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  1. Article ; Online: The longitudinal role of mathematics anxiety in mathematics development: Issues of gender differences and domain-specificity.

    Wang, Zhe / Rimfeld, Kaili / Shakeshaft, Nicholas / Schofield, Kerry / Malanchini, Margherita

    Journal of adolescence

    2020  Volume 80, Page(s) 220–232

    Abstract: Introduction: Mathematics anxiety (MA) is an important risk factor hindering the development of confidence and capability in mathematics and participation in the science, technology, engineering, and mathematics workforce. The aim of the present study ... ...

    Abstract Introduction: Mathematics anxiety (MA) is an important risk factor hindering the development of confidence and capability in mathematics and participation in the science, technology, engineering, and mathematics workforce. The aim of the present study is to further our understanding of these relations in adolescence by adopting a threefold approach. First, we adopted a longitudinal design to clarify the temporal order in the developmental relations between (a) MA and mathematics achievement and (b) MA and mathematics self-perceived ability. Second, we investigated whether the developmental relations between MA and mathematics achievement/self-perceived ability differed between boys and girls. Finally, we explored the domain-specificity of MA by examining its role in foreign language (L2) learning.
    Methods: Data were collected from 1043 Italian high school students. Students reported their anxiety, self-perceived ability, and school achievement in mathematics and L2 over two separate waves, one semester apart.
    Results: Using multi-group cross-lagged panel analyses, we found that (a) mathematics achievement predicted MA longitudinally, whereas MA did not predict subsequent mathematics achievement; (b) there was a negative reciprocal relation between MA and mathematics self-perceived ability in male, but not female students; and (c) there were longitudinal relations between MA and L2 achievement and self-perceived ability above and beyond L2 anxiety.
    Conclusions: These findings support the deficit view of the developmental relation between MA and mathematics achievement, highlight high school male students as a vulnerable group evincing vicious transactions between high anxiety and low self-efficacy in mathematics, and reveal the importance of internal cross-domain comparison processes in MA development.
    MeSH term(s) Academic Success ; Adolescent ; Anxiety/psychology ; Child ; Female ; Humans ; Longitudinal Studies ; Male ; Mathematics ; Self Concept ; Self Efficacy ; Sex Factors ; Students/psychology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-03-18
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 303529-3
    ISSN 1095-9254 ; 0140-1971
    ISSN (online) 1095-9254
    ISSN 0140-1971
    DOI 10.1016/j.adolescence.2020.03.003
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  2. Article ; Online: Anxiety is not enough to drive me away: A latent profile analysis on math anxiety and math motivation.

    Wang, Zhe / Shakeshaft, Nicholas / Schofield, Kerry / Malanchini, Margherita

    PloS one

    2018  Volume 13, Issue 2, Page(s) e0192072

    Abstract: Mathematics anxiety (MA) and mathematics motivation (MM) are important multi-dimensional non-cognitive factors in mathematics learning. While the negative relation between global MA and MM is well replicated, the relations between specific dimensions of ... ...

    Abstract Mathematics anxiety (MA) and mathematics motivation (MM) are important multi-dimensional non-cognitive factors in mathematics learning. While the negative relation between global MA and MM is well replicated, the relations between specific dimensions of MA and MM are largely unexplored. The present study utilized latent profile analysis to explore profiles of various aspects of MA (including learning MA and exam MA) and MM (including importance, self-perceived ability, and interest), to provide a more holistic understanding of the math-specific emotion and motivation experiences. In a sample of 927 high school students (13-21 years old), we found 8 distinct profiles characterized by various combinations of dimensions of MA and MM, revealing the complexity in the math-specific emotion-motivation relation beyond a single negative correlation. Further, these profiles differed on mathematics learning behaviors and mathematics achievement. For example, the highest achieving students reported modest exam MA and high MM, whereas the most engaged students were characterized by a combination of high exam MA and high MM. These results call for the need to move beyond linear relations among global constructs to address the complexity in the emotion-motivation-cognition interplay in mathematics learning, and highlight the importance of customized intervention for these heterogeneous groups.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Adult ; Anxiety ; Educational Status ; Female ; Humans ; Learning ; Male ; Mathematics ; Motivation ; Students/psychology ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-02-14
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2267670-3
    ISSN 1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
    ISSN (online) 1932-6203
    ISSN 1932-6203
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0192072
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  3. Article ; Online: Schizotypy and hemispheric asymmetry: Results from two Chapman scales, the O-LIFE questionnaire, and two laterality measures.

