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  1. Article: A revised method for determining the absolute abundance of diatoms

    Warnock, Jonathan P / Scherer, Reed P

    Journal of paleolimnology. 2015 Jan., v. 53, no. 1

    2015  

    Abstract: Diatoms and other microfossils are used extensively in reconstructions of past climates and environments, in both terrestrial and marine settings. Both relative and absolute abundances of diatom taxa in sediment are important tools in these ... ...

    Abstract Diatoms and other microfossils are used extensively in reconstructions of past climates and environments, in both terrestrial and marine settings. Both relative and absolute abundances of diatom taxa in sediment are important tools in these reconstructions. However, acquiring these data is a labor-intensive process. Settling-based diatom slide preparation techniques often bias samples through aliquot subsampling and sediment washing. Other techniques involve the use of added markers, which might obscure diatoms on the slide. This paper presents a revision to the widely adopted settling-based diatom slide preparation method presented by Scherer (J Paleolimnol 12:171–179, 1994) and provides a direct comparison to another widely used method. Evenly distributed diatom slides can be created by a settling process, which yields multiple statistically similar diatom slides without needing to clean sediment of salts or do aqueous subsampling, which may impart a bias in the sample when there is a wide range of particle shapes and sizes in the assemblage. Two samples originally utilized by Scherer (J Paleolimnol 12:171–179, 1994) were prepared via the updated method through a series of replicates. These results were compared to the same samples, processed with the method of Schrader and Gersonde (Utrecht Micropaleontol Bull 17:129–176, 1978), utilizing Petri dishes and the original results of Scherer (J Paleolimnol 12:171–179, 1994). The new modification presented here produces smaller standard deviations than the original Scherer method, and order of magnitude better statistics than the Schrader and Gersonde (Utrecht Micropaleontol Bull 17:129–176, 1978) method.
    Keywords Bacillariophycidae ; climate ; microfossils ; salts ; sediments ; statistics ; washing ; Netherlands
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2015-01
    Size p. 157-163.
    Publishing place Springer-Verlag
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 1478181-5
    ISSN 1573-0417 ; 0921-2728
    ISSN (online) 1573-0417
    ISSN 0921-2728
    DOI 10.1007/s10933-014-9808-0
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  2. Article ; Online: Windblown Pliocene diatoms and East Antarctic Ice Sheet retreat.

    Scherer, Reed P / DeConto, Robert M / Pollard, David / Alley, Richard B

    Nature communications

    2016  Volume 7, Page(s) 12957

    Abstract: Marine diatoms in tillites along the Transantarctic Mountains (TAMs) have been used to suggest a diminished East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS) during Pliocene warm periods. Updated ice-sheet modelling shows significant Pliocene EAIS retreat, creating marine ...

    Abstract Marine diatoms in tillites along the Transantarctic Mountains (TAMs) have been used to suggest a diminished East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS) during Pliocene warm periods. Updated ice-sheet modelling shows significant Pliocene EAIS retreat, creating marine embayments into the Wilkes and Aurora basins that were conducive to high diatom productivity and rapid accumulation of diatomaceous sediments. Here we show that subsequent isostatic uplift exposed accumulated unconsolidated marine deposits to wind erosion. We report new atmospheric modelling utilizing Pliocene climate and derived Antarctic landscapes indicating that prevailing mid-altitude winds transported diatoms towards the TAMs, dominantly from extensive emerged coastal deposits of the Aurora Basin. This result unifies leading ideas from competing sides of a contentious debate about the origin of the diatoms in the TAMs and their link to EAIS history, supporting the view that parts of the EAIS are vulnerable to relatively modest warming, with possible implications for future sea-level rise.
    MeSH term(s) Antarctic Regions ; Diatoms ; Fossils ; Ice Cover ; Models, Theoretical ; Wind
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-09-20
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
    ISSN 2041-1723
    ISSN (online) 2041-1723
    DOI 10.1038/ncomms12957
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Influence of microbial biofilms on the preservation of primary soft tissue in fossil and extant archosaurs.

    Peterson, Joseph E / Lenczewski, Melissa E / Scherer, Reed P

    PloS one

    2010  Volume 5, Issue 10, Page(s) e13334

    Abstract: Background: Mineralized and permineralized bone is the most common form of fossilization in the vertebrate record. Preservation of gross soft tissues is extremely rare, but recent studies have suggested that primary soft tissues and biomolecules are ... ...

