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  1. Article ; Online: The role of different sources of uncertainty on the stochastic quantification of subsurface discharges in heterogeneous aquifers

    Schiavo, Massimiliano

    Journal of Hydrology. 2023 Feb., v. 617 p.128930-

    2023  

    Abstract: The quantification of subsurface discharges may significantly be affected by multiple sources of uncertainty, especially in highly heterogeneous aquifers. In this work, subsurface discharges within alluvial aquifers located in the province of Lecco ( ... ...

    Abstract The quantification of subsurface discharges may significantly be affected by multiple sources of uncertainty, especially in highly heterogeneous aquifers. In this work, subsurface discharges within alluvial aquifers located in the province of Lecco (Lombardy, Northern Italy) are quantified relying upon a Monte Carlo (MC) framework under geological and conditioning data uncertainty sources. These are respectively employed through different geological conceptual models, whose facies spatial distributions are simulated through Sequential Indicator Simulations methodology (SISIM), and by conditioning stochastic facies simulations with different data constraints. Stochastic porosity fields are then achieved upon facies simulated fields by associating average porosity values to each local simulated facies. Then, stochastic subsurface discharge fluxes are quantified under steady hydraulic conditions upon saturated hydraulic fields, inferred from porosity ones. Then, the study of subsurface discharges is pursued via the Generalized Extreme Values (GEV) approach. This method enables both to interpret peak-over-thresholds (POTs) discharges spatial distribution, and to study the role geological and data uncertainty sources on their quantification, for example studying discharges conveyed towards a lake through the surrounding aquifer. These uncertainty-based analyses show that subsurface discharges clearly convey in correspondence of main alluvial aquifers, as well as the tendency to be collected along preferential pathways. Furthermore, the inspection of POTs empirical probability spatial distributions highlights that the geological uncertainty plays as a primary uncertainty source rather than the conditioning data. The latter plays a minor role, e.g. between different employed models, only in presence of a relevant geological difference between analyzed ones. These results are consistent with other kinds of information, such as hydrogeological sections and available piezometric maps, providing novel contributions to understanding how to quantify subsurface discharges in poorly monitored aquifers or how to treat various sources of uncertainty.
    Keywords aquifers ; lakes ; porosity ; uncertainty ; Italy ; Subsurface discharge ; Geostatistics ; Monte Carlo ; Geological uncertainty ; Data uncertainty
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2023-02
    Publishing place Elsevier B.V.
    Document type Article ; Online
    ZDB-ID 1473173-3
    ISSN 1879-2707 ; 0022-1694
    ISSN (online) 1879-2707
    ISSN 0022-1694
    DOI 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2022.128930
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  2. Article ; Online: Entropy, fractality, and thermodynamics of groundwater pathways

    Schiavo, Massimiliano

    Journal of Hydrology. 2023 Aug., v. 623 p.129824-

    2023  

    Abstract: This Work deepens the issue of groundwater connectivity and the behavior of permeable (alluvial) pathways from a thermodynamic viewpoint. Groundwater pathways have been inferred from geological data upon a starting dataset of 2000 MC simulations of ... ...

    Abstract This Work deepens the issue of groundwater connectivity and the behavior of permeable (alluvial) pathways from a thermodynamic viewpoint. Groundwater pathways have been inferred from geological data upon a starting dataset of 2000 MC simulations of alluvial sediment ratios. Each MC-realization is thresholded upon a certain sediment’s ratio threshold, within the unit interval. Each ensemble of connected locations forms a subsurface pathway, and the latter is fitted through a Gibbs’ Distribution (GD). Each distribution’s best-fit exponent is proportional to the local entropy in a random point of the connected pathway. GD’s exponents decrease at the increase of the threshold prescribed for defining an alluvial pathway, proving that a higher conductivity threshold enables identifying a highly efficient pathway, where groundwater flow encounters less resistance, tending to be more conveyed. Moreover, more probable pathways return lower GD exponents. Lower GD exponents imply a lower energy dissipation within a groundwater pathway; hence the latter is thermodynamically more efficient (and colder) than its less probable counterparts. Moreover, most probable groundwater pathways are close to a thermodynamical equilibrium (zero free-energy), making their spatial (probable) structure more ordered to energetic fluctuations. In addition, the estimation of GD’s exponents for a randomly sampled connected pathways subset enables to highlight the fractal nature of a subsurface pathway; the GD’s exponent weak variation across scales underlines its role as a signature of the whole pathway as of its portions. These results, achieved only from geological data, are important for understanding the patterns of groundwater and contaminant pathways and are strikingly consistent with the latest findings of the research in hydrological systems thermodynamics. This work frames groundwater pathways’ delineation within a novel thermodynamic framework and reconciles their spatial behavior to that of their surface counterparts.
    Keywords data collection ; energy ; entropy ; groundwater ; groundwater flow ; sediments ; Pathways ; Gibbs’ Distribution ; Thermodynamics ; Connectivity ; Fractals
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2023-08
    Publishing place Elsevier B.V.
    Document type Article ; Online
    ZDB-ID 1473173-3
    ISSN 1879-2707 ; 0022-1694
    ISSN (online) 1879-2707
    ISSN 0022-1694
    DOI 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2023.129824
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  3. Article ; Online: Modeling stochastic saline groundwater occurrence in coastal aquifers