    Schofield, Kerry / Mohr, Christine

    Laterality

    2014  Volume 19, Issue 2, Page(s) 178–200

    Abstract: Schizotypy is a multidimensional personality construct representing the extension of psychosis-like traits into the general population. Schizotypy has been associated with attenuated expressions of many of the same neuropsychological abnormalities as ... ...

    Abstract Schizotypy is a multidimensional personality construct representing the extension of psychosis-like traits into the general population. Schizotypy has been associated with attenuated expressions of many of the same neuropsychological abnormalities as schizophrenia, including atypical pattern of functional hemispheric asymmetry. Unfortunately the previous literature on links between schizotypy and hemispheric asymmetry is inconsistent, with some research indicating that elevated schizotypy is associated with relative right over left hemisphere shifts, left over right hemisphere shifts, bilateral impairments, or with no hemispheric differences at all. This inconsistency may result from different methodologies, scales, and/or sex proportions between studies. In a within-participant design we tested for the four possible links between laterality and schizotypy by comparing the relationship between two common self-report measures of multidimensional schizotypy (the O-LIFE questionnaire, and two Chapman scales, magical ideation and physical anhedonia) and performance in two computerised lateralised hemifield paradigms (lexical decision, chimeric face processing) in 80 men and 79 women. Results for the two scales and two tasks did not unequivocally support any of the four possible links. We discuss the possibilities that a link between schizotypy and laterality (1) exists but is subtle, probably fluctuating, unable to be assessed by traditional methodologies used here; (2) does not exist, or (3) is indirect, mediated by other factors (e.g., stress-responsiveness, handedness, drug use) whose influences need further exploration.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Adult ; Cognition Disorders/diagnosis ; Cognition Disorders/etiology ; Decision Making/physiology ; Female ; Functional Laterality/physiology ; Humans ; Male ; Neuropsychological Tests ; Personality Inventory ; Regression Analysis ; Schizotypal Personality Disorder/diagnosis ; Schizotypal Personality Disorder/physiopathology ; Schizotypal Personality Disorder/psychology ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2014
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2028955-8
    ISSN 1464-0678 ; 1357-650X
    ISSN (online) 1464-0678
    ISSN 1357-650X
    DOI 10.1080/1357650X.2013.789883
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  4. Article ; Online: Sleep quality, insomnia, and internalizing difficulties in adolescents: insights from a twin study.

    Madrid-Valero, Juan J / Ronald, Angelica / Shakeshaft, Nicholas / Schofield, Kerry / Malanchini, Margherita / Gregory, Alice M

    Sleep

    2020  Volume 43, Issue 2

    Abstract: Study objectives: There is a well-established association between poor sleep quality and internalizing traits. This relationship has previously been studied using a twin design. However, when it comes to adolescence, there is a paucity of twin studies ... ...

    Abstract Study objectives: There is a well-established association between poor sleep quality and internalizing traits. This relationship has previously been studied using a twin design. However, when it comes to adolescence, there is a paucity of twin studies that have investigated this relationship, despite the importance of this developmental stage for both the development of poor sleep quality and internalizing symptoms. Additionally, anxiety sensitivity, which is commonly associated with poor sleep quality, has not been studied in this context. Our objective was to estimate genetic and environmental influences on the relationships between insomnia, poor sleep quality, and internalizing symptoms in adolescence.
    Methods: Insomnia, poor sleep quality, depression, anxiety, and anxiety sensitivity traits were measured in a sample of 5111 twin pairs from the Twins Early Development Study, born between 1994 and 1996 (mean age 16.32 years [SD = 0.68]).
    Results: A moderate proportion of the variance for the different variables (.29-.42) was explained by genetic factors. Associations between sleep and internalizing variables were moderate (r = .34-.46) and there was a large genetic overlap between these variables (rA= .51-.73).
    Conclusion: This study adds novel information by showing that there are large genetic correlations between sleep disturbances and internalizing symptoms in adolescence.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Anxiety/epidemiology ; Anxiety/genetics ; Depression/epidemiology ; Depression/genetics ; Humans ; Sleep ; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders/epidemiology ; Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders/genetics ; Twins/genetics
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-03-06
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Twin Study
    ZDB-ID 424441-2
    ISSN 1550-9109 ; 0161-8105
    ISSN (online) 1550-9109
    ISSN 0161-8105
    DOI 10.1093/sleep/zsz229
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  5. Article ; Online: When anxiety becomes my propeller: Mental toughness moderates the relation between academic anxiety and academic avoidance.

