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Article ; Online: Folate, vitamin B12 and vitamin D status in healthy and active home-dwelling people over 70 years.

Kerlikowsky, Felix / Schuchardt, Jan Philipp / Hahn, Andreas

2023 Volume 23, Issue 1, Page(s) 673

Abstract: Background: Ageing is characterised by physiological changes that can affect the nutrient availability and requirements. In particular, the status of vitamin D, cobalamin and folate has often been found to be critical in older people living in ... ...

Abstract	Background: Ageing is characterised by physiological changes that can affect the nutrient availability and requirements. In particular, the status of vitamin D, cobalamin and folate has often been found to be critical in older people living in residential care. However, there is a lack of studies investigating the status of these nutrients in healthy and active home-dwelling elderly people. Methods: The aim of this cross-sectional study was to assess the status of vitamin D based on serum concentrations of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol [25-(OH)D], cobalamin based on serum concentrations of holotranscobalamin (holoTC) and folate based on red blood cell (RBC) folate in unsupplemented, healthy and active German home-dwelling subjects ≥ 70 years of age (n = 134, mean ± SD: 75.8 ± 4.5 years). Dietary intake was assessed by 3-day food recalls. The study was conducted between March and November of 2021 (during the COVID-19 pandemic). Results: The mean 25-(OH)D concentration was high at 85.1 ± 26.0 nmol/L, while the majority of women (92%) and men (94%) had 25-(OH)D concentrations ≥ 50 nmol/L. Less than 10% of men and women had 25-(OH)D concentrations < 50 nmol/L. The mean holoTC concentration was 88.9 ± 33.7 pmol/L (94.8 ± 34.6 pmol/L in women and 73.6 ± 25.6 in men). Only 8% of the women were cobalamin deficient (< 50 pmol/L holoTC) compared to 22% of the men. The mean RBC folate concentration was 831 ± 244 nmol/L, while the prevalence of folate deficiency was 10%. Linear regression analysis showed that only folate equivalent intake was associated with the relevant nutrient status marker. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that healthy, independently living older people with high levels of education, physical activity, and health awareness are not necessarily at higher risk of vitamin D, folate and cobalamin deficiency. Further studies are needed to verify these findings and to identify lifestyle and dietary patterns that can predict adequate nutrient status for healthy ageing. Trial registration: This study is officially recorded in the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS00021302).
MeSH term(s)	Male ; Female ; Humans ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Vitamin B 12 ; Folic Acid ; Vitamin D ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Pandemics ; COVID-19 ; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency/diagnosis ; Vitamin B 12 Deficiency/epidemiology ; Vitamins
Chemical Substances	Vitamin B 12 (P6YC3EG204) ; Folic Acid (935E97BOY8) ; Vitamin D (1406-16-2) ; Vitamins
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-10-18
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2059865-8
ISSN	1471-2318 ; 1471-2318
ISSN (online)	1471-2318
ISSN	1471-2318
DOI	10.1186/s12877-023-04391-2
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Book ; Online: Invariance-Aware Randomized Smoothing Certificates

Schuchardt, Jan / Günnemann, Stephan

2022

Abstract: Building models that comply with the invariances inherent to different domains, such as invariance under translation or rotation, is a key aspect of applying machine learning to real world problems like molecular property prediction, medical imaging, ... ...

Abstract	Building models that comply with the invariances inherent to different domains, such as invariance under translation or rotation, is a key aspect of applying machine learning to real world problems like molecular property prediction, medical imaging, protein folding or LiDAR classification. For the first time, we study how the invariances of a model can be leveraged to provably guarantee the robustness of its predictions. We propose a gray-box approach, enhancing the powerful black-box randomized smoothing technique with white-box knowledge about invariances. First, we develop gray-box certificates based on group orbits, which can be applied to arbitrary models with invariance under permutation and Euclidean isometries. Then, we derive provably tight gray-box certificates. We experimentally demonstrate that the provably tight certificates can offer much stronger guarantees, but that in practical scenarios the orbit-based method is a good approximation. Comment: Accepted at NeurIPS 2022
Keywords	Computer Science - Machine Learning
Subject code	629
Publishing date	2022-11-25
Publishing country	us
Document type	Book ; Online
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Article ; Online: Equal bioavailability of omega-3 PUFA from Calanus oil, fish oil and krill oil: A 12-week randomized parallel study.