    Schiavo, Massimiliano / Colombani, Nicolò / Mastrocicco, Micòl

    Water Research. 2023 May, v. 235 p.119885-

    2023  

    Abstract: The issue of freshwater salinization in coastal areas has grown in importance with the increase of the demand of groundwater supply and the more frequent droughts. However, the spatial patterns of salinity contamination are not easy to be understood, as ... ...

    Abstract The issue of freshwater salinization in coastal areas has grown in importance with the increase of the demand of groundwater supply and the more frequent droughts. However, the spatial patterns of salinity contamination are not easy to be understood, as well as their numerical modeling is subject to various kinds of uncertainty. This paper offers a robust, flexible, and reliable geostatistical methodology to provide a stochastic assessment of salinity distribution in alluvial coastal areas. The methodology is applied to a coastal aquifer in Campania (Italy), where 83 monitoring wells provided depth-averaged salinity data. A Monte Carlo (MC) framework was implemented to simulate depth-averaged groundwater salinity fields. Both MC stochastic fields and the mean across MC simulations enabled to the delineation of which areas are subject to high salinity. Then, a probabilistic approach was developed setting up salinity thresholds for agricultural use to delineate the areas with unsuitable groundwater for irrigation purposes. Furthermore, steady spatial patterns of saline wedge lengths were unveiled through uncertainty estimates of seawater ingression at the Volturno River mouth. The results were compared versus a calibrated numerical model with remarkable model fit (R²=0.96) and versus an analytical solution, obtaining similar wedge lengths. The results pointed out that the high groundwater salinities found inland (more than 2 km from the coastline) could be ascribed to trapped paleo-seawater rather than to actual seawater intrusion. In fact, the inland high salinities were in correspondence of thick peaty layers, which can store trapped saline waters because of their high porosity and low permeability. Furthermore, these results are consistent with the recognition of depositional environments and the position of ancient lagoon alluvial sediments, located in the same areas where are the highest (simulated) salinity fields. This robust probabilistic approach could be applied to similar alluvial coastal areas to understand spatial patterns of present salinization, to disentangle actual from paleo-seawater intrusion, and more in general to delineate zones with unsuitable salinity for irrigation purposes.
    Keywords aquifers ; coasts ; freshwater ; geostatistics ; irrigation ; mathematical models ; permeability ; porosity ; probability analysis ; research ; saline groundwater ; saltwater intrusion ; seawater ; uncertainty ; water salinity ; Italy ; Salinization ; Trapped seawater ; Saline wedge
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2023-05
    Publishing place Elsevier Ltd
    Document type Article ; Online
    ZDB-ID 202613-2
    ISSN 1879-2448 ; 0043-1354
    ISSN (online) 1879-2448
    ISSN 0043-1354
    DOI 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119885
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  4. Article ; Online: Modeling stochastic saline groundwater occurrence in coastal aquifers.

    Schiavo, Massimiliano / Colombani, Nicolò / Mastrocicco, Micòl

    Water research

    2023  Volume 235, Page(s) 119885

    Abstract: The issue of freshwater salinization in coastal areas has grown in importance with the increase of the demand of groundwater supply and the more frequent droughts. However, the spatial patterns of salinity contamination are not easy to be understood, as ... ...

