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Article ; Online: Different but Not Unique: Deciphering the Immunity of the Jamaican Fruit Bat by Studying Its Viriome.

David, Quinnlan / Schountz, Tony / Schwemmle, Martin / Ciminski, Kevin

2022 Volume 14, Issue 2

Abstract: A specialized and fine-tuned immune response of bats upon infection with viruses is believed to provide the basis for a "friendly" coexistence with these pathogens, which are often lethal for humans and other mammals. First insights into the immunity of ... ...

Abstract	A specialized and fine-tuned immune response of bats upon infection with viruses is believed to provide the basis for a "friendly" coexistence with these pathogens, which are often lethal for humans and other mammals. First insights into the immunity of bats suggest that bats have evolved to possess their own strategies to cope with viral infections. Yet, the molecular details for this innocuous coexistence remain poorly described and bat infection models are the key to unveiling these secrets. In Jamaican fruit bats
MeSH term(s)	Adaptive Immunity ; Animals ; Arenaviridae Infections/immunology ; Arenaviridae Infections/veterinary ; Arenaviridae Infections/virology ; Arenaviruses, New World/isolation & purification ; Chiroptera/immunology ; Chiroptera/virology ; Immunity, Innate ; Influenza A virus/isolation & purification ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections/veterinary ; Rabies/immunology ; Rabies/veterinary ; Rabies/virology ; Rabies virus/isolation & purification ; Virome ; Virus Diseases/immunology ; Virus Diseases/veterinary
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-25
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Review
ZDB-ID	2516098-9
ISSN	1999-4915 ; 1999-4915
ISSN (online)	1999-4915
ISSN	1999-4915
DOI	10.3390/v14020238
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Different but Not Unique: Deciphering the Immunity of the Jamaican Fruit Bat by Studying Its Viriome

David, Quinnlan / Schountz, Tony / Schwemmle, Martin / Ciminski, Kevin

Viruses. 2022 Jan. 25, v. 14, no. 2

2022

Abstract: A specialized and fine-tuned immune response of bats upon infection with viruses is believed to provide the basis for a “friendly” coexistence with these pathogens, which are often lethal for humans and other mammals. First insights into the immunity of ... ...

Abstract	A specialized and fine-tuned immune response of bats upon infection with viruses is believed to provide the basis for a “friendly” coexistence with these pathogens, which are often lethal for humans and other mammals. First insights into the immunity of bats suggest that bats have evolved to possess their own strategies to cope with viral infections. Yet, the molecular details for this innocuous coexistence remain poorly described and bat infection models are the key to unveiling these secrets. In Jamaican fruit bats (Artibeus jamaicensis), a New World bat species, infection experiments with its (putative) natural viral pathogens Tacaribe virus (TCRV), rabies virus (RABV), and the bat influenza A virus (IAV) H18N11, have contributed to an accurate, though still incomplete, representation of the bat-imposed immunity. Surprisingly, though many aspects of their innate and adaptive immune responses differ from that of the human immune response, such as a contraction of the IFN locus and reduction in the number of immunoglobulin subclasses, variations could also be observed between Jamaican fruit bats and other bat species.
Keywords	Artibeus jamaicensis ; Influenza A virus ; Rabies lyssavirus ; Tacaribe mammarenavirus ; fruits ; humans ; immune response ; immunoglobulins ; loci
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0125
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2516098-9
ISSN	1999-4915
ISSN	1999-4915
DOI	10.3390/v14020238
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Immunology of bats and their viruses: challenges and opportunities.

Schountz, Tony

Viruses

2014 Volume 6, Issue 12, Page(s) 4880–4901

Abstract: Bats are reservoir hosts of several high-impact viruses that cause significant human diseases, including Nipah virus, Marburg virus and rabies virus. They also harbor many other viruses that are thought to have caused disease in humans after spillover ... ...