Vosskötter, Franziska / Burhop, Milena / Hahn, Andreas / Schuchardt, Jan Philipp

Lipids

2023 Volume 58, Issue 3, Page(s) 129–138

Abstract: The bioavailability of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3 PUFA) can be affected by the form in which they are bound. An alternative source of n3 PUFA is Calanus finmarchicus oil (CO), which, unlike fish oil (FO) and krill oil (KO), ... ...

Abstract	The bioavailability of long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3 PUFA) can be affected by the form in which they are bound. An alternative source of n3 PUFA is Calanus finmarchicus oil (CO), which, unlike fish oil (FO) and krill oil (KO), contains fatty acids primarily bound as wax esters. Recent studies have shown that n3 PUFA from CO are bioavailable to humans, but CO has not been compared to other marine oils such as FO or KO. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of 12 weeks supplementation with CO, FO and KO on the long-term n3 PUFA status in healthy volunteers. The Omega-3 Index (O3I), defined as red blood cell EPA + DHA content as a percentage of total identified fatty acids, was used as a measure to assess n3 PUFA status. Sixty-two participants (mean ± standard deviation [SD] age: 29.7 ± 8.43 years) completed the randomized parallel group study (CO group: n = 21, 4 capsules/day, EPA + DHA dose: 242 mg/day; FO group: n = 22, 1 capsule/day, EPA + DHA dose: 248 mg/day; KO group: n = 19, 2 capsules/day, EPA + DHA dose: 286 mg/day). At baseline, the three groups showed comparable (mean ± SD) O3I values (CO: 5.13 ± 1.12%, FO: 4.90 ± 0.57%, KO: 4.87 ± 0.77%). The post-interventional (mean ± SD) O3I increase was comparable between the three groups (CO: 1.09 ± 0.55%; FO: 1.0 ± 0.53%; KO: 1.15 ± 0.65%, all p < 0.001). The study confirms that CO can increase the n3 PUFA status comparable to FO and KO and is therefore an alternative marine source of bioavailable n3 PUFA, especially with regard to sustainability.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Animals ; Humans ; Young Adult ; Biological Availability ; Dietary Supplements ; Docosahexaenoic Acids/metabolism ; Eicosapentaenoic Acid/metabolism ; Euphausiacea ; Fatty Acids ; Fatty Acids, Omega-3 ; Fish Oils
Chemical Substances	Docosahexaenoic Acids (25167-62-8) ; Eicosapentaenoic Acid (AAN7QOV9EA) ; Fatty Acids ; Fatty Acids, Omega-3 ; Fish Oils
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-24
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Randomized Controlled Trial ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	241539-2
ISSN	1558-9307 ; 0024-4201
ISSN (online)	1558-9307
ISSN	0024-4201
DOI	10.1002/lipd.12369
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Book ; Online: Collective Robustness Certificates

Schuchardt, Jan / Bojchevski, Aleksandar / Gasteiger, Johannes / Günnemann, Stephan

Exploiting Interdependence in Graph Neural Networks

2023

Abstract: In tasks like node classification, image segmentation, and named-entity recognition we have a classifier that simultaneously outputs multiple predictions (a vector of labels) based on a single input, i.e. a single graph, image, or document respectively. ... ...

Abstract	In tasks like node classification, image segmentation, and named-entity recognition we have a classifier that simultaneously outputs multiple predictions (a vector of labels) based on a single input, i.e. a single graph, image, or document respectively. Existing adversarial robustness certificates consider each prediction independently and are thus overly pessimistic for such tasks. They implicitly assume that an adversary can use different perturbed inputs to attack different predictions, ignoring the fact that we have a single shared input. We propose the first collective robustness certificate which computes the number of predictions that are simultaneously guaranteed to remain stable under perturbation, i.e. cannot be attacked. We focus on Graph Neural Networks and leverage their locality property - perturbations only affect the predictions in a close neighborhood - to fuse multiple single-node certificates into a drastically stronger collective certificate. For example, on the Citeseer dataset our collective certificate for node classification increases the average number of certifiable feature perturbations from $7$ to $351$. Comment: Accepted at ICLR 2021 (https://openreview.net/forum?id=ULQdiUTHe3y). Uploaded to arxiv to fix Google Scholar indexing
Keywords	Computer Science - Machine Learning ; Computer Science - Cryptography and Security
Subject code	006
Publishing date	2023-02-06
Publishing country	us
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Book ; Online: Provable Adversarial Robustness for Group Equivariant Tasks

Schuchardt, Jan / Scholten, Yan / Günnemann, Stephan

Graphs, Point Clouds, Molecules, and More

2023

Abstract: A machine learning model is traditionally considered robust if its prediction remains (almost) constant under input perturbations with small norm. However, real-world tasks like molecular property prediction or point cloud segmentation have inherent ... ...