    Abstract Background: Mineralized and permineralized bone is the most common form of fossilization in the vertebrate record. Preservation of gross soft tissues is extremely rare, but recent studies have suggested that primary soft tissues and biomolecules are more commonly preserved within preserved bones than had been presumed. Some of these claims have been challenged, with presentation of evidence suggesting that some of the structures are microbial artifacts, not primary soft tissues. The identification of biomolecules in fossil vertebrate extracts from a specimen of Brachylophosaurus canadensis has shown the interpretation of preserved organic remains as microbial biofilm to be highly unlikely. These discussions also propose a variety of potential mechanisms that would permit the preservation of soft-tissues in vertebrate fossils over geologic time.
    Methodology/principal findings: This study experimentally examines the role of microbial biofilms in soft-tissue preservation in vertebrate fossils by quantitatively establishing the growth and morphology of biofilms on extant archosaur bone. These results are microscopically and morphologically compared with soft-tissue extracts from vertebrate fossils from the Hell Creek Formation of southeastern Montana (Latest Maastrichtian) in order to investigate the potential role of microbial biofilms on the preservation of fossil bone and bound organic matter in a variety of taphonomic settings. Based on these analyses, we highlight a mechanism whereby this bound organic matter may be preserved.
    Conclusions/significance: Results of the study indicate that the crystallization of microbial biofilms on decomposing organic matter within vertebrate bone in early taphonomic stages may contribute to the preservation of primary soft tissues deeper in the bone structure.
    MeSH term(s) Biofilms ; Fossils ; Microbiology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2010-10-12
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ISSN 1932-6203
    ISSN (online) 1932-6203
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0013334
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Book ; Online: Physical properties and abundance of diatoms of the ANDRILL AND1-1B drill core, supplementary data to: Konfirst, Matthew Alan; Kuhn, Gerhard; Monien, Donata; Scherer, Reed P (2011): Correlation of Early Pliocene diatomite to low amplitude Milankovitch cycles in the ANDRILL AND-1B drill core. Marine Micropaleontology, 80(3-4), 114-124

    Konfirst, Matthew Alan / Kuhn, Gerhard / Monien, Donata / Scherer, Reed P

    2011  

    Abstract: In the austral summer of 2006/7 the ANDRILL MIS (ANtarctic geological DRILLing- McMurdo Ice Shelf) project recovered a 1285 m sediment core from beneath the Ross Ice Shelf near Hut Point Peninsula, Ross Island, Antarctica in a flexural moat associated ... ...

    Abstract In the austral summer of 2006/7 the ANDRILL MIS (ANtarctic geological DRILLing- McMurdo Ice Shelf) project recovered a 1285 m sediment core from beneath the Ross Ice Shelf near Hut Point Peninsula, Ross Island, Antarctica in a flexural moat associated with the volcanic loading of Ross Island. Contained within the upper ~600 m of this core are sediments recording 38 glacial to interglacial cycles of Early Pliocene to Pleistocene time, including 13 discrete diatomite units (DU). The longest of these, DU XI, is ~76 m thick, contains two distinct unconformities marked by layers of volcanic brecciated sands, and has been assigned an Early to Mid-Pliocene age (5-3 Ma). A detailed record (avg. sample spacing of 33 cm) of the siliceous microfossil assemblages have been generated for DU XI and used in conjunction with geochemical and sedimentological data to subdivide DU XI into four discrete subunits of continuous sedimentation. Within each unit, changes in diatom assemblages have been correlated with the d18O record, providing a temporal resolution as high as 600 yr, and allowing for the construction of a detailed age model and calculation of associated sediment accumulation rates within DU XI. Results indicate a productivity-dominated sedimentary record with higher sediment accumulation rates containing a greater proportion of hemipelagic mud occurring during relatively cool periods and reduced accumulation during warmer intervals. This implies that even during periods of substantial warmth, Milankovitch-paced changes in Antarctic ice volume can be linked to ecological changes recorded as shifts in diatom assemblages.
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2011-9999
    Size Online-Ressource
    Publisher PANGAEA - Data Publisher for Earth & Environmental Science
    Publishing place Bremen/Bremerhaven
    Document type Book ; Online
    Note This dataset is supplement to doi:10.1016/j.marmicro.2011.06.005
    DOI 10.1594/PANGAEA.757323
    Database Library catalogue of the German National Library of Science and Technology (TIB), Hannover

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  5. Article: A diatom record of environmental change in Fryxell Basin, Taylor Valley, Antarctica, late Pleistocene to present

    Konfirst, Matthew A / Sjunneskog, Charlotte / Scherer, Reed P / Doran, Peter T

    Journal of paleolimnology. 2011 Aug., v. 46, no. 2

    2011  

    Abstract: We present a diatom record from a sediment core taken in Lake Fryxell, Taylor Valley, Antarctica. Six zones were defined using diatom assemblage changes that indicate varying limnological conditions. The early lake stage, ca. 35,000 cal years BP, is ... ...