Abstract	Bats are reservoir hosts of several high-impact viruses that cause significant human diseases, including Nipah virus, Marburg virus and rabies virus. They also harbor many other viruses that are thought to have caused disease in humans after spillover into intermediate hosts, including SARS and MERS coronaviruses. As is usual with reservoir hosts, these viruses apparently cause little or no pathology in bats. Despite the importance of bats as reservoir hosts of zoonotic and potentially zoonotic agents, virtually nothing is known about the host/virus relationships; principally because few colonies of bats are available for experimental infections, a lack of reagents, methods and expertise for studying bat antiviral responses and immunology, and the difficulty of conducting meaningful field work. These challenges can be addressed, in part, with new technologies that are species-independent that can provide insight into the interactions of bats and viruses, which should clarify how the viruses persist in nature, and what risk factors might facilitate transmission to humans and livestock.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Chiroptera/immunology ; Chiroptera/virology ; Disease Reservoirs/virology ; Humans ; Virus Diseases/immunology ; Virus Diseases/veterinary ; Virus Diseases/virology ; Virus Physiological Phenomena ; Viruses/genetics ; Viruses/isolation & purification
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-12
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2516098-9
ISSN	1999-4915 ; 1999-4915
ISSN (online)	1999-4915
ISSN	1999-4915
DOI	10.3390/v6124880
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Bat Influenza Viruses: Current Status and Perspective.

Yang, Wenyu / Schountz, Tony / Ma, Wenjun

Viruses

2021 Volume 13, Issue 4

Abstract: Bats are natural reservoirs for many viruses, including several that are zoonotic. Two unusual H17N10 and H18N11 influenza viruses have been found in New World bats. Although neither of these viruses have been isolated, infectious clone technology has ... ...

Abstract	Bats are natural reservoirs for many viruses, including several that are zoonotic. Two unusual H17N10 and H18N11 influenza viruses have been found in New World bats. Although neither of these viruses have been isolated, infectious clone technology has permitted significant progress to understand their biology, which include unique features compared to all other known influenza A viruses. In addition, an H9N2-like influenza A virus was isolated from Old World bats and it shows similar characteristics of normal influenza A viruses. In this review, current status and perspective on influenza A viruses identified in bats is reviewed and discussed.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Chiroptera/virology ; Humans ; Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/genetics ; Influenza, Human/virology ; Mice ; Orthomyxoviridae/classification ; Orthomyxoviridae/genetics ; Orthomyxoviridae/immunology ; Orthomyxoviridae/pathogenicity ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology ; Orthomyxoviridae Infections/veterinary ; Viral Zoonoses/transmission ; Virus Replication
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-25
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Review
ZDB-ID	2516098-9
ISSN	1999-4915 ; 1999-4915
ISSN (online)	1999-4915
ISSN	1999-4915
DOI	10.3390/v13040547
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Alpha-1-antitrypsin antagonizes COVID-19: a review of the epidemiology, molecular mechanisms, and clinical evidence.

Bai, Xiyuan / Schountz, Tony / Buckle, Ashley M / Talbert, Janet L / Sandhaus, Robert A / Chan, Edward D

Biochemical Society transactions

2023 Volume 51, Issue 3, Page(s) 1361–1375

Abstract: Alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT), a serine protease inhibitor (serpin), is increasingly recognized to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection and counter many of the pathogenic mechanisms of COVID-19. Herein, we reviewed the epidemiologic evidence, the molecular ... ...

