIX-targeting radiotracers for hypoxia imaging in head and neck cancer models

    Fokko J. Huizing / Javad Garousi / Jasper Lok / Gerben Franssen / Bianca A. W. Hoeben / Fredrik Y. Frejd / Otto C. Boerman / Johan Bussink / Vladimir Tolmachev / Sandra Heskamp

    Scientific Reports, Vol 9, Iss 1, Pp 1-

    2019  Band 10

    Abstract: Abstract Hypoxia-induced carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) expression is a prognostic marker in solid tumors. In recent years many radiotracers have been developed, but a fair comparison of these compounds is not possible because of the diversity in tumor ... ...

    Abstract Abstract Hypoxia-induced carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) expression is a prognostic marker in solid tumors. In recent years many radiotracers have been developed, but a fair comparison of these compounds is not possible because of the diversity in tumor models and other experimental parameters. In this study we performed a direct in vivo comparison of three promising CAIX targeting radiotracers in xenografted head and neck cancer models. The biodistribution of [111In]In-DOTA-ZCAIX:2 was directly compared with [111In]In-DTPA-G250-F(ab′)2 and [111In] In-DTPA-G250 in female BALB/C nu/nu mice bearing two HNSCC xenografts with different levels of CAIX expression. In vivo biodistribution was quantified by means of microSPECT/CT scans and ex vivo biodistribution was determined with the use of a γ-counter. Tumors were snap frozen and sections were stained for CAIX expression, vessels, hypoxia (pimonidazole) and tumor blood perfusion. Tracer uptake was significantly higher in SSCNij153 tumors compared to SCCNij185 tumors for [111In]In-DOTA-HE3-ZCAIX:2: 0.32 ± 0.03 versus 0.18 ± 0.01%ID/g,(p = 0.003) 4 h p.i., for [111In]In-DTPA-girentuximab-F(ab′)2: 3.0 ± 0.5%ID/g and 1.2 ± 0.1%ID/g (p = 0.03), 24 h p.i. and for [111In]In-DTPA-girentuximab: 30 ± 2.1%ID/g and 7.0 ± 1.0%ID/g (p = 0.0002) 72 h p.i. SPECT imaging with both [111In]In-DTPA-girentuximab-F(ab′)2 and [111In]In-DTPA-girentuximab showed a clear difference in tracer distribution between the two tumor models. The whole IgG, i.e. [111In]In-DTPA-girentuximab, showed the highest tumor-to-muscle ratio. We showed that different CAIX-targeting radiotracers can discriminate a low CAIX-expressing tumor from a high CAIX-expressing head and neck cancer xenografts model. In these hypoxic head and neck xenograft models [111In]In-DTPA-girentuximab showed the most promising results.
    Schlagwörter Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
    Thema/Rubrik (Code) 610
    Sprache Englisch
    Erscheinungsdatum 2019-12-01T00:00:00Z
    Verlag Nature Publishing Group
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    Datenquelle BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (Lebenswissenschaftliche Auswahl)

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  7. Artikel ; Online: Comparative evaluation of affibody- and antibody fragments-based CAIX imaging probes in mice bearing renal cell carcinoma xenografts

    Javad Garousi / Fokko J. Huizing / Anzhelika Vorobyeva / Bogdan Mitran / Ken G. Andersson / Charles Dahlsson Leitao / Fredrik Y. Frejd / John Löfblom / Johan Bussink / Anna Orlova / Sandra Heskamp / Vladimir Tolmachev

    Scientific Reports, Vol 9, Iss 1, Pp 1-

    2019  Band 12

    Abstract: Abstract Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) is a cancer-associated molecular target for several classes of therapeutics. CAIX is overexpressed in a large fraction of renal cell carcinomas (RCC). Radionuclide molecular imaging of CAIX-expression might offer a ... ...