    Abstract We present a diatom record from a sediment core taken in Lake Fryxell, Taylor Valley, Antarctica. Six zones were defined using diatom assemblage changes that indicate varying limnological conditions. The early lake stage, ca. 35,000 cal years BP, is characterized by Mayamea atomus f. permitis, a species rarely reported in modern Antarctic Dry Valley environments. An extended period from ca. 35,000 to 19,000 cal years BP is characterized by low diatom abundance, with dominant taxa Luticola spp., Muelleria spp., and Diadesmis contenta. The modern assemblage was established ca. 13,000 cal years BP, after two relatively brief transitional stages. One key species for this recent period, Navicula lineola var. perlepida, is absent in surface sediments and the modern environment, indicating an environmental change within the last several centuries. The diatom assemblage is compared to modern diatom communities in Dry Valley streams, which provide the most complete information on diatom distributions in this region. Although precise environmental interpretation of the core is hampered by limited knowledge of environmental constraints on many of the diatom taxa present in the lake core, the data provide important new insights into the history of Glacial Lake Washburn.
    Keywords Navicula ; lakes ; sediments ; streams ; Antarctic region ; Antarctica
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2011-08
    Size p. 257-272.
    Publishing place Springer-Verlag
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 1478181-5
    ISSN 1573-0417 ; 0921-2728
    ISSN (online) 1573-0417
    ISSN 0921-2728
    DOI 10.1007/s10933-011-9537-6
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  6. Article ; Online: Shallow-water hydrothermal venting linked to the Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum

    Berndt, Christian / Planke, Sverre / Alvarez Zarikian, Carlos A. / Frieling, Joost / Jones, Morgan T. / Millett, John M. / Brinkhuis, Henk / Bünz, Stefan / Svensen, Henrik H. / Longman, Jack / Scherer, Reed P. / Karstens, Jens / Manton, Ben / Nelissen, Mei / Reed, Brandon / Faleide, Jan Inge / Huismans, Ritske S. / Agarwal, Amar / Andrews, Graham D. M. /
    Betlem, Peter / Bhattacharya, Joyeeta / Chatterjee, Sayantani / Christopoulou, Marialena / Clementi, Vincent J. / Ferré, Eric C. / Filina, Irina Y. / Guo, Pengyuan / Harper, Dustin T. / Lambart, Sarah / Mohn, Geoffroy / Nakaoka, Reina / Tegner, Christian / Varela, Natalia / Wang, Mengyuan / Xu, Weimu / Yager, Stacy L.

    2023  

    Abstract: The Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) was a global warming event of 5–6 °C around 56 million years ago caused by input of carbon into the ocean and atmosphere. Hydrothermal venting of greenhouse gases produced in contact aureoles surrounding ... ...

    Abstract The Palaeocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) was a global warming event of 5–6 °C around 56 million years ago caused by input of carbon into the ocean and atmosphere. Hydrothermal venting of greenhouse gases produced in contact aureoles surrounding magmatic intrusions in the North Atlantic Igneous Province have been proposed to play a key role in the PETM carbon-cycle perturbation, but the precise timing, magnitude and climatic impact of such venting remains uncertain. Here we present seismic data and the results of a five-borehole transect sampling the crater of a hydrothermal vent complex in the Northeast Atlantic. Stable carbon isotope stratigraphy and dinoflagellate cyst biostratigraphy reveal a negative carbon isotope excursion coincident with the appearance of the index taxon Apectodinium augustum in the vent crater, firmly tying the infill to the PETM. The shape of the crater and stratified sediments suggests large-scale explosive gas release during the initial phase of vent formation followed by rapid, but largely undisturbed, diatomite-rich infill. Moreover, we show that these vents erupted in very shallow water across the North Atlantic Igneous Province, such that volatile emissions would have entered the atmosphere almost directly without oxidation to CO 2 and at the onset of the PETM.
    Subject code 550
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-08-03
    Publisher Nature Research
    Publishing country de
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  7. Article: Frustules to fragments, diatoms to dust: how degradation of microfossil shape and microstructures can teach us how ice sheets work.

    Scherer, Reed P / Sjunneskog, Charlotte M / Iverson, Neal R / Hooyer, Thomas S

    Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology

    2005  Volume 5, Issue 1, Page(s) 96–99

    Abstract: In a laboratory experiment we investigated micro- and nanoscale changes in fossil diatom valves and in the texture of diatomaceous sediments that result from ice sheet overburden and subglacial shearing. Our experiment included compression and shearing ... ...