Abstract	A machine learning model is traditionally considered robust if its prediction remains (almost) constant under input perturbations with small norm. However, real-world tasks like molecular property prediction or point cloud segmentation have inherent equivariances, such as rotation or permutation equivariance. In such tasks, even perturbations with large norm do not necessarily change an input's semantic content. Furthermore, there are perturbations for which a model's prediction explicitly needs to change. For the first time, we propose a sound notion of adversarial robustness that accounts for task equivariance. We then demonstrate that provable robustness can be achieved by (1) choosing a model that matches the task's equivariances (2) certifying traditional adversarial robustness. Certification methods are, however, unavailable for many models, such as those with continuous equivariances. We close this gap by developing the framework of equivariance-preserving randomized smoothing, which enables architecture-agnostic certification. We additionally derive the first architecture-specific graph edit distance certificates, i.e. sound robustness guarantees for isomorphism equivariant tasks like node classification. Overall, a sound notion of robustness is an important prerequisite for future work at the intersection of robust and geometric machine learning. Comment: Accepted at NeurIPS 2023
Keywords	Computer Science - Machine Learning ; Computer Science - Cryptography and Security ; Statistics - Machine Learning
Subject code	006
Publishing date	2023-12-05
Publishing country	us
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Book ; Online: Hierarchical Randomized Smoothing

Scholten, Yan / Schuchardt, Jan / Bojchevski, Aleksandar / Günnemann, Stephan

2023

Abstract: Real-world data is complex and often consists of objects that can be decomposed into multiple entities (e.g. images into pixels, graphs into interconnected nodes). Randomized smoothing is a powerful framework for making models provably robust against ... ...

Abstract	Real-world data is complex and often consists of objects that can be decomposed into multiple entities (e.g. images into pixels, graphs into interconnected nodes). Randomized smoothing is a powerful framework for making models provably robust against small changes to their inputs - by guaranteeing robustness of the majority vote when randomly adding noise before classification. Yet, certifying robustness on such complex data via randomized smoothing is challenging when adversaries do not arbitrarily perturb entire objects (e.g. images) but only a subset of their entities (e.g. pixels). As a solution, we introduce hierarchical randomized smoothing: We partially smooth objects by adding random noise only on a randomly selected subset of their entities. By adding noise in a more targeted manner than existing methods we obtain stronger robustness guarantees while maintaining high accuracy. We initialize hierarchical smoothing using different noising distributions, yielding novel robustness certificates for discrete and continuous domains. We experimentally demonstrate the importance of hierarchical smoothing in image and node classification, where it yields superior robustness-accuracy trade-offs. Overall, hierarchical smoothing is an important contribution towards models that are both - certifiably robust to perturbations and accurate.
Keywords	Computer Science - Machine Learning ; Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence ; Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition ; Statistics - Machine Learning
Subject code	006
Publishing date	2023-10-24
Publishing country	us
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Equal bioavailability of omega‐3 PUFA from Calanus oil, fish oil and krill oil: A 12‐week randomized parallel study

Vosskötter, Franziska / Burhop, Milena / Hahn, Andreas / Schuchardt, Jan Philipp

Lipids. 2023 May, v. 58, no. 3 p.129-138

2023

Abstract: The bioavailability of long‐chain omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3 PUFA) can be affected by the form in which they are bound. An alternative source of n3 PUFA is Calanus finmarchicus oil (CO), which, unlike fish oil (FO) and krill oil (KO), ... ...