Abstract	Alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT), a serine protease inhibitor (serpin), is increasingly recognized to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection and counter many of the pathogenic mechanisms of COVID-19. Herein, we reviewed the epidemiologic evidence, the molecular mechanisms, and the clinical evidence that support this paradigm. As background to our discussion, we first examined the basic mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 infection and contend that despite the availability of vaccines and anti-viral agents, COVID-19 remains problematic due to viral evolution. We next underscored that measures to prevent severe COVID-19 currently exists but teeters on a balance and that current treatment for severe COVID-19 remains grossly suboptimal. We then reviewed the epidemiologic and clinical evidence that AAT deficiency increases risk of COVID-19 infection and of more severe disease, and the experimental evidence that AAT inhibits cell surface transmembrane protease 2 (TMPRSS2) - a host serine protease required for SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells - and that this inhibition may be augmented by heparin. We also elaborated on the panoply of other activities of AAT (and heparin) that could mitigate severity of COVID-19. Finally, we evaluated the available clinical evidence for AAT treatment of COVID-19.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency ; COVID-19 ; Heparin ; Molecular Epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2
Chemical Substances	Heparin (9005-49-6)
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-09
Publishing country	England
Document type	Review ; Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	184237-7
ISSN	1470-8752 ; 0300-5127
ISSN (online)	1470-8752
ISSN	0300-5127
DOI	10.1042/BST20230078
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: SARS-CoV-2 infects multiple species of North American deer mice and causes clinical disease in the California mouse.

Lewis, Juliette / Zhan, Shijun / Vilander, Allison C / Fagre, Anna C / Kiaris, Hippokratis / Schountz, Tony

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology

2022

Abstract: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), emerged in late 2019 in Wuhan, China and its rapid global spread has resulted in millions of deaths. An important public health ... ...

Abstract	Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), emerged in late 2019 in Wuhan, China and its rapid global spread has resulted in millions of deaths. An important public health consideration is the potential for SARS-CoV-2 to establish endemicity in a secondary animal reservoir outside of Asia or acquire adaptations that result in new variants with the ability to evade the immune response and reinfect the human population. Previous work has shown that North American deer mice ( Importance: A significant concern is the spillback of SARS-CoV-2 into North American wildlife species. We have determined that several species of peromyscine rodents, the most abundant mammals in North America, are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 and that infection is likely long enough that the virus may be able to establish persistence in local rodent populations. Strikingly, some California mice developed clinical disease that suggests this species may be useful for the study of human co-morbidities often associated with severe and fatal COVID-19 disease.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-23
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Preprint
DOI	10.1101/2022.08.22.504888
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Increased

Sherman, Tyler J / Petty, Douglas / Schountz, Tony / Hodges, Natasha / Hawkinson, Ann C

Viruses

2022 Volume 14, Issue 5

Abstract: Flaviviruses present an ongoing threat to global public health, although the factors that contribute to the disease remain incompletely understood. We examined an acute Modoc virus (MODV) infection of two rodent models. Viral RNA was detected in the ... ...

Abstract	Flaviviruses present an ongoing threat to global public health, although the factors that contribute to the disease remain incompletely understood. We examined an acute Modoc virus (MODV) infection of two rodent models. Viral RNA was detected in the kidneys, spleen, liver, brain, urine, and sera of experimentally infected deer mice, a reservoir host of MODV, and Syrian hamsters, a known disease model. As expected, clinical outcomes differed between species, and the levels of viral RNA recovered from various tissues demonstrated signs of differential replication and tissue tropism. Multivariate analysis indicated significance in the profile of expressed genes between species when analyzed across tissues and over time (
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Cricetinae ; Flavivirus/genetics ; Interferon-gamma ; Interleukin-10/genetics ; RNA, Viral/genetics ; Rodentia
Chemical Substances	RNA, Viral ; Interleukin-10 (130068-27-8) ; Interferon-gamma (82115-62-6)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-11
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2516098-9
ISSN	1999-4915 ; 1999-4915
ISSN (online)	1999-4915
ISSN	1999-4915
DOI	10.3390/v14051026
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Sex differences and individual variability in the captive Jamaican fruit bat (Artibeus jamaicensis) intestinal microbiome and metabolome.