    Abstract The issue of freshwater salinization in coastal areas has grown in importance with the increase of the demand of groundwater supply and the more frequent droughts. However, the spatial patterns of salinity contamination are not easy to be understood, as well as their numerical modeling is subject to various kinds of uncertainty. This paper offers a robust, flexible, and reliable geostatistical methodology to provide a stochastic assessment of salinity distribution in alluvial coastal areas. The methodology is applied to a coastal aquifer in Campania (Italy), where 83 monitoring wells provided depth-averaged salinity data. A Monte Carlo (MC) framework was implemented to simulate depth-averaged groundwater salinity fields. Both MC stochastic fields and the mean across MC simulations enabled to the delineation of which areas are subject to high salinity. Then, a probabilistic approach was developed setting up salinity thresholds for agricultural use to delineate the areas with unsuitable groundwater for irrigation purposes. Furthermore, steady spatial patterns of saline wedge lengths were unveiled through uncertainty estimates of seawater ingression at the Volturno River mouth. The results were compared versus a calibrated numerical model with remarkable model fit (R
    MeSH term(s) Environmental Monitoring/methods ; Groundwater ; Water Wells ; Seawater ; Fresh Water ; Salinity
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-03-20
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 202613-2
    ISSN 1879-2448 ; 0043-1354
    ISSN (online) 1879-2448
    ISSN 0043-1354
    DOI 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119885
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  5. Article ; Online: Geostatistical assessment of groundwater arsenic contamination in the Padana Plain.

    Schiavo, Massimiliano / Giambastiani, Beatrice M S / Greggio, Nicolas / Colombani, Nicolò / Mastrocicco, Micòl

    The Science of the total environment

    2024  Volume 931, Page(s) 172998

    Abstract: Arsenic (As) in groundwater from natural and anthropogenic sources is one of the most common pollutants worldwide affecting people and ecosystems. A large dataset from >3600 wells is employed to spatially simulate the depth-averaged As concentration in ... ...

    Abstract Arsenic (As) in groundwater from natural and anthropogenic sources is one of the most common pollutants worldwide affecting people and ecosystems. A large dataset from >3600 wells is employed to spatially simulate the depth-averaged As concentration in phreatic and confined aquifers of the Padana Plain (Northern Italy). Results of in-depth geostatistical analysis via PCA and simulations within a Monte Carlo framework allow the understanding of the variability of As concentrations within the aquifers. The most probable As contaminated zones are located along the piedmont areas in the confined aquifers and in the lowland territories in the phreatic aquifers. The distribution of the As contaminated zones has been coupled with hydrogeological, geological, and geochemical information to unravel the sources and mechanisms of As release in groundwater. The reductive dissolution of Fe oxyhydroxides and organic matter mineralization under anoxic conditions resulted to be the major drivers of As release in groundwater. This phenomenon is less evident in phreatic aquifers, due to mixed oxic and reducing conditions. This large-scale study provides a probabilistic perspective on As contamination, e.g. quantifying the spatial probability of exceeding national regulatory limits, and to outline As major sources and drivers.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-05-05
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 121506-1
    ISSN 1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
    ISSN (online) 1879-1026
    ISSN 0048-9697
    DOI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172998
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article: Potential Predictors of Long COVID in Italian Children: A Cross-Sectional Survey.

    Schiavo, Marco / Di Filippo, Paola / Porreca, Annamaria / Prezioso, Giovanni / Orlandi, Greta / Rossi, Nadia / Chiarelli, Francesco / Attanasi, Marina

    Children (Basel, Switzerland)

    2024  Volume 11, Issue 2

    Abstract: Background: Identifying predictive factors of long COVID syndrome (LCS) is essential to preventing and managing this condition. We investigated the prevalence, symptoms, and risk factors of LCS in a cohort of Italian children and adolescents.: Methods! ...