    Hasty, Leslie M / Malanchini, Margherita / Shakeshaft, Nicholas / Schofield, Kerry / Malanchini, Maddalena / Wang, Zhe

    The British journal of educational psychology

    2020  Volume 91, Issue 1, Page(s) 368–390

    Abstract: Background: High academic anxiety is associated with poor academic performance. One proposed mechanism of this association is that academic anxiety promotes learning avoidance behaviours, which in turn hinders students' opportunities to learn and grow. ... ...

    Abstract Background: High academic anxiety is associated with poor academic performance. One proposed mechanism of this association is that academic anxiety promotes learning avoidance behaviours, which in turn hinders students' opportunities to learn and grow. However, this proposition has not been thoroughly examined, particularly in afterschool learning settings. The present study aimed to address this gap.
    Aims: First, we investigated whether individual differences in academic anxiety across three domains (mathematics, native language or L1, and second language learning or L2) predicted students' academic avoidance in the corresponding domain in high school. Second, given that individual differences in personality may result in employing different coping strategies to deal with academic anxiety, we examined how mental toughness (MT) moderated the relation between academic anxiety and academic avoidance.
    Sample: Two waves of longitudinal data that were one semester apart were available for four hundred and forty-four high school students.
    Methods: Students self-reported their MT, academic anxiety, and academic avoidance (i.e., time spent on studying a subject afterschool) in mathematics, L1, and L2.
    Results: For students with higher MT, higher mathematics, L1, and L2 anxiety in the first semester predicted more time spent on learning the corresponding subject in the following semester, even after controlling for general anxiety, academic achievement, and initial academic avoidance.
    Conclusions: These results challenge the proposition that all students with higher domain-specific anxiety are more likely to avoid learning altogether in that domain. Rather, among students from the general school population who generally exhibit low to moderate levels of academic anxiety, higher academic anxiety is associated with more time investment in afterschool learning in mentally tough students.
    MeSH term(s) Academic Success ; Anxiety ; Avoidance Learning ; Humans ; Mathematics ; Students
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-07-18
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1501130-6
    ISSN 2044-8279 ; 0007-0998
    ISSN (online) 2044-8279
    ISSN 0007-0998
    DOI 10.1111/bjep.12366
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  6. Article ; Online: Mindfulness-based therapies in the treatment of somatization disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

    Lakhan, Shaheen E / Schofield, Kerry L

    PloS one

    2013  Volume 8, Issue 8, Page(s) e71834

    Abstract: Background: Mindfulness-based therapy (MBT) has been used effectively to treat a variety of physical and psychological disorders, including depression, anxiety, and chronic pain. Recently, several lines of research have explored the potential for ... ...

    Abstract Background: Mindfulness-based therapy (MBT) has been used effectively to treat a variety of physical and psychological disorders, including depression, anxiety, and chronic pain. Recently, several lines of research have explored the potential for mindfulness-therapy in treating somatization disorders, including fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, and irritable bowel syndrome.
    Methods: Thirteen studies were identified as fulfilling the present criteria of employing randomized controlled trials to determine the efficacy of any form of MBT in treating somatization disorders. A meta-analysis of the effects of mindfulness-based therapy on pain, symptom severity, quality of life, depression, and anxiety was performed to determine the potential of this form of treatment.
    Findings: While limited in power, the meta-analysis indicated a small to moderate positive effect of MBT (compared to wait-list or support group controls) in reducing pain (SMD = -0.21, 95% CI: -0.37, -0.03; p<0.05), symptom severity (SMD = -0.40, 95% CI: -0.54, -0.26; p<0.001), depression (SMD = -0.23, 95% CI: -0.40, -0.07, p<0.01), and anxiety (SMD = -0.20, 95% CI: -0.42, 0.02, p = 0.07) associated with somatization disorders, and improving quality of life (SMD = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.19, 0.59; p<0.001) in patients with this disorder. Subgroup analyses indicated that the efficacy of MBT was most consistent for irritable bowel syndrome (p<0.001 for pain, symptom severity, and quality of life), and that mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MCBT) were more effective than eclectic/unspecified MBT.
    Conclusions: Preliminary evidence suggests that MBT may be effective in treating at least some aspects of somatization disorders. Further research is warranted.
    MeSH term(s) Anxiety/therapy ; Chronic Pain/therapy ; Depression/therapy ; Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic/psychology ; Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic/therapy ; Fibromyalgia/therapy ; Humans ; Irritable Bowel Syndrome/therapy ; Mindfulness/methods ; Quality of Life ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic ; Somatoform Disorders/therapy ; Treatment Outcome
    Language English
    Publishing date 2013-08-26
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Meta-Analysis ; Review ; Systematic Review
    ISSN 1932-6203
    ISSN (online) 1932-6203
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0071834
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  7. Article ; Online: Psychiatric framing affects positive but not negative schizotypy scores in psychology and medical students.