Riopelle, Jade C / Shamsaddini, Amirhossein / Holbrook, Myndi G / Bohrnsen, Eric / Zhang, Yue / Lovaglio, Jamie / Cordova, Kathleen / Hanley, Patrick / Kendall, Lon V / Bosio, Catharine M / Schountz, Tony / Schwarz, Benjamin / Munster, Vincent J / Port, Julia R

Scientific reports

2024 Volume 14, Issue 1, Page(s) 3381

Abstract: The intestinal microbiome plays an important role in mammalian health, disease, and immune function. In light of this function, recent studies have aimed to characterize the microbiomes of various bat species, which are noteworthy for their roles as ... ...

Abstract	The intestinal microbiome plays an important role in mammalian health, disease, and immune function. In light of this function, recent studies have aimed to characterize the microbiomes of various bat species, which are noteworthy for their roles as reservoir hosts for several viruses known to be highly pathogenic in other mammals. Despite ongoing bat microbiome research, its role in immune function and disease, especially the effects of changes in the microbiome on host health, remains nebulous. Here, we describe a novel methodology to investigate the intestinal microbiome of captive Jamaican fruit bats (Artibeus jamaicensis). We observed a high degree of individual variation in addition to sex- and cohort-linked differences. The intestinal microbiome was correlated with intestinal metabolite composition, possibly contributing to differences in immune status. This work provides a basis for future infection and field studies to examine in detail the role of the intestinal microbiome in antiviral immunity.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Animals ; Female ; Male ; Chiroptera ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Jamaica ; Sex Characteristics ; Mammals ; Metabolome
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-09
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-024-53645-5
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Virology and Immunology of Bats

Schountz, Tony

Bat Evolution, Ecology, and Conservation

Abstract: Bats harbor many pathogens of veterinary and human health concern, including several emerging and reemerging viruses such as lyssaviruses, filoviruses, henipaviruses, and SARS-like coronaviruses. Despite immune responses to these viruses, many bats ... ...

Abstract	Bats harbor many pathogens of veterinary and human health concern, including several emerging and reemerging viruses such as lyssaviruses, filoviruses, henipaviruses, and SARS-like coronaviruses. Despite immune responses to these viruses, many bats remain infected without disease and likely shed virus to other bats and mammals. Little is known about bat immune systems or how the immune responses of bats control infections. The recent characterization of genome and transcriptome sequences of several bat species suggests they are similar to other mammals. These data indicate that bats possess orthologous genes, antibodies, and cells involved in innate and adaptive immune responses as do other mammals, but bats likely evolved unique mechanisms for controlling viruses that cause disease in other species. It is unclear how these diseases affect bat ecology, and thus, a greater understanding of immunology and infection is needed to understand health impact on bats.
Keywords	covid19
Publisher	PMC
Document type	Article ; Online
DOI	10.1007/978-1-4614-7397-8_19
Database	COVID19

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Article ; Online: Flavivirus Infections of Bats: Potential Role in Zika Virus Ecology.

Kading, Rebekah C / Schountz, Tony

The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene

2016 Volume 95, Issue 5, Page(s) 993–996

Abstract: Understanding the vector and nonhuman vertebrate species contributing to Zika virus (ZIKAV) transmission is critical to understanding the ecology of this emerging arbovirus and its potential to establish in new geographic areas. This minireview ... ...

Abstract	Understanding the vector and nonhuman vertebrate species contributing to Zika virus (ZIKAV) transmission is critical to understanding the ecology of this emerging arbovirus and its potential to establish in new geographic areas. This minireview summarizes what is known regarding the association of bats with flaviviruses (Flaviviridae: Flavivirus) with a particular emphasis on the potential role of bats in the sylvatic transmission of ZIKAV. Key research directions that remain to be addressed are also discussed.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Chiroptera/virology ; Ecology ; Flavivirus Infections/diagnosis ; Flavivirus Infections/transmission ; Flavivirus Infections/veterinary ; Host-Pathogen Interactions ; Humans ; Species Specificity ; Zika Virus/isolation & purification
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-11-02
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2942-7
ISSN	1476-1645 ; 0002-9637
ISSN (online)	1476-1645
ISSN	0002-9637
DOI	10.4269/ajtmh.16-0625
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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