    Abstract Abstract Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) is a cancer-associated molecular target for several classes of therapeutics. CAIX is overexpressed in a large fraction of renal cell carcinomas (RCC). Radionuclide molecular imaging of CAIX-expression might offer a non-invasive methodology for stratification of patients with disseminated RCC for CAIX-targeting therapeutics. Radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies and their fragments are actively investigated for imaging of CAIX expression. Promising alternatives are small non-immunoglobulin scaffold proteins, such as affibody molecules. A CAIX-targeting affibody ZCAIX:2 was re-designed with the aim to decrease off-target interactions and increase imaging contrast. The new tracer, DOTA-HE3-ZCAIX:2, was labeled with 111In and characterized in vitro. Tumor-targeting properties of [111In]In-DOTA-HE3-ZCAIX:2 were compared head-to-head with properties of the parental variant, [99mTc]Tc(CO)3-HE3-ZCAIX:2, and the most promising antibody fragment-based tracer, [111In]In-DTPA-G250(Fab’)2, in the same batch of nude mice bearing CAIX-expressing RCC xenografts. Compared to the 99mTc-labeled parental variant, [111In]In-DOTA-HE3-ZCAIX:2 provides significantly higher tumor-to-lung, tumor-to-bone and tumor-to-liver ratios, which is essential for imaging of CAIX expression in the major metastatic sites of RCC. [111In]In-DOTA-HE3-ZCAIX:2 offers significantly higher tumor-to-organ ratios compared with [111In]In-G250(Fab’)2. In conclusion, [111In]In-DOTA-HE3-ZCAIX:2 can be considered as a highly promising tracer for imaging of CAIX expression in RCC metastases based on our results and literature data.
    Schlagwörter Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
    Thema/Rubrik (Code) 616
    Sprache Englisch
    Erscheinungsdatum 2019-10-01T00:00:00Z
    Verlag Nature Publishing Group
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  8. Artikel ; Online: Targeting of radioactive platinum-bisphosphonate anticancer drugs to bone of high metabolic activity

    Robin A. Nadar / Kambiz Farbod / Karlijn Codee-van der Schilden / Lukas Schlatt / Barbara Crone / Nandini Asokan / Alessandra Curci / Michael Brand / Martin Bornhaeuser / Michele Iafisco / Nicola Margiotta / Uwe Karst / Sandra Heskamp / Otto C. Boerman / Jeroen J. J. P. van den Beucken / Sander C. G. Leeuwenburgh

    Scientific Reports, Vol 10, Iss 1, Pp 1-

    2020  Band 12

    Abstract: Abstract Platinum-based chemotherapeutics exhibit excellent antitumor properties. However, these drugs cause severe side effects including toxicity, drug resistance, and lack of tumor selectivity. Tumor-targeted drug delivery has demonstrated great ... ...

    Abstract Abstract Platinum-based chemotherapeutics exhibit excellent antitumor properties. However, these drugs cause severe side effects including toxicity, drug resistance, and lack of tumor selectivity. Tumor-targeted drug delivery has demonstrated great potential to overcome these drawbacks. Herein, we aimed to design radioactive bisphosphonate-functionalized platinum (195mPt-BP) complexes to confirm preferential accumulation of these Pt-based drugs in metabolically active bone. In vitro NMR studies revealed that release of Pt from Pt BP complexes increased with decreasing pH. Upon systemic administration to mice, Pt-BP exhibited a 4.5-fold higher affinity to bone compared to platinum complexes lacking the bone-seeking bisphosphonate moiety. These Pt-BP complexes formed less Pt-DNA adducts compared to bisphosphonate-free platinum complexes, indicating that in vivo release of Pt from Pt-BP complexes proceeded relatively slow. Subsequently, radioactive 195mPt-BP complexes were synthesized using 195mPt(NO3)2(en) as precursor and injected intravenously into mice. Specific accumulation of 195mPt-BP was observed at skeletal sites with high metabolic activity using micro-SPECT/CT imaging. Furthermore, laser ablation-ICP-MS imaging of proximal tibia sections confirmed that 195mPt BP co-localized with calcium in the trabeculae of mice tibia.
    Schlagwörter Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
    Sprache Englisch
    Erscheinungsdatum 2020-04-01T00:00:00Z
    Verlag Nature Publishing Group
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  9. Artikel ; Online: Correction to