    Abstract In a laboratory experiment we investigated micro- and nanoscale changes in fossil diatom valves and in the texture of diatomaceous sediments that result from ice sheet overburden and subglacial shearing. Our experiment included compression and shearing of Antarctic diatom-rich sediments in a ring shear device and comparison of experimental samples with natural glacial sediments from the Antarctic continental shelf. The purpose of the experiment is to establish objective criteria for analyzing subglacial processes and interpreting the origin of glacial-geologic features on the Antarctic continental shelf. We find distinct changes resulting from different glacial settings, with respect to whole diatom frustules, diatom micromorphology, and microtextural properties of sedimentary units. By providing constraints on subglacial shearing, these observations of genetically controlled micro- and nanoscale diatom structures and architecture are contributing to the understanding of large-scale glacial processes, aiding the development of models of modern ice sheet processes, and guiding interpretation of past ice sheet configurations.
    MeSH term(s) Antarctic Regions ; Biodegradation, Environmental ; Cell Size ; Diatoms/chemistry ; Diatoms/physiology ; Diatoms/ultrastructure ; Fossils ; Geologic Sediments/microbiology ; Ice/analysis ; Pressure ; Structure-Activity Relationship ; Water Microbiology
    Chemical Substances Ice
    Language English
    Publishing date 2005-01
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
    ISSN 1533-4880
    ISSN 1533-4880
    DOI 10.1166/jnn.2005.016
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Book ; Conference proceedings ; Online: Radiolarians of the Celebes Sea, supplementary data to: Scherer, Reed P (1991): Radiolarians of the Celebes Sea, Leg 124, sites 767 and 770. In: Silver, EA; Rangin, C; von Breymann, MT; et al. (eds.), Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 124, 345-357

    Scherer, Reed P

    1991  

    Abstract: Two sites were drilled in the Celebes Sea as part of Ocean Drilling Program Leg 124; Site 767 and Site 770. Radiolarians are preserved in Paleogene pelagic claystones with minor occurrences in certain Neogene successions. The brown clays that immediately ...

    Abstract Two sites were drilled in the Celebes Sea as part of Ocean Drilling Program Leg 124; Site 767 and Site 770. Radiolarians are preserved in Paleogene pelagic claystones with minor occurrences in certain Neogene successions. The brown clays that immediately overlie basalt at both sites contain radiolarians of the late middle Eocene Podocyrtis chalara Zone. Late Eocene radiolarians are not found, due to dissolution and probable hiatus. The Oligocene is represented by the Theocyrtis tuberosa and Dorcadospyris ateuchus Zones. Oligocene sediments are strongly dominated by abundant and diverse radiolarians of the TristylospyrislDorcadospyris lineage. Preservation of Paleogene radiolarian assemblages ranges from good to very poor. Late Miocene radiolarians of the Didymocyrtis antepenultima Zone are found only in Site 770. Other Neogene sediments are barren of radiolarian remains, with the exception of latest Pleistocene and Holocene sediments.
    Language English
    Dates of publication 1991-9999
    Size Online-Ressource
    Publisher PANGAEA - Data Publisher for Earth & Environmental Science
    Publishing place Bremen/Bremerhaven
    Document type Book ; Conference proceedings ; Online
    Note This dataset is supplement to doi:10.2973/odp.proc.sr.124.133.1991
    DOI 10.1594/PANGAEA.729500
    Database Library catalogue of the German National Library of Science and Technology (TIB), Hannover

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  9. Book ; Conference proceedings ; Online: Miocene radiolarians of the Sulu Sea, supplementary data to: Scherer, Reed P (1991): Miocene radiolarians of the Sulu Sea, Leg 124. In: Silver, EA; Rangin, C; von Breymann, MT; et al. (eds.), Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, College Station, TX (Ocean Drilling Program), 124, 359-368

    Scherer, Reed P

    1991  

    Abstract: Radiolarians are sporadic in sediments collected in the Sulu Sea during ODP Leg 124. Due to the generally poor preservation and low abundance of radiolarians in Sulu Sea sediments, no biostratigraphic datums are well defined, although three radiolarian ... ...