    Mohr, Christine / Schofield, Kerry / Leonards, Ute / Wilson, Marc S / Grimshaw, Gina M

    Psychiatry research

    2018  Volume 266, Page(s) 85–89

    Abstract: When testing risk for psychosis, we regularly rely on self-report questionnaires. Yet, the more that people know about this condition, the more they might respond defensively, in particular with regard to the more salient positive symptom dimension. In ... ...

    Abstract When testing risk for psychosis, we regularly rely on self-report questionnaires. Yet, the more that people know about this condition, the more they might respond defensively, in particular with regard to the more salient positive symptom dimension. In two studies, we investigated whether framing provided by questionnaire instructions might modulate responses on self-reported positive and negative schizotypy. The O-LIFE (UK study) or SPQ (New Zealand study) questionnaire was framed in either a "psychiatric", "creativity", or "personality" (NZ only) context. We tested psychology students (without taught knowledge about psychosis) and medical students (with taught knowledge about psychosis; UK only). We observed framing effects in psychology students in both studies: positive schizotypy scores were lower after the psychiatric compared to the creativity instruction. However, schizotypy scores did not differ between the creativity and personality framing conditions, suggesting that the low scores with psychiatric framing reflect defensive responding. The same framing effect was also observed in medical students, despite their lower positive schizotypy scores overall. Negative schizotypy scores were not affected by framing in either study. These results highlight the need to reduce response biases when studying schizotypy, because these might blur schizotypy-behaviour relationships.
    MeSH term(s) Adolescent ; Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; New Zealand/epidemiology ; Personality ; Schizotypal Personality Disorder/diagnosis ; Schizotypal Personality Disorder/psychology ; Self Report ; Students/psychology ; Students, Medical/psychology ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; United Kingdom/epidemiology ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-05-12
    Publishing country Ireland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 445361-x
    ISSN 1872-7123 ; 1872-7506 ; 0925-4927 ; 0165-1781
    ISSN (online) 1872-7123 ; 1872-7506
    ISSN 0925-4927 ; 0165-1781
    DOI 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.05.028
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  8. Article: The consequences of a year of the COVID-19 pandemic for the mental health of young adult twins in England and Wales.

    Rimfeld, Kaili / Malanchini, Margherita / Arathimos, Ryan / Gidziela, Agnieszka / Pain, Oliver / McMillan, Andrew / Ogden, Rachel / Webster, Louise / Packer, Amy E / Shakeshaft, Nicholas G / Schofield, Kerry L / Pingault, Jean-Baptiste / Allegrini, Andrea G / Stringaris, Argyris / von Stumm, Sophie / Lewis, Cathryn M / Plomin, Robert

    BJPsych open

    2022  Volume 8, Issue 4, Page(s) e129

    Abstract: Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has affected all our lives, not only through the infection itself but also through the measures taken to control the spread of the virus (e.g. lockdown).: Aims: Here, we investigated how the COVID-19 pandemic and ... ...

    Abstract Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has affected all our lives, not only through the infection itself but also through the measures taken to control the spread of the virus (e.g. lockdown).
    Aims: Here, we investigated how the COVID-19 pandemic and unprecedented lockdown affected the mental health of young adults in England and Wales.
    Method: We compared the mental health symptoms of up to 4773 twins in their mid-20s in 2018 prior to the COVID-19 pandemic (T1) and during four-wave longitudinal data collection during the pandemic in April, July and October 2020, and in March 2021 (T2-T5) using phenotypic and genetic longitudinal designs.
    Results: The average changes in mental health were small to medium and mainly occurred from T1 to T2 (average Cohen d = 0.14). Despite the expectation of catastrophic effects of the pandemic on mental health, we did not observe trends in worsening mental health during the pandemic (T3-T5). Young people with pre-existing mental health problems were disproportionately affected at the beginning of the pandemic, but their increased problems largely subsided as the pandemic persisted. Twin analyses indicated that the aetiology of individual differences in mental health symptoms did not change during the lockdown (average heritability 33%); the average genetic correlation between T1 and T2-T5 was 0.95, indicating that genetic effects before the pandemic were substantially correlated with genetic effects up to a year later.
    Conclusions: We conclude that on average the mental health of young adults in England and Wales has been remarkably resilient to the effects of the pandemic and associated lockdown.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-07-21
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2829557-2
    ISSN 2056-4724
    ISSN 2056-4724
    DOI 10.1192/bjo.2022.506
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  9. Article ; Online: Genetic Correlates of Psychological Responses to the COVID-19 Crisis in Young Adult Twins in Great Britain.