Abstract	The bioavailability of long‐chain omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3 PUFA) can be affected by the form in which they are bound. An alternative source of n3 PUFA is Calanus finmarchicus oil (CO), which, unlike fish oil (FO) and krill oil (KO), contains fatty acids primarily bound as wax esters. Recent studies have shown that n3 PUFA from CO are bioavailable to humans, but CO has not been compared to other marine oils such as FO or KO. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of 12 weeks supplementation with CO, FO and KO on the long‐term n3 PUFA status in healthy volunteers. The Omega‐3 Index (O3I), defined as red blood cell EPA + DHA content as a percentage of total identified fatty acids, was used as a measure to assess n3 PUFA status. Sixty‐two participants (mean ± standard deviation [SD] age: 29.7 ± 8.43 years) completed the randomized parallel group study (CO group: n = 21, 4 capsules/day, EPA + DHA dose: 242 mg/day; FO group: n = 22, 1 capsule/day, EPA + DHA dose: 248 mg/day; KO group: n = 19, 2 capsules/day, EPA + DHA dose: 286 mg/day). At baseline, the three groups showed comparable (mean ± SD) O3I values (CO: 5.13 ± 1.12%, FO: 4.90 ± 0.57%, KO: 4.87 ± 0.77%). The post‐interventional (mean ± SD) O3I increase was comparable between the three groups (CO: 1.09 ± 0.55%; FO: 1.0 ± 0.53%; KO: 1.15 ± 0.65%, all p < 0.001). The study confirms that CO can increase the n3 PUFA status comparable to FO and KO and is therefore an alternative marine source of bioavailable n3 PUFA, especially with regard to sustainability.
Keywords	Calanus finmarchicus ; bioavailability ; erythrocytes ; fish oils ; krill ; omega-3 fatty acids ; standard deviation
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-05
Size	p. 129-138.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	241539-2
ISSN	1558-9307 ; 0024-4201
ISSN (online)	1558-9307
ISSN	0024-4201
DOI	10.1002/lipd.12369
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Very low Omega‐3 Index in young healthy students from Palestine

Almasri, Feras / Badrasawi, Manal / Zahdeh, Rana / Hahn, Andreas / Schuchardt, Jan Philipp / Greupner, Theresa

Lipids. 2023 Sept., v. 58, no. 5 p.209-216

2023

Abstract: Oily fish is rich in long‐chain omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which have been associated with several health benefits. However, fish consumption is generally low in many countries, ...

Abstract	Oily fish is rich in long‐chain omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which have been associated with several health benefits. However, fish consumption is generally low in many countries, including the Middle East, resulting in low omega‐3 blood levels. In Palestine, no data on the omega‐3 blood status is available. The aim of this cross‐sectional study was to assess the omega‐3 status and related factors in young healthy subjects from Palestine. Omega‐3 status was assessed using the Omega‐3 Index—defined as the sum of EPA + DHA in relation to the total fatty acid content of erythrocytes. A total of 149 subjects, 50 males and 99 females (age range: 18–24 years), were included in the study. In addition to the Omega‐3 Index, data on anthropometrics, physical activity, smoking status, fish intake, dietary supplement intake, blood lipid profile, and whole erythrocyte fatty acid pattern were collected. The mean (SD) Omega‐3 Index was 2.56 (0.57)%, with 97.9% of subjects having an index below 4%. The majority of participants (91.8%) consumed less than two portions of fish per week, and only 4% reported taking omega‐3 supplements, mostly irregularly. Our findings show that young Palestinian students have an alarmingly low omega‐3 status. Further studies are needed to investigate whether the omega‐3 status is also low in the general Palestinian population.
Keywords	anthropometric measurements ; blood lipids ; cross-sectional studies ; dietary supplements ; docosahexaenoic acid ; eicosapentaenoic acid ; erythrocytes ; fatty acid composition ; fatty fish ; fish consumption ; physical activity ; Palestine
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-09
Size	p. 209-216.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	241539-2
ISSN	1558-9307 ; 0024-4201
ISSN (online)	1558-9307
ISSN	0024-4201
DOI	10.1002/lipd.12375
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Nutritional status of flexitarians compared to vegans and omnivores - a cross-sectional pilot study.

Bruns, Anja / Nebl, Josefine / Jonas, Wiebke / Hahn, Andreas / Schuchardt, Jan Philipp

BMC nutrition

2023 Volume 9, Issue 1, Page(s) 140

Abstract: Background: In the Western world, there has been a notable rise in the popularity of plant-based, meat-reduced flexitarian diets. Nevertheless, there is insufficient data on the nutritional status of individuals following this dietary pattern. The aim ... ...