    Kathrin Heinzmann / Davina Jean Honess / David Yestin Lewis / Donna-Michelle Smith / Christopher Cawthorne / Heather Keen / Sandra Heskamp / Sonja Schelhaas / Timothy Howard Witney / Dmitry Soloviev / Kaye Janine Williams / Andreas Hans Jacobs / Eric Ofori Aboagye / John Richard Griffiths / Kevin Michael Brindle

    EJNMMI Research, Vol 7, Iss 1, Pp 1-

    The relationship between endogenous thymidine concentrations and [18F]FLT uptake in a range of preclinical tumour models

    2017  Band 1

    Abstract: Correction Unfortunately, the original version of Figs. 4, 5 and 6b in the article [1] contained errors in the n numbers as indicated on the columns. Please note that column heights and error bars in the original figures and data in the ESM tables are ... ...

    Abstract Correction Unfortunately, the original version of Figs. 4, 5 and 6b in the article [1] contained errors in the n numbers as indicated on the columns. Please note that column heights and error bars in the original figures and data in the ESM tables are correct and statistical tests are valid. These corrections do not affect any results or conclusions in this article.
    Schlagwörter Medical physics. Medical radiology. Nuclear medicine ; R895-920
    Sprache Englisch
    Erscheinungsdatum 2017-12-01T00:00:00Z
    Verlag SpringerOpen
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    Datenquelle BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (Lebenswissenschaftliche Auswahl)

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  10. Artikel ; Online: Upregulation of IGF-1R expression during neoadjuvant therapy predicts poor outcome in breast cancer patients.

    Sandra Heskamp / Otto C Boerman / Janneke D M Molkenboer-Kuenen / Carla A Wauters / Luc J A Strobbe / Caroline M P W Mandigers / Peter Bult / Wim J G Oyen / Winette T A van der Graaf / Hanneke W M van Laarhoven

    PLoS ONE, Vol 10, Iss 2, p e

    2015  Band 0117745

    Abstract: The insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) may be involved in the development of resistance against conventional cancer treatment. The aim of this study was to assess whether IGF-1R expression of breast tumors changes during neoadjuvant therapy ... ...

    Abstract The insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R) may be involved in the development of resistance against conventional cancer treatment. The aim of this study was to assess whether IGF-1R expression of breast tumors changes during neoadjuvant therapy and to study whether these changes were associated with survival.Paraffin embedded tumor tissue was collected from pretreatment biopsies and surgical resections of 62 breast cancer patients who were treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy or endocrine therapy. IGF-1R expression was determined immunohistochemically and compared before and after treatment.High membranous IGF-1R expression at diagnosis correlated significantly with ER positivity, low tumor stage (stage I/II) and longer overall survival (p < 0.05). After neoadjuvant treatment, membranous IGF-1R expression remained the same in 41 (65%) tumors, was upregulated in 11 (18%) tumors and downregulated in 11 (18%) tumors. Changes in membranous IGF-1R expression were associated with overall survival (log-rank test: p = 0.013, multivariate cox-regression: p = 0.086). Mean overall survival time for upregulation, no change, and downregulation in IGF-1R expression was 3.0 ± 0.5 years, 7.3 ± 1.0 years and 15.0 ± 1.8 years, respectively. Changes in other parameters were not significantly associated with survival.Neoadjuvant therapy can induce changes in IGF-1R expression. Upregulation of IGF-1R expression after neoadjuvant treatment is a poor prognostic factor in breast cancer patients, providing a rationale for incorporating anti-IGF-1R drugs in the management of these patients.
    Schlagwörter Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
    Thema/Rubrik (Code) 616 ; 610
    Sprache Englisch
    Erscheinungsdatum 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z
    Verlag Public Library of Science (PLoS)
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