    Abstract Background: Identifying predictive factors of long COVID syndrome (LCS) is essential to preventing and managing this condition. We investigated the prevalence, symptoms, and risk factors of LCS in a cohort of Italian children and adolescents.
    Methods: We carried out a cross-sectional survey on demographic characteristics and clinical data related to COVID-19 phase and LCS in a cohort of children and adolescents, sending a questionnaire by using the PEDIATOTEM platform.
    Results: The prevalence of LCS was 25% (99/396). The most frequent symptoms of LCS included nasal congestion, diarrhea, headache, and fatigue. We found no association between demographic data (gender, age, and ethnicity) and LCS. Additionally, we showed that patients with concurrent allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, respiratory disease, gastrointestinal disease, and rheumatologic disease had a higher risk of LCS than patients without those comorbidities. Patients experiencing fatigue, muscle, and abdominal pain in COVID-19 showed a higher risk of LCS than patients complaining of other symptoms. We found no association between vaccination and LCS.
    Conclusions: Specific comorbidities or symptoms during acute illness were identified as being risk factors for LCS. Understanding which are the risk factors for LCS could yield a clearer picture of its pathogenesis.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-02-09
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2732685-8
    ISSN 2227-9067
    ISSN 2227-9067
    DOI 10.3390/children11020221
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  7. Article: All-optical dual module platform for motility-based functional scrutiny of microencapsulated probiotic bacteria.

    Wang, Zhe / Giugliano, Giusy / Behal, Jaromir / Schiavo, Michela / Memmolo, Pasquale / Miccio, Lisa / Grilli, Simonetta / Nazzaro, Filomena / Ferraro, Pietro / Bianco, Vittorio

    Biomedical optics express

    2024  Volume 15, Issue 4, Page(s) 2202–2223

    Abstract: Probiotic bacteria are widely used in pharmaceutics to offer health benefits. Microencapsulation is used to deliver probiotics into the human body. Capsules in the stomach have to keep bacteria constrained until release occurs in the intestine. Once ... ...

    Abstract Probiotic bacteria are widely used in pharmaceutics to offer health benefits. Microencapsulation is used to deliver probiotics into the human body. Capsules in the stomach have to keep bacteria constrained until release occurs in the intestine. Once outside, bacteria must maintain enough motility to reach the intestine walls. Here, we develop a platform based on two label-free optical modules for rapidly screening and ranking probiotic candidates in the laboratory. Bio-speckle dynamics assay tests the microencapsulation effectiveness by simulating the gastrointestinal transit. Then, a digital holographic microscope 3D-tracks their motility profiles at a single element level to rank the strains.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-03-06
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2572216-5
    ISSN 2156-7085
    ISSN 2156-7085
    DOI 10.1364/BOE.510543
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  8. Article ; Online: A modified PID-based control scheme for depth-of-hypnosis control: Design and experimental results.

    Schiavo, Michele / Padula, Fabrizio / Latronico, Nicola / Paltenghi, Massimiliano / Visioli, Antonio

    Computer methods and programs in biomedicine

    2022  Volume 219, Page(s) 106763

    Abstract: Background and objective: Many methodologies have been proposed for the control of total intravenous anesthesia in general surgery, as this yields a reduced stress for the anesthesiologist and an increased safety for the patient. The objective of this ... ...

    Abstract Background and objective: Many methodologies have been proposed for the control of total intravenous anesthesia in general surgery, as this yields a reduced stress for the anesthesiologist and an increased safety for the patient. The objective of this work is to design a PID-based control system for the regulation of the depth of hypnosis by propofol and remifentanil coadministration that takes into account the clinical practice.
    Methods: With respect to a standard PID control system, additional functionalities have been implemented in order to consider specific requirements related to the clinical practice. In particular, suitable boluses are determined and used in the induction phase and a nonzero baseline infusion is used in the maintenance phase when the predicted effect-site concentration drops below a safety threshold.
    Results: The modified controller has been experimentally assessed on a group of 10 patients receiving general anesthesia for elective plastic surgery. The control system has been able to induce and maintain adequate anesthesia without any manual intervention from the anesthesiologist.
    Conclusions: Results confirm the effectiveness of the overall design approach and, in particular, highlight that the new version of the control system, with respect to a standard PID controller, provides significant advantages from a clinical standpoint.
    MeSH term(s) Anesthesia, General ; Anesthetics, Intravenous ; Humans ; Hypnosis ; Propofol ; Remifentanil
    Chemical Substances Anesthetics, Intravenous ; Remifentanil (P10582JYYK) ; Propofol (YI7VU623SF)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-03-19
    Publishing country Ireland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 632564-6
    ISSN 1872-7565 ; 0169-2607
    ISSN (online) 1872-7565
    ISSN 0169-2607
    DOI 10.1016/j.cmpb.2022.106763
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  9. Article ; Online: Event-based MPC for propofol administration in anesthesia.