    Abstract Radiolarians are sporadic in sediments collected in the Sulu Sea during ODP Leg 124. Due to the generally poor preservation and low abundance of radiolarians in Sulu Sea sediments, no biostratigraphic datums are well defined, although three radiolarian zones are identified. Most samples containing radiolarians are pelagic or hemipelagic clays with varying proportions of volcanic ash. Detailed analysis of Sulu Sea radiolarians was limited to Miocene successions. Pliocene and Quaternary occurrences of radiolarians were noted but have not been zoned.
    The late middle Miocene of Sites 769 and 771 is represented by an assemblage of radiolarians (Diartus petterssoni Zone) that is entirely replaced by massive pyrite. This type of preservation develops only under anoxic conditions. The development of widespread anoxia in Sulu Sea waters in the late middle Miocene was probably the result of hydrologic isolation of basin waters, and may be associated with eustatic sea level fall over the silled basin.
    Upper lower Miocene pelagic and hemipelagic sediments that overlie pyroclastics and basalt flows in the Sulu Sea sites contain moderately to very poorly preserved radiolarians of the Calocycletta costata Zone. A thin unit of marine claystone was recovered from between the thick pyroclastics and basement rocks at Site 768. Radiolarians present in these claystones are rare and very poorly preserved. This radiolarian assemblage probably represents the C. costata Zone, although very poor preservation and low abundance make this interpretation equivocal. The radiolarian zones identified constrain the age of basin formation to late early Miocene or earlier.
    Language English
    Dates of publication 1991-9999
    Size Online-Ressource
    Publisher PANGAEA - Data Publisher for Earth & Environmental Science
    Publishing place Bremen/Bremerhaven
    Document type Book ; Conference proceedings ; Online
    Note This dataset is supplement to doi:10.2973/odp.proc.sr.124.128.1991
    DOI 10.1594/PANGAEA.729505
    Database Library catalogue of the German National Library of Science and Technology (TIB), Hannover

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  10. Article ; Online: Latitudinal Variance in the Drivers and Pacing of Warmth During Mid‐Pleistocene MIS 31 in the Antarctic Zone of the Southern Ocean

    Warnock, Jonathan P. / Reilly, Brendan T. / Raymo, Maureen E. / Weber, Michael E. / Peck, Victoria / Williams, Trevor / Armbrecht, Linda / Bailey, Ian / Brachfeld, Stefanie / Du, Zhiheng / Fauth, Gerson / García, Marga M. / Glüder, Anna / Guitard, Michelle / Gutjahr, Marcus / Hemming, Sidney / Hernández‐Almeida, Iván / Hoem, Freida S. / Hwang, Ji‐Hwan /
    Iizuka, Mutsumi / Kato, Yuji / Lee, Bridget / Martos, Yasmina M. / O’Connell, Suzanne / Pérez, Lara F. / Ronge, Thomas A. / Seki, Osamu / Tauxe, Lisa / Tripathi, Shubham / Zheng, Xufeng / Stoner, Joseph / Scherer, Reed P.

    2022  

    Abstract: Early Pleistocene Marine Isotope Stage (MIS)-31 (1.081–1.062 Ma) is a unique interval of extreme global warming, including evidence of a West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) collapse. Here we present a new 1,000-year resolution, spanning 1.110–1.030 Ma, ... ...

    Abstract Early Pleistocene Marine Isotope Stage (MIS)-31 (1.081–1.062 Ma) is a unique interval of extreme global warming, including evidence of a West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) collapse. Here we present a new 1,000-year resolution, spanning 1.110–1.030 Ma, diatom-based reconstruction of primary productivity, relative sea surface temperature changes, sea-ice proximity/open ocean conditions and diatom species absolute abundances during MIS-31, from the Scotia Sea (59°S) using deep-sea sediments collected during International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 382. The lower Jaramillo magnetic reversal (base of C1r.1n, 1.071 Ma) provides a robust and independent time-stratigraphic marker to correlate records from other drill cores in the Antarctic Zone of the Southern Ocean (AZSO). An increase in open ocean species Fragilariopsis kerguelensis in early MIS-31 at 53°S (Ocean Drilling Program Site 1,094) correlates with increased obliquity forcing, whereas at 59°S (IODP Site U1537; this study) three progressively increasing, successive peaks in the relative abundance of F. kerguelensis correlate with Southern Hemisphere-phased precession pacing. These observations reveal a complex pattern of ocean temperature change and sustained sea surface temperature increase lasting longer than a precession cycle within the Atlantic sector of the AZSO. Timing of an inferred WAIS collapse is consistent with delayed warmth (possibly driven by sea-ice dynamics) in the southern AZSO, supporting models that indicate WAIS sensitivity to local sub-ice shelf melting. Anthropogenically enhanced impingement of relatively warm water beneath the ice shelves today highlights the importance of understanding dynamic responses of the WAIS during MIS-31, a warmer than Holocene interglacia
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-08-15
    Publisher AGU (American Geophysical Union)
    Publishing country de
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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