Abstract	Background: In the Western world, there has been a notable rise in the popularity of plant-based, meat-reduced flexitarian diets. Nevertheless, there is insufficient data on the nutritional status of individuals following this dietary pattern. The aim of this study was to investigate the intake and endogenous status of various nutrients in a healthy German adult study population consisting of flexitarians (FXs), vegans (Vs) and omnivores (OMNs). Methods: In this cross-sectional study, dietary intake of 94 non-smoking adults (32 FXs, 33 Vs, 29 OMNs) between 25 and 45 years of age was assessed using 3-day dietary records. In addition, blood samples were collected to determine different endogenous nutrient status markers. Results: 32%, 82% and 24% of the FXs, Vs, and OMNs respectively reported using dietary supplements. In the FXs, intake of total energy as well as macronutrients and most micronutrients were within the reference range. FXs had higher intakes of fiber, retinol-equ., ascorbic acid, folate-equ., tocopherol-equ., calcium, and magnesium compared to OMNs. However, cobalamin intake in FXs (2.12 µg/d) was below the reference (4 µg/d). Based on 4cB12, 13% of FXs showed a cobalamin undersupply [< -0.5 to -2.5] compared to 10% of OMNs, and 9% of Vs. The median 25(OH)D serum concentrations in FXs, Vs and OMNs were 46.6, 55.6, and 59.6 nmol/L. The prevalence of an insufficient/deficient vitamin-D status [< 49.9 nmol 25(OH)D/L] was highest in FXs (53%), followed by Vs (34%) and OMNs (27%). In FXs and Vs, the supplement takers had better cobalamin and vitamin-D status than non-supplement takers. Anemia and depleted iron stores were found only occasionally in all groups. In women, the prevalence of pre-latent iron deficiency and iron deficiency was highest in FXs (67%) compared to Vs (61%) and OMNs (54%). Conclusion: Our findings indicated that all three diets delivered sufficient amounts of most macro- and micronutrients. However, deficiencies in cobalamin, vitamin-D, and iron status were common across all diets. Further studies are needed to investigate the nutrient supply status and health consequences of meat-reduced plant-based diets. The study was registered in the German Clinical Trial Register (number: DRKS 00019887, data: 08.01.2020).
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-28
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2809847-X
ISSN	2055-0928 ; 2055-0928
ISSN (online)	2055-0928
ISSN	2055-0928
DOI	10.1186/s40795-023-00799-6
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Very low Omega-3 Index in young healthy students from Palestine.

Almasri, Feras / Badrasawi, Manal / Zahdeh, Rana / Hahn, Andreas / Schuchardt, Jan Philipp / Greupner, Theresa

Lipids

2023 Volume 58, Issue 5, Page(s) 209–216

Abstract: Oily fish is rich in long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which have been associated with several health benefits. However, fish consumption is generally low in many countries, ...

Abstract	Oily fish is rich in long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which have been associated with several health benefits. However, fish consumption is generally low in many countries, including the Middle East, resulting in low omega-3 blood levels. In Palestine, no data on the omega-3 blood status is available. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to assess the omega-3 status and related factors in young healthy subjects from Palestine. Omega-3 status was assessed using the Omega-3 Index-defined as the sum of EPA + DHA in relation to the total fatty acid content of erythrocytes. A total of 149 subjects, 50 males and 99 females (age range: 18-24 years), were included in the study. In addition to the Omega-3 Index, data on anthropometrics, physical activity, smoking status, fish intake, dietary supplement intake, blood lipid profile, and whole erythrocyte fatty acid pattern were collected. The mean (SD) Omega-3 Index was 2.56 (0.57)%, with 97.9% of subjects having an index below 4%. The majority of participants (91.8%) consumed less than two portions of fish per week, and only 4% reported taking omega-3 supplements, mostly irregularly. Our findings show that young Palestinian students have an alarmingly low omega-3 status. Further studies are needed to investigate whether the omega-3 status is also low in the general Palestinian population.
MeSH term(s)	Male ; Female ; Animals ; Humans ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Arabs ; Fatty Acids, Omega-3 ; Eicosapentaenoic Acid ; Docosahexaenoic Acids ; Dietary Supplements ; Fatty Acids
Chemical Substances	Fatty Acids, Omega-3 ; Eicosapentaenoic Acid (AAN7QOV9EA) ; Docosahexaenoic Acids (25167-62-8) ; Fatty Acids
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-10
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	241539-2
ISSN	1558-9307 ; 0024-4201
ISSN (online)	1558-9307
ISSN	0024-4201
DOI	10.1002/lipd.12375
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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