    Pawłowski, Andrzej / Schiavo, Michele / Latronico, Nicola / Paltenghi, Massimiliano / Visioli, Antonio

    Computer methods and programs in biomedicine

    2022  Volume 229, Page(s) 107289

    Abstract: Background and objective: The automatic control of anesthesia is a demanding task mostly due to the presence of nonlinearities, intra- and inter-patient variability and specific clinical requirements to be meet. The traditional approach to achieve the ... ...

    Abstract Background and objective: The automatic control of anesthesia is a demanding task mostly due to the presence of nonlinearities, intra- and inter-patient variability and specific clinical requirements to be meet. The traditional approach to achieve the desired depth of hypnosis level is based on knowledge and experience of the anesthesiologist. In contrast to a typical automatic control system, their actions are based on events that are related to the effect of the administrated drug. Thus, it is interesting to build a control system that will be able to mimic the behavior of the human way of actuation, simultaneously keeping the advantages of an automatic system.
    Methods: In this work, an event-based model predictive control system is proposed and analyzed. The nonlinear patient model is used to form the predictor structure and its linear part is exploited to design the predictive controller, resulting in an individualized approach. In such a scenario, the BIS is the controlled variable and the propofol infusion rate is the control variable. The event generator governs the computation of control action applying a dead-band sampling technique. The proposed control architecture has been tested in simulation considering process noise and unmeasurable disturbances. The evaluation has been made for a set of patients using nonlinear pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic models allowing realistic tests scenarios, including inter- and intra-patient variability. Results For the considered patients dataset the number of control signal changes has been reduced of about 55% when compared to the classical control system approach and the drug usage has been reduced of about 2%. At the same time the control performance expressed by the integrated absolute error has been degraded of about 11%.
    Conclusions: The event-based MPC control system meets all the clinical requirements. The robustness analysis also demonstrates that the event-based architecture is able to satisfy the specifications in the presence of significant process noise and modelling errors related to inter- and intra-patient variability, providing a balanced solution between complexity and performance.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Propofol ; Anesthetics, Intravenous ; Anesthesia ; Anesthesiology ; Computer Simulation
    Chemical Substances Propofol (YI7VU623SF) ; Anesthetics, Intravenous
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-11-30
    Publishing country Ireland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 632564-6
    ISSN 1872-7565 ; 0169-2607
    ISSN (online) 1872-7565
    ISSN 0169-2607
    DOI 10.1016/j.cmpb.2022.107289
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  10. Article: Probabilistic identification of Preferential Groundwater Networks

    Schiavo, Massimiliano / Riva, Monica / Guadagnini, Laura / Zehe, Erwin / Guadagnini, Alberto

    Journal of hydrology. 2022 Apr. 29,

    2022  

    Abstract: We characterize key features of subsurface flow paths relying on an energetic and probabilistic perspective. We consider subsurface flow in a free aquifer system as mainly ruled by gravity, the latter acting as the key driving force. Therefore, we study ... ...

    Abstract We characterize key features of subsurface flow paths relying on an energetic and probabilistic perspective. We consider subsurface flow in a free aquifer system as mainly ruled by gravity, the latter acting as the key driving force. Therefore, we study groundwater circulation relying upon stochastic simulations of aquifer bottom topography inferred from stratigraphic observations. Upon resting on the concept of optimal channel networks, we identify Preferential Groundwater Networks (PGNs) as spatially organized structures carved by locally following the steepest gradient associated with the aquifer bottom topography. A probabilistic description of PGNs is obtained by reconstructing the aquifer bottom topography as a spatial random field conditional on the available information, and using diverse area threshold values for PGNs delineation. We find that PGNs inferred from the (ensemble) averaged bottom topography with the highest area threshold considered are strikingly consistent with main flow directions and key subsurface flow patterns inferred from available piezometric data. The probabilistic distribution of PGNs is also consistent with geological and hydrogeological information at our disposal, such as geological data (and ensuing hydrogeological sections), and is coherent with the nature of the aquifers investigated.
    Keywords aquifers ; gravity ; groundwater ; subsurface flow ; topography
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2022-0429
    Publishing place Elsevier B.V.
    Document type Article
    Note Pre-press version
    ZDB-ID 1473173-3
    ISSN 1879-2707 ; 0022-1694
    ISSN (online) 1879-2707
    ISSN 0022-1694
    DOI 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2022.127906
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