    Rimfeld, Kaili / Malanchini, Margherita / Allegrini, Andrea G / Packer, Amy E / McMillan, Andrew / Ogden, Rachel / Webster, Louise / Shakeshaft, Nicholas G / Schofield, Kerry L / Pingault, Jean-Baptiste / Stringaris, Argyris / von Stumm, Sophie / Plomin, Robert

    Behavior genetics

    2021  Volume 51, Issue 2, Page(s) 110–124

    Abstract: We investigated how the COVID-19 crisis and the extraordinary experience of lockdown affected young adults in England and Wales psychologically. One month after lockdown commenced (T2), we assessed 30 psychological and behavioural traits in more than ... ...

    Abstract We investigated how the COVID-19 crisis and the extraordinary experience of lockdown affected young adults in England and Wales psychologically. One month after lockdown commenced (T2), we assessed 30 psychological and behavioural traits in more than 4000 twins in their mid-twenties and compared their responses to the same traits assessed in 2018 (T1). Mean changes from T1 to T2 were modest and inconsistent. Contrary to the hypothesis that major environmental changes related to COVID-19 would result in increased variance in psychological and behavioural traits, we found that the magnitude of individual differences did not change from T1 to T2. Twin analyses revealed that while genetic factors accounted for about half of the reliable variance at T1 and T2, they only accounted for ~ 15% of individual differences in change from T1 to T2, and that nonshared environmental factors played a major role in psychological and behavioural changes. Shared environmental influences had negligible impact on T1, T2 or T2 change. Genetic factors correlated on average .86 between T1 and T2 and accounted for over half of the phenotypic stability, as would be expected for a 2-year interval even without the major disruption of lockdown. We conclude that the first month of lockdown has not resulted in major psychological or attitudinal shifts in young adults, nor in major changes in the genetic and environmental origins of these traits. Genetic influences on the modest psychological and behavioural changes are likely to be the result of gene-environment correlation not interaction.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; COVID-19/genetics ; COVID-19/psychology ; Correlation of Data ; Diseases in Twins/genetics ; Diseases in Twins/psychology ; England ; Female ; Follow-Up Studies ; Gene-Environment Interaction ; Genetics, Behavioral ; Humans ; Individuality ; Male ; Social Environment ; Social Isolation ; Wales ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-02-24
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 280238-7
    ISSN 1573-3297 ; 0005-7851 ; 0001-8244
    ISSN (online) 1573-3297
    ISSN 0005-7851 ; 0001-8244
    DOI 10.1007/s10519-021-10050-2
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  10. Article: Genetic correlates of psychological responses to the COVID-19 crisis in young adult twins in Great Britain.

    Rimfeld, Kaili / Malancini, Margherita / Allegrini, Andrea / Packer, Amy E / McMillan, Andrew / Ogden, Rachel / Webster, Louise / Shakeshaft, Nicholas G / Schofield, Kerry L / Pingault, Jean-Baptiste / Stringaris, Argyris / von Stumm, Sophie / Plomin, Robert

    Research square

    2020  

    Abstract: We investigated how the COVID-19 crisis and the extraordinary experience of lockdown affected young adults in England and Wales psychologically. One month after lockdown commenced (T2), we assessed 30 psychological and behavioural traits in 4,000 twins ... ...

    Abstract We investigated how the COVID-19 crisis and the extraordinary experience of lockdown affected young adults in England and Wales psychologically. One month after lockdown commenced (T2), we assessed 30 psychological and behavioural traits in 4,000 twins in their mid-twenties and compared their responses to the same traits assessed in 2018 (T1). Mean changes from T1 to T2 were modest and inconsistent: just as many changes were in a positive as negative direction. Twin analyses revealed that genetics accounted for about half of the reliable variance at T1 and T2. Genetic factors correlated on average .86 between T1 and T2 and accounted for over half of the phenotypic stability. Systematic environmental influences had negligible impact on T1, T2 or T2 change. Rather than the crisis fundamentally changing people psychologically, our results suggest that genetic differences between individuals play a fundamental role in shaping psychological and behavioural responses to the COVID-19 crisis.
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-05-27
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Preprint
    DOI 10.21203/rs.3.rs-31853